谈如何引导学生综合复习细胞分裂

近几年来 ,笔者在期末复习和会考总复习教学中 ,引导学生综合复习有丝分裂和减数分裂的知识 ,取得了较好的效果。1　复习有丝分裂的知识1.1　归纳有丝分裂各个时期的主要特点、染色体数目、DNA含量、染色单体数目变化规律 (学生填表 )比较项目特点染色体 DNA染色单体分裂间期　　组成染色体的 DNA的复制和有关蛋白质的合成2 N 2 a→ 4a无→ 4N分裂期前期中期后期末期1)出现染色体2 )核膜解体3 )核仁消失4)出现纺锤丝、形成纺锤体1)染色体的着丝点排列在赤道板上2 )最佳观察时期　　着丝点一分为二、姐妹染色单体分开变成染色体移向两极…     

NEK家族在细胞周期调控中的作用

NIMA相关激酶(NIMA-related kinases,NEKs)是丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶,在细胞周期调控中发挥着重要的作用,参与了中心体分离、纺锤体组装、染色质凝集、核膜破裂、纺锤体组装检验点信号、胞质分裂、纤毛形成及DNA损伤反应等多种细胞活动.本文结合近年来在该激酶家族的相关研究,从NEK家族的组成、结构特征及其...     

甜菜夜蛾细胞分裂期染色体的观察

以精巢组织为材料,采用空气干燥法制备染色体标本,对甜菜夜蛾Spodopteraexigua有丝分裂和减数分裂染色体形态行为进行了研究。结果表明：甜菜夜蛾的染色体数目为n=31;染色体为弥散着丝粒染色体,2条染色体上存在次缢痕;晚偶线期出现染色体互锁现象;从早粗线期到晚粗线期联会复合体逐渐伸长;终变期同源染色体形成环状、端部交叉、尾尾相对的结构。     

Survivin基因在肺癌中的作用

Survivin是凋亡蛋白抑制因子(inihibitor of apoptosis protein,IAP)家族中的一员,发挥强大的抑制凋亡功能,同时也参与细胞周期调控,使该基因在肿瘤的发生发展过程中起重要作用。Survivin基因特异性的表达于大多数常见的恶性肿瘤(如肺癌、乳腺癌、肝癌、胃癌等),而在正常成人组织中不表达或低表达。大量的研究涉及Survivin基因与肺癌的关系,目前的研究认为,Survivin基因可能成为一个提示预后不良的肿瘤标志物,可为肺癌的诊断提供新的方法。而且很多研究已经进入临床试验阶段,使得Survivin基因在肺癌治疗方面的应用前景广泛。随着研究的不断深入,Survivin有望成为肺癌治疗的理想靶点。本文对Survivin基因在肺癌中作用的研究进展作如下简要综述。     

Survivin靶向siRNA抑制大肠癌细胞增殖的作用

目的 构建survivin靶向siRNA重组表达载体,研究其对人大肠癌细胞生长的抑制作用。方法构建Stirvivin靶向siRNA并转染结肠癌细胞,通过RT-PCR和Westernblot方法检测survivin的表达,采用MTT法检测siRNA对细胞增殖的抑制作用。结果经酶切鉴定和测序结果证实survivin靶向siRNA重组表达载体构建成功,它对大肠癌细胞survivinmRNA和蛋白的表达抑制率分别为36．33％和44．65％,肿瘤细胞的生长受到明显抑制。结论survivin靶向siRNA构建成功并能显著抑制survivin基因的表达。     

Survivin及VEGF在大肠癌中的表达及临床意义

目的探讨大肠癌组织中Survivin和VEGF表达、相互关系及临床意义。方法采用免疫组织化学S-P法检测82例大肠癌组织和14例正常粘膜中Survivin和VEGF表达的状况。结果大肠癌组织中Survivin和VEGF表达率分别为67.1%（55/82）和69.5%（57/82）,均明显高于正常粘膜组（P〈0.05）,Survivin表达与大肠癌的Duke s分期有关（P〈0.05）。VEGF表达与大肠癌淋巴结转移和Duke s分期有关（P〈0.05）,与患者的年龄、性别、肿瘤浸润深度及组织分化等其他临床病理因素无关（P〉0.05）。在大肠癌中Survivin表达与VEGF和表达呈正相关（rs=0.358,P〈0.05）。结论Survivin和VEGF表达在大肠癌发生、发展过程中起重要作用,检测Survivin和VEGF表达水平有助于反映大肠癌进展和预后判断。     

