基于物质流分析的废纸回收利用体系生态成本研究

废弃物回收利用在一定程度上对缓解资源和环境危机起到积极的作用,已经成为可持续发展的重要举措,但生产过程中消耗的资源、能源,排放的污染物同样也会对自然环境产生负面影响。为解决此问题,以废纸回收利用体系为例,基于物质流分析方法构建了生态成本核算模型,为废弃物回收利用体系优化提供基础。在对生态成本相关研究归纳总结的基础上,定义了生态成本的概念,界定了生态成本的研究内容,并分析基于物质流核算生态成本的可行性。生态成本是对生态负荷的价值化,主要分为资源耗减成本、污染产生和环境保护成本以及生态环境损害成本3部分。污染产生和环境保护成本可以通过将总成本按比例分配给正、负产品的方式求得,资源耗减成本和环境损害成本借助LIME方法核算,总生态成本是回收利用体系内部各项生态成本的总和。生态成本核算是评价生态负荷的重要手段,在废纸回收利用体系物质流动图的基础上,分析各生产流程生态成本的构成情况。提出的生态成本核算模型不仅适用于废纸回收利用体系,其他废弃物也同样适用。通过生态成本的核算,寻找到对生态环境影响较大的工序、流程,为废弃物回收利用体系经济与环境的双赢提供理论与实践指导。     

聚碳酸酯塑料生物降解及其线路化设计潜能

双酚A型聚碳酸酯(bisphenol-A polycarbonate, PC)是一种应用广泛的热塑性工程塑料,常用于医用材料和电子设备等产品。PC塑料废弃物在环境中的大量累积对生态系统和人类健康带来危害。微生物降解被认为是一种可持续发展的PC废弃物资源回收利用技术。本文综述了目前PC塑料降解的国内外研究成果,包括PC塑料的污染现状及其生物和非生物的降解,特别对PC塑料的降解微生物和降解酶研究进行了详细的总结,并在这些研究成果的基础上,提出了PC塑料降解可能的线路化设计,为潜在的PC塑料废弃物的循环利用和高值化应用提供一定的借鉴。     

利用废弃物原料生产燃料乙醇的研究进展

乙醇是一种十分重要的工业用途的化工原料。目前国内外学者纷纷采用不同的方法和手段对乙醇发酵进行研究,目前,利用废弃物为原料生产乙醇是热点。本文阐述了利用各种废弃原料生产乙醇的必要性,并分别论述了利用纤维质废弃物、淀粉质废弃物、糖质废弃物等生产乙醇的研究进展,着重论述了利用纤维质废弃物的生产情况,提出了需进一步研究和解决的问题。     

荷兰废弃混凝土回收利用产业发展借鉴

荷兰对建筑废弃物尤其是废弃混凝土的回收利用处于国际领先水平。对荷兰废弃混凝土回收利用产业的利益相关者行为和相互关系进行分析,基于波特钻石模型理清荷兰废弃混凝土回收利用产业发展机制。借鉴荷兰发展的经验,结合国情提出促进我国混凝土回收利用产业发展的建议。     

豆渣活性成分的提取、改性及应用研究进展

豆渣是以纤维等天然高分子为主的食品加工行业废弃物,是一种具有广阔应用前景和潜力的原材料。本文综述了豆渣的活性成分和药用价值与保健功能,以及豆渣中可溶性膳食纤维的结构、提取方法、改性及应用。豆渣作为可降解生物材料的研究与利用倍受关注,将为废弃天然高分子的再利用提供新途径。     

基于能值生态足迹理论的福建省农业废弃物再利用方式评估

农业废弃物(包括作物秸秆和畜禽粪便)蕴含着巨大的能量,如果未合理的再利用,将造成资源的浪费甚至环境污染。运用能值分析与生态足迹相结合的方法,对福建省1997—2006年农业废弃物的利用方式进行评估。首先对各种利用方式进行能值评估,然后采用能值生态足迹理论进行分析。结果表明,近10a来,福建省农业废弃物利用方式年均生态盈余为1.299hm2/人,说明福建省农业废弃物再利用的空间仍较大。如果农业废弃物能够被充分利用,将对福建省农业发展以及农业生态环境改善具有很大的促进作用。     

