心得安预防门脉高压引起初次消化道出血的疗效观察

目的:观察心得安预防门脉高压症消化道出血的疗效、不良反应及临床应用的注意事项。方法选择本院102例肝硬化食道胃底静脉曲张患者,随机分为心得安组(52例)和安慰剂组(25例)。对出血发作的病情、持续的时间、输血量的多少、对止血药物的反应、生存期以及副反应进行观察。结果随访12个月,治疗组出血发生率为19.2%,安慰剂组为28%,两组差异无显著意义。随访20个月,治疗组出血发生率28.8%,安慰剂组48%,两组比较有显著性差异(P<0.05),但生存时间无显著差异。结论心得安对预防门脉高压症消化道初次出血有明显疗效,但不能延长肝硬化病人的生存期。     

Hepatic fibrogenesis using chronic arsenic ingestion: studies in a murine model

Chronic oral arsenic (As) ingestion has been alleged to cause hepatic fibrosis, non-cirrhotic portal fibrosis and cirrhosis of the liver. The present study was aimed to investigate if hepatic fibrogenesis and non-cirrhotic portal fibrosis (NCPF) is caused by arsenic. A significant increase in the hepatic protein and collagen was seen compared with controls; hepatic 4-hydroxyproline levels, indicative of fibrogenesis, were increased 4-14 folds with different dosages of arsenic compared to the controls. Hepatocellular necrosis and inflammation were negligible to mild in all the groups. None of the animals developed significant splenomegaly or features of non-cirrhotic portal hypertension. The results suggest that (i) prolonged oral arsenic ingestion in mice leads to significant hepatic fibrogenesis and collagen synthesis with minimal hepato-cellular injury; (ii) arsenic ingestion alone is unlikely to cause non-cirrhotic portal fibrosis or cirrhosis of liver. This murine model of arsenic feeding could be used for the evaluation of new antifibrotic agents for the liver.     

左侧门脉高压症并上消化道出血的诊断与治疗（附14 例临床分析）

目的:探讨左侧门脉高压症合并上消化道出血的诊断和治疗方法。方法:回顾分析我院近10年来收治的14例左侧门脉高压症合并上消化道出血患者的诊治措施和随访结果。结果:14例患者均有呕血或(和)黑便史,无肝硬化、腹水及肝功能异常等表现。14例患者中胰体尾占位6例,胰腺假性囊肿4例,慢性胰腺炎4例。14例患者均采用手术治疗。9例患者获得随访,定期内镜复查,曲张静脉明显改善或消失,随访5月～8年均无再出血。结论:胰腺疾病病史、无肝硬化和肝功能正常、孤立性胃底静脉曲张和脾肿大及脾亢是诊断左侧门脉高压症的基本要点。该疾病可通过脾切除术或联合胃底周围血管离断术结合原发胰腺疾病的治疗来获得治愈。     

去甲肾上腺素冰生理盐水联合垂体后叶素治疗上消化道出血的疗效观察

目的探讨去甲肾上腺素冰生理盐水口服联合静滴垂体后叶素治疗上消化道出血的临床效果。方法选择2015年10月~2016年11月我院消化内科住院治疗的上消化道出血患者100例,随机分为对照组和观察组各50例,对照组应用去甲肾上腺素生理盐水口服治疗,观察组应用去甲肾上腺素冰生理盐水口服联合垂体后叶素静脉用药治疗,并对两组患者的临床止血效果进行比较。结果观察组的止血有效率为96%,对照组为60%(χ~2=18.881,P=0.000),两组止血效果比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论去甲肾上腺素冰生理盐水口服联合静滴垂体后叶素治疗上消化道出血的效果显著,明显优于去甲肾上腺素生理盐水,值得临床应用。     

Effect of cimetidine on upper gastrointestinal bleeding after renal transplantation: a prospective study.

In 97 consecutive patients undergoing renal transplantation the incidence of upper gastrointestinal bleeding was registered over 180 days after allocation to treatment with either cimetidine or placebo. Bleeding episodes occurred in 12 patients, 11 of whom were receiving placebo and only one cimetidine (p less than 0.01). All bleeding episodes occurred during the first month after allotransplantation. Treatment with cimetidine did not lead to an increased incidence of rejection of the allograft. It is concluded that cimetidine is effective and safe in protecting against upper gastrointestinal bleeding after renal transplantation.     