Survivin 及Anx-A1 在肝癌组织中的表达及其临床意义

目的:探讨Survivin及Anx-A1在肝癌组织中的表达及其临床意义。方法:收集原发性肝癌病例45例,采用免疫组织化染色法检测Survivin及Anx-A1在肝癌组织及癌旁正常组织中的表达,分析Survivin及Anx-A1的表达与肝癌临床病理特征的关系。结果:Survivin在肝癌组织中的阳性表达率为86.67%,在癌旁正常组织中的阳性表达率为17.78%;Anx-A1在肝癌组织中的阳性表达率为46.67%,在癌旁正常组织中的阳性表达率为8.89%;Survivin及Anx-A1在肝癌组织中的阳性表达率均显著高于癌旁正常组织,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);不同肿瘤分级患者肝癌组织中Survivin与Anx-A1的表达水平存在显著差异(P0.01),肿瘤分级越高,Survivin与Anx-A1表达水平越高。结论:Survivin及Anx-A1的表达与肝癌的发生发展密切相关,可用于肝癌的辅助诊断。     

Survivin基因在肾癌组织中表达作用机制

[目的]分析基因Survivin在不同类型肾脏组织中的表达水平以及对肿瘤细胞凋亡的作用。[方法]选取肾细胞癌(RCC)患者的肿瘤组织、癌旁组织以及正常人的肾组织样本开展研究,通过免疫组化染色法和RT-PCR法分析不同组织样本中Survivin的表达水平。此外,使用RCC细胞系786-O细胞进行培养并转染过表达Survivin和阴性对照质粒,通过流式细胞术分析Survivin基因对肿瘤细胞凋亡的作用。[结果]与癌旁组织(43.33%)和正常组织(0%)相比,RCC组织(83.33%)中的Survivin阳性表达率最高(P<0.05)。在所有RCC组织样本中,RCC组织中男性的Survivin阳性表达率高于女性(90.91%vs 62.50%);年龄≥60岁患者的Survivin阳性表达率高于年龄<60岁的患者(94.74%vs 36.84%)(P<0.05)。RCC组织的细胞凋亡指数(0.64±0.32)与癌旁组织(1.19±0.26)、正常组织(4.78±1.07)之间差异显著(P<0.05),RCC组织的细胞凋亡指数中最低。与阴性对照组相比,过表达Surviv...     

关于“细胞分裂中染色体与DNA的放射性追踪”试题特点及难点突破

关于"细胞分裂中染色体与DNA的放射性追踪"的试题,抓住细胞分裂和DNA半保留复制知识间的密切联系,对学生的知识和能力进行考查,综合性强,有一定难度,学生错误率较高。在教学中指导学生应用画图法解答这类试题,用双螺旋表示DNA分子,用双色笔画图以区分放射性DNA链和无放射性DNA链,帮助学生将抽象的问题直观化,从而使学生能正确理解题意,顺利解决问题。     

存活蛋白与细胞分裂

凋亡抑制蛋白家族的新成员存活蛋白(survivin)在肿瘤细胞中特异性地表达,它不仅具有抗凋亡的功能,而且它在细胞分裂中的重要作用也越来越受到人们关注,这一方面的研究取得了新的进展。深入研究存活蛋白在细胞分裂中的作用,将拓展人们对于这一分子新的认识。     

ICOS通过Survivin维持T细胞分裂及存活

有关T细胞共刺激分子信号转导方面的研究远落后于其功能研究,为探讨T细胞活化后诱导表达的共刺激分子ICOS(induciblecostimulate)维持T细胞存活、抑制活化后T细胞凋亡的作用是否与survivin相关,利用survivin重组腺病毒感染活化但不提供共刺激信号的T淋巴细胞,或者在活化后提供ICOS信号的条件下人工给予优势抑制survivin突变基因,CCK-8及TUNEL法分别检测活化晚期上述T细胞存活及凋亡情况.结果显示,T细胞活化后2～6天,ICOS抗体刺激可以明显增强survivin表达,survivin可维持无ICOS信号的T细胞存活减少其凋亡,突变型survivin在ICOS信号存在下抑制T细胞存活使其凋亡增加.结果提示,活化后表达的共刺激分子ICOS通过survivin维持T细胞分裂和存活.     