油茶壳综合利用研究进展

油茶壳是茶油加工的副产物,资源储量丰富。为探讨油茶壳在各领域研究及利用现状,结合目前国内外研究进展,综述了油茶壳生物炼制的研究进展。如在农业方面将油茶壳制成有机肥、钾盐、培养基等,并得到合理的利用;在生活方面将油茶壳生物炼制成活性炭,从而进行综合性的利用。因此,探讨油茶壳的综合利用可以为农林废弃物资源化利用提供理论参考。     

柑橘皮中生理活性成分提取工艺研究进展

柑橘类水果是全世界最大宗产量的水果之一;皮渣作为其主要副产物占柑橘总量的20％～40％,具有较大的利用价值。本文综述了柑橘类主要副产品（香精油、果胶、天然色素、膳食纤维、黄酮类化合物和类柠檬苦素）的功能特性,以及国内外对这些物质的研究提取情况;并对我国柑橘加工产业提出了建议。     

试论我国农业废弃物资源化利用的思考

将农业废弃物进行资源化处理是解决农业污染问题和改善中国农村环境的主要途径之一。农业废弃物是农业生产、农产品加工、畜禽养殖业和农村居民生活排放的废弃物的总称,以有机类物质为主,其排放量大,范围广,对环境造成的污染日益加剧,必须引起重视。如何解决农业废弃物的存在问题,以及如何将农业废弃物资源化利用,本文会提出合理相关的解决方式。     

微生物降解塑料的研究进展

塑料广泛应用于人类的生活中,其中约80%的塑料垃圾被填埋,最终成为陆地和海洋垃圾。由于管理与处置不善,这些废弃物造成了巨大的环境污染,目前回收再利用是较好的处置方式,但对某些塑料废弃物并没有妥善的处置方式。生物降解作为环境友好的处置方式,具有巨大的应用潜力。本文对聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯、聚乙烯、聚氯乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯和聚氨酯这6种常用塑料的降解微生物及生物降解机制进行了总结,对目前微生物降解塑料存在的问题进行了分析,并提出了促进微生物降解塑料应用的途径,为生物降解塑料菌株和降解酶的开发应用、降解机制研究提供理论参考。     

Exploitation of biological wastes for the production of value-added products under solid-state fermentation conditions

Biological wastes contain several reusable substances of high value such as soluble sugars and fibre. Direct disposal of such wastes to soil or landfill causes serious environmental problems. Thus, the development of potential value-added processes for these wastes is highly attractive. These biological wastes can be used as support-substrates in solid-state fermentation (SSF) to produce industrially relevant metabolites with great economical advantage. In addition, it is an environmentally friendly method of waste management. This paper reviews the reutilization of biological wastes for the production of value-added products using the SSF technique.     

Biorefinery approach and environment-friendly extraction for sustainable production of astaxanthin from marine wastes

Microorganisms (microalgae and fungi) are currently the main sources of astaxanthin; however, this carotenoid also accumulates in crustaceans, salmonids, and birds. Seafood (derived from marine animals) processing wastes are significant sources of astaxanthin and can be employed as feed and for nutraceutical applications, where shrimp wastes are the most exploited seafood industry waste employed for astaxanthin extraction. This review discusses different sources, efficient environment-friendly extraction methods employed for astaxanthin extraction, biorefinery approaches for efficient extraction and future aspects of the application of these waste sources for commercial preparation of astaxanthin complexes. It also includes a brief overview of the advantages, disadvantages, and challenges for obtaining astaxanthin from various sources and various case scenarios integrating different biorefinery approaches.     

DNA技术在海洋食品物种鉴定中的应用

随着分子生物学技术的发展, 海洋食品物种鉴定方法由原来的蛋白质水平深入到了DNA水平。目前应用于海洋食品物种鉴定的DNA技术主要是FINS(Forensically informative nucleotide sequencing)、PCR-RFLP和物种特异性PCR标记技术等, 能够实现对新鲜、冰冻、腌制或灌装食品物种进行鉴定, 而对混合样本的鉴定及量化分析是尚待解决的一个问题。基因数据库对物种鉴定的影响也越来越大, 是海洋加工食品物种鉴定可利用的另一种重要信息资源。文章综述了DNA技术在海洋食品物种鉴定中的应用研究进展, 并展望DNA技术在海洋食品检测中的发展趋势。     

Proteomics as a tool for the investigation of seafood and other marine products

The state-of-the-art and future trends of the application of proteomics to seafood and other marine products are reviewed. Consumers' demands for seafood products have increased in the recent years and this situation has underlined the need to guarantee the safety, traceability, authenticity, and health benefits of such products. The increasing presence of commercially available aquaculture products has also prompted the seafood industry to face newer challenges. In this sense, a review of the present status and perspectives of the application of proteomics in the development of newer biotechnology products of marine origin is given.     