Omeprazole versus placebo for acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding: randomised double blind controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE--To investigate the possible therapeutic role of omeprazole, a powerful proton pump inhibitor, in unselected patients presenting with upper gastrointestinal bleeding. DESIGN--Double blind placebo controlled parallel group study. Active treatment was omeprazole 80 mg intravenously immediately, then three doses of 40 mg intravenously at eight hourly intervals, then 40 mg orally at 12 hourly intervals. Treatment was started within 12 hours of admission and given for four days or until surgery, discharge, or death. SETTING--The medical wards of University and City Hospitals, Nottingham. SUBJECTS--1147 consecutive patients aged 18 years or more admitted over 40 months with acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--Mortality from all causes; rate of rebleeding, transfusion requirements, and operation rate; effect of treatment on endoscopic appearances at initial endoscopy. RESULTS--Of 1147 patients included in the intention to treat analysis, 569 received placebo and 578 omeprazole. No significant differences were found between the placebo and omeprazole groups for rates of transfusion (302 (53%) placebo v 298 (52%) omeprazole), rebleeding (100 (18%) v 85 (15%)), operation (63 (11%) v 62 (11%)), and death (30 (5.3%) v 40 (6.9%)). However, there was an unexpected but significant reduction in endoscopic signs of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in patients treated with omeprazole compared with those treated with placebo (236 (45%) placebo v 176 (33%) omeprazole; p less than 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS--Omeprazole failed to reduce mortality, rebleeding, or transfusion requirements, although the reduction in endoscopic signs of bleeding suggests that inhibition of acid may be capable of influencing intragastric bleeding. Our data do not justify the routine use of acid inhibiting drugs in the management of haematemesis and melaena.     

善宁联合垂体后叶素治疗肝硬化合并上消化道出血疗效观察

目的探讨醋酸奥曲肽(善宁)联合垂体后叶素治疗肝硬化合并上消化道出血的临床效果。方法选择2015年10月~2016年2月在我院消化内科接受治疗的肝硬化合并上消化道出血患者80例,随机分为对照组和观察组各40例,对照组给予去甲肾上腺素口服治疗,观察组在对照组的基础上应用善宁联合垂体后叶素静脉治疗,并对两组患者的止血效果进行比较。结果观察组的止血有效率为95%,对照组为60%(χ2=14.050,P=0.000),观察组止血效果显著高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论善宁联合垂体后叶素治疗肝硬化合并上消化道出血的疗效显著,是治疗肝硬化合并上消化道出血的有效药物,值得临床推广应用。     

Effects of the combined administration of propranolol plus sorafenib on portal hypertension in cirrhotic rats

Low doses of sorafenib have been shown to decrease portal pressure (PP), portal-systemic shunts, and liver fibrosis in cirrhotic rats. Nonselective beta blockers (NSBB) are the only drugs recommended for the treatment of portal hypertension. The aim of our study was to explore whether the combination of propranolol and sorafenib might show an additive effect reducing PP in cirrhotic rats. Groups of common bile duct-ligated cirrhotic rats (CBDL) and sham-operated control rats were treated by gavage with vehicle, propranolol (30 mg·kg(-1)·day(-1)), sorafenib (1 mg·kg(-1)·day(-1)), or propranolol+sorafenib. Treatment began 2 wk after the CBDL or sham operation. Hemodynamic evaluation was performed after 2 wk of treatment. In cirrhotic rats, propranolol and sorafenib produced a significant (P < 0.001) and similar reduction in PP (-19 and -15%, respectively). This was achieved through different mechanisms: whereas propranolol decreased PP by reducing portal blood flow (-35%; P = 0.03), sorafenib decreased PP without decreasing portal flow indicating decreased hepatic resistance. After propranolol+sorafenib, the fall in PP was significantly greater (-30%; P < 0.001) than with either drug alone, demonstrating an additive effect. However, the reduction in portal flow (-39%) under combined therapy was not significantly greater than after propranolol alone. Sorafenib, alone or in combination with propranolol, produced significant reduction in portal-systemic shunting (-25 and -33%, respectively), splanchnic vascularization (-37 and -41%, respectively), liver fibrosis (38%), and hepatic neovascularization (-42 and -51%, respectively). These effects were not observed after propranolol alone. In conclusion, the combination of propranolol+sorafenib causes a greater reduction in PP than either drug alone and decreases markedly the extent of portal-systemic shunting, splanchnic and hepatic neovascularization, and liver fibrosis, suggesting that this drug combination is a potentially useful strategy in the treatment of portal hypertension.     