RNA干扰技术对肝癌细胞内源survivin基因表达的影响

应用RNA干扰技术（RNAi）研究针对凋亡抑制因子survivin的siRNA抑制肝癌细胞株内源survivin基因的表达.转染重组质粒pshRNA-survivin至肝癌细胞株SMMC-7721,通过免疫荧光、蛋白质印迹和半定量RT-PCR检测survivin蛋白表达及mRNA转录水平的变化.结果表明：构建的三种重组质粒pshRNA-survivin1/2/3均能明显抑制survivin基因的表达;应用免疫荧光检测survivin基因的表达,转染重组质粒pshRNA-survivin的实验组survivin荧光强度明显低于转染载体pTZU6＋1和pshRNA-GFP对照组;蛋白质印迹结果表明,重组质粒pshRNA-survivin明显抑制survivin蛋白的表达,抑制率为62%～78％,通过半定量RT-PCR检测到survivin基因mRNA转录明显减少,抑制率为57%～64％.由上述结果可以得出结论：重组质粒pshRNA-survivin可明显抑制SMMC-7721细胞内源survivin的表达和mRNA的转录,为survivin介导的肿瘤基因沉寂疗法提供实验基础.     

Rab24 is Required for Normal Cell Division

Rab24 is an atypical member of the Rab GTPase family whose distribution in interphase cells has been characterized; however, its function remains largely unknown. In this study, we have analyzed the distribution of Rab24 throughout cell division. We have observed that Rab24 was located at the mitotic spindle in metaphase, at the midbody during telophase and in the furrow during cytokinesis. We have also observed partial co‐localization of Rab24 and tubulin and demonstrated its association to microtubules. Interestingly, more than 90% of transiently transfected HeLa cells with Rab24 presented abnormal nuclear connections (i. e. chromatin bridges). Furthermore, in CHO cells stably transfected with GFP‐Rab24wt, we observed a large percentage of binucleated and multinucleated cells. In addition, these cells presented an extremely large size and multiple failures in mitosis, as aberrant spindle formation (metaphase), delayed chromosomes (telophase) and multiple cytokinesis. A marked increase in binucleated, multinucleated and multilobulated nucleus formation was observed in HeLa cells depleted of Rab24. We also present evidence that a fraction of Rab24 associates with microtubules. In addition, Rab24 knock down resulted in misalignment of chromosomes and abnormal spindle formation in metaphase leading to the appearance of delayed chromosomes during late telophase and failures in cytokinesis. Our findings suggest that an adequate level of Rab24 is necessary for normal cell division. In summary, Rab24 modulates several mitotic events, including chromosome segregation and cytokinesis, perhaps through the interaction with microtubules.     

Aurora controls sister kinetochore mono-orientation and homolog bi-orientation in meiosis-I

Aurora-B kinases are important regulators of mitotic chromosome segregation, where they are required for the faithful bi-orientation of sister chromatids. In contrast to mitosis, sister chromatids have to be oriented toward the same spindle pole in meiosis-I, while homologous chromosomes are bi-oriented. We find that the fission yeast Aurora kinase Ark1 is required for the faithful bi-orientation of sister chromatids in mitosis and of homologous chromosomes in meiosis-I. Unexpectedly, Ark1 is also necessary for the faithful mono-orientation of sister chromatids in meiosis-I, even though the canonical mono-orientation pathway, which depends on Moa1 and Rec8, seems intact. Our data suggest that Ark1 prevents unified sister kinetochores during metaphase-I from merotelic attachment to both spindle poles and thus from being torn apart during anaphase-I, revealing a novel mechanism promoting monopolar attachment. Furthermore, our results provide an explanation for the previously enigmatic observation that fission yeast Shugoshin Sgo2, which assists in loading Aurora to centromeres, and its regulator Bub1 are required for the mono-orientation of sister chromatids in meiosis-I.     

Commitment to Division in Ciliate Cell Cycles

Near the end of the cell cycle, ciliates commit irreversibly to cell division. The point of commitment occurs at the time of oral polykinetid assembly and micronuclear anaphase. The commitment is a checkpoint which requisites a threshold cell mass/ DNA ratio and stomatogenesis. It is also a physiological transition point, involving cdk protein kinases similar to those of other eukaryotes. Both P34 kD and P36 kD kinases, similar to the S. pombe cdc2 kinases, have been described to have activity as monomers. Subsequent to commitment to division, dramatic cytoskeletal modifications occur for separation of organelles, cortex morphogenesis and cytokinesis. Numerous mutants affecting cytoskeletal function associated with the division process have been obtained in several species. Of these, only the ccl mutant in Paramecium affects cell cycle progression prior to commitment to division. The material reviewed is used to speculate about the mechanisms of regulation of pre-fission morphogenesis and cell division related processes in ciliates.     