Environmental biotechnology in China: progress and prospect

Biotechnology could be widely applied in the technological development of environmental protection. This report gives a brief Chinese review on the major progress of environmental biotechnology in the following fields: Monitoring technology and treatment of dioxin-like chemicals and cyanobacterial toxins, biofiltration for air pollution control, solid waste treatment and reutilization, bioremediation of soil pollution, risk assessment and control of endocrine disturbing substances in environment, wastewater treatment, clean production and recycling economy. The effect of government policy and fund on the progress of environmental biotechnology is also discussed.     

海洋食品功效成分构效关系研究进展

海洋食品中富含结构新颖、功能独特的功效成分,是人类膳食营养的重要来源。海洋食品功效成分化学结构与营养功能间构效关系的研究是食品科学基础研究领域的前沿方向,其中的科学问题包括海洋食品功效成分结构的阐明、营养功能与其作用机理的探究,以及结构与功能之间关系的诠释。研究成果是解决海洋食品,尤其是海珍品加工过程中营养特性保持、海洋功能食品合理开发等产业实际问题的理论基础。以海洋食品蛋白、糖类、脂质、皂苷类化合物为代表,对海洋食品功效成分构效关系研究的现状进行了总结及展望。     

Valuable biochemical production in mixed culture fermentation: fundamentals and process coupling

Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology - The mixed culture fermentation is an important environmental biotechnology that converts biodegradable organic wastes to valuable chemicals such as...     

宏基因组学应用于耐盐酶类及耐盐基因研究的进展

耐盐酶在高盐浓度下仍具备催化活性和稳定性,在高盐食品和海产品加工、洗涤及其它高盐环境生物技术领域被广泛应用;耐盐基因在高盐条件下可以使微生物维持正常功能,获取并研究不同环境中的耐盐基因对揭示微生物的耐盐机制,以及实现其在高盐环境中的定向应用具有的重要意义。宏基因组学避开纯培养技术探知微生物的多样性及其功能,为我们提供了一种发现新基因、开发新的微生物活性物质和研究微生物群落结构及其功能的新技术。文中结合本课题组的研究工作,综述了利用宏基因组学获取耐盐酶类及耐盐基因的策略,同时着重介绍利用宏基因组学从海洋、土壤、胃肠道等环境中获取耐盐酶类及耐盐基因的研究。     

Biotechnology developments for the treatment of toxic and inhibitory wastewaters

The cost-effectiveness of biological processes has encouraged many researchers to consider biotreatment for the stabilization of toxic or recalcitrant wastewaters. However, to ensure adequate removal of trace contaminants and satisfactory performance with high strength inhibitory industrial wastewaters, conventional biotechnology is being re-evaluated. This review summarizes selected recent contributions to the development of appropriate biotechnology for toxic wastewater treatment. Microbiological constraints and potential solutions are examined. Assessments of conventional biological processes for contaminant control are reviewed, and several new developments in bioreactor design for inhibitory wastes are presented.     

Mixed culture of oleaginous yeast Rhodotorula glutinis and microalga Chlorella vulgaris for lipid production from industrial wastes and its use as biodiesel feedstock

A mixed culture of oleaginous yeast Rhodotorula glutinis and microalga Chlorella vulgaris was performed to enhance lipid production from industrial wastes. These included effluent from seafood processing plant and molasses from sugar cane plant. In the mixed culture, the yeast grew faster and the lipid production was higher than that in the pure cultures. This could be because microalga acted as an oxygen generator for yeast, while yeast provided CO(2) to microalga and both carried out the production of lipids. The optimal conditions for lipid production by the mixed culture were as follows: ratio of yeast to microalga at 1:1; initial pH at 5.0; molasses concentration at 1%; shaking speed at 200 rpm; and light intensity at 5.0 klux under 16:8 hours light and dark cycles. Under these conditions, the highest biomass of 4.63±0.15 g/L and lipid production of 2.88±0.16 g/L were obtained after five days of cultivation. In addition, the plant oil-like fatty acid composition of yeast and microalgal lipids suggested their high potential for use as biodiesel feedstock.