巴中地区上消化道出血反复发作相关性因素分析

目的：了解巴中地区上消化道出血反复发作的原因,为治疗提供临床循证医学证据。方法：通过对2011年4月~2012年11月巴中地区1134例上消化道出血中132例反复发作的患者进行调查统计,分析这上消化道出血反复发作的132例患者的年龄、生理特征、生活饮食习惯、精神状态、生活压力等多种相关因素。结果：发现饮食不当、精神紧张、腹腔感染、腹腔内压增高、输液输血过速、过量等是造成病情反复发作的主要诱因。结论：通过消除疾病的诱发因素,认真做好健康教育指导,积极治疗原发病是预防反复发作的有效措施。     

One year's treatment with propranolol after myocardial infarction: preliminary report of Norwegian multicentre trial.

A prospective, randomised, double-blind study was performed to compare the effects of propranolol and placebo on sudden cardiac death in a high-risk group of patients who survived acute myocardial infarction. Altogether 4929 patients with definite acute myocardial infarction were screened for inclusion: 574 (11.6%) died before randomisation, and 3795 (77%) were excluded. Five hundred and sixty patients aged 35 to 70 years were stratified into two risk groups and randomly assigned treatment with propranolol 40 mg four times a day or placebo. Treatment started four to six days after the infarction. By one year there had been 11 sudden deaths in the propranolol group and 23 in the placebo group (p less than 0.038, two-tailed test analysed according to the "intention-to-treat" principle). Altogether there were 25 deaths in the propranolol group and 37 in the placebo group (P less than 0.12), with 16 and 21 non-fatal reinfarctions respectively. A quarter of the patients were withdrawn from each group. Withdrawal because of heart failure during the first two weeks of treatment was significantly more common among propranolol-treated patients than among the controls, but thereafter the withdrawal rate was the same. The significant reduction in sudden death was comparable with that after alprenolol, practolol, and timolol, which suggests that the mechanism of prevention is beta-blockade rather than any other pharmacological property of the individual drugs.     

Gastric Cooling for Massive Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding

The treatment of massive upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage by gastric hypothermia was studied clinically in 23 patients: five with peptic ulcer, six with multiple gastric erosions, nine with portal hypertension and varices, and three with coagulation defects. Hemorrhage was controlled in 13 of the patients. The high mortality (14 out of 23 patients) was attributed to the severity of the bleeding and to the underlying disease, particularly in patients with liver failure. This form of treatment is a useful method of treating selected patients with upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage.     

内镜止血在急性非静脉曲张性上消化道出血治疗中的临床应用

目的:探讨内镜下金属钛夹止血在急性非静脉曲张性上消化道出血治疗中的应用价值。方法:按照随机数字表法将2014年1月-2014年12月我院收治的40例急性非静脉曲张性上消化道出血患者分为观察组(n=20)及对照组(n=20),观察组行内镜下金属钛夹止血治疗,对照组予以内镜下药物注射,比较两组治疗后的止血效果、临床疗效及并发症情况。结果:观察组患者治疗后的有效止血率、即时止血率为95.00%、100.00%,分别高于对照组的65.00%、75.00%,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗后观察组临床疗效优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗后两组患者均未出现严重并发症。结论:内镜下金属钛夹止血用于急性非静脉曲张性上消化道出血具有止血效果好、并发症少等特点,临床有重要的参考价值。     