Liaisons between Survivin and Plk1 during Cell Division and Cell Death

Survivin and Plk1 kinase are important mediators of cell survival that are required for chromosome alignment, cytokinesis, and protection from apoptosis. Interference with either survivin or Plk1 activity manifests many similar outcomes: prometaphase delay/arrest, multinucleation, and increased apoptosis. Moreover, the expression of both survivin and Plk1 is deregulated in cancer. Given these similarities, we speculated that these two proteins may cooperate during mitosis and/or in cell death pathways. Here we report that survivin and Plk1 interact during mitosis and that Plk1 phosphorylates survivin at serine 20. Importantly, we find that overexpression of a non-phosphorylatable version, S20A, is unable to correct chromosomes connected to the spindle in a syntelic manner during prometaphase and allows cells harboring these maloriented chromosomes to enter anaphase, evading the spindle tension checkpoint. By contrast, the constitutive phosphomimic, S20D, completes congression and division ahead of schedule and, unlike S20A, is able to support proliferation in the absence of the endogenous protein. Despite the importance of this residue in mitosis, its mutation does not appear to affect the anti-apoptotic activity of survivin in response to TRAIL. Together, these data suggest that phosphorylation of survivin at Ser²⁰ by Plk1 kinase is essential for accurate chromosome alignment and cell proliferation but is dispensable for its anti-apoptotic activity in cancer cells.     

The Functional Repertoire of Survivin's Tails

Survivin is a multitasking protein that can inhibit cell death and that is essential for mitosis. Due to these prosurvival activities and the correlation of its expression with tumor resistance to conventional cancer treatments, survivin has received much attention as a potential oncotherapeutic target. Nevertheless, many questions regarding its exact role at the molecular level remain to be elucidated. In this study we ask whether the extreme C- and NH₂ termini of survivin are required for it to carry out its cytoprotective and mitotic duties. When assayed for their ability to act as a cytoprotectant, both survivin_1–120 and survivin_11–142 were able to protect cells against TRAIL-mediated apoptosis, but when challenged with irradiation cells expressing survivin_11–142 had no survival advantage. During mitosis, however, removing the NH₂ terminal 10 amino acids (survivin_11–142) had no apparent effect but truncating 22 amino acids from the C-terminus (survivin_1–120) prevented survivin from transferring to the midzone microtubules during anaphase. Collectively the data herein presented suggest that the C-terminus is required for cell division, and that the NH₂ terminus is dispensable for apoptosis and mitosis but required for protection from irradiation.     

The Functional Repertoire of Survivin's Tails

Survivin is a multitasking protein that can inhibit cell death and that is essential for mitosis. Due to these prosurvival activities and the correlation of its expression with tumor resistance to conventional cancer treatments, survivin has received much attention as a potential oncotherapeutic target. Nevertheless, many questions regarding its exact role at the molecular level remain to be elucidated. In this study we ask whether the extreme C- and NH₂ termini of survivin are required for it to carry out its cytoprotective and mitotic duties. When assayed for their ability to act as a cytoprotectant, both survivin_1–120 and survivin_11–142 were able to protect cells against TRAIL-mediated apoptosis, but when challenged with irradiation cells expressing survivin_11–142 had no survival advantage. During mitosis, however, removing the NH₂ terminal 10 amino acids (survivin_11–142) had no apparent effect but truncating 22 amino acids from the C-terminus (survivin_1–120) prevented survivin from transferring to the midzone microtubules during anaphase. Collectively the data herein presented suggest that the C-terminus is required for cell division, and that the NH₂ terminus is dispensable for apoptosis and mitosis but required for protection from irradiation.     

Cell Division in Gonyaulax catenella,A Marine Catenate Dinoflagellate*

Mitosis and cytokinesis are described and illustrated for the first time in the mesokaryotic, catenate dinoflagellate Gonyaulax catenella. A structure similar to the central body of G. tamarensis and G. monilata is shown by light and electron microscopy to be situated intranuclearly near the arms of the U-shaped interphase nucleus, and is suggested to function in the segregation of daughter chromosomes. This structure has the fine structure of a nucleolus, and it is suggested that the term central body be replaced by persistent nucleolus (= endosome). The time required for the completion of mitosis is 4–6 hr, while cytokinesis requires at least 2 hr. Cytokinesis begins during the mitotic cycle, and the plane of fission is perpendicular to the mitotic plane of division. Parental fission moieties are retained and shared by the daughter cells while either a new antero-sinistral moiety or a posterodextral moiety is synthesized by the dividing cell.