鱼肝油酸钠联合普萘洛尔对肝硬化消化道出血的疗效及对应激反应的影响

摘要 目的：研究鱼肝油酸钠联合普萘洛尔对肝硬化消化道出血的疗效及对应激反应的影响。方法：选取2016年9月至2017年8月我院收治的83例肝硬化消化道出血患者,根据患者入院顺序先后分为观察组（n=43例）和对照组（n=40例）。对照组使用鱼肝油酸钠注射液,观察组联合普萘洛尔片。比较两组患者临床疗效,丙二醛（MDA）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、血清胆碱酯酶水平,临床症状改善情况,止血和半年内再出血情况,不良反应。结果：治疗后,观察组临床有效率显著高于对照组（P<0.05）。治疗前,两组患者MDA、SOD、胆碱酯酶水平比较著差异（P>0.05）,治疗后,观察组的MDA水平低于对照组（P<0.05）,SOD、胆碱酯酶水平高于对照组（P<0.05）。治疗前,两组患者心率、静脉压比较无差异（P>0.05）,治疗后,观察组的心率低于对照组（P<0.05）,静脉压高于对照组（P<0.05）。观察组的止血时间和再出血率少于对照组（P<0.05）。观察组的不良反应率低于对照组（P<0.05）。结论：鱼肝油酸钠联合普萘洛尔能有效改善肝硬化消化道出血患者的应激反应和临床症状,临床疗效良好,安全性高。     

PTVE 与TIPS治疗肝硬化门静脉高压合并食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血 的疗效比较

目的:研究经皮胃底曲张静脉栓塞术(PTVE)和经颈静脉肝内门体分流术(TIPS)治疗肝硬化门静脉高压合并食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的临床疗效,为临床治疗提供依据。方法:选取2001年4月到2015年4月我院肝硬化门静脉高压合并食管胃底静脉曲张破裂患者169例,根据手术方式分为PTVE组(行PTVE治疗)141例和TIPS组(行TIPS治疗)28例,比较两组术前、术后门静脉压力,术前、术后3个月、6个月以及1年两组Child-Pugh评分、白蛋白以及直接胆红素,并比较两组再出血和肝性脑病发生率。结果:TIPS组术后门静脉压力较术前显著降低,比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05),术后PTVE组及TIPS组组间比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);两组术前和术后各时间直接胆红素无统计学意义(P0.05);PTVE组术后1年白蛋白水平显著升高,与术前和TIPS组比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05),TIPS组术后白蛋白有所升高,但各时间比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05),PTVE组术后各时间Child-Pugh评分较术前明显改善,比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05),TIPS组术后3个月和术后6个月Child-Pugh评分较术前明显改善,比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);两组术后再出血发生率比较无统计学意义(P0.05),PTVE组肝性脑病发生率显著低于TIPS组,比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:PTVE和TIPS治疗肝硬化门静脉高压合并食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血效果相当,TIPS能显著降低门静脉压,PTVE能降低肝性脑病的发生率,改善患者Child-Pugh评分。     

Effects of fibrinolytic inhibitors on mortality from upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage.

OBJECTIVE--To see whether fibrinolytic inhibitors are of value when given to patients with upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage. DESIGN--Meta-analysis of six randomised double blind placebo controlled trials. Two methods used for obtaining an overall estimate of effect, including a random effects model incorporating any heterogeneity of outcome in the estimate of the overall treatment effect. SETTING--Inpatient care in hospitals in the United Kingdom, Sweden, and Australia. PATIENTS--1267 Patients admitted to hospital with primary diagnosis of acute upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage. Five of the six trials included a high proportion of elderly patients. Most patients were bleeding from peptic ulcers in the stomach and duodenum (43-88%) or gastric erosions (4-23%). A variable proportion had a degree of clinical shock at entry. INTERVENTIONS--Tranexamic acid 3-6 g/day given intravenously for two or three days followed by 3-6 g/day by mouth for a further three to five days (four trials) or 4.5-12 g/day by mouth for two to seven days (two trials). END POINTS--Frequency of recurrent haemorrhage, need for surgery, and death. MAIN RESULTS--Treatment with tranexamic acid was associated with a 20-30% reduction in the rate of rebleeding, a 30-40% reduction (95% confidence interval 10% to 60%) in mortality. CONCLUSIONS--Treatment with tranexamic acid may be of value to patients considered to be at risk of dying after an upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage.     

枯草杆菌二联活菌预防肝硬化上消化道出血后并发症的临床疗效研究

目的:探讨枯草杆菌二联活菌预防肝硬化上消化道出血后自发性细菌性腹膜炎(SBP)和肝性脑病(HE)等并发症的疗效。方法:将60例确诊为肝硬化合并上消化道出血患者随机分为对照组和治疗组(各30例),对照组采用常规综合治疗,治疗组在常规综合治疗基础上加用枯草杆菌二联活菌制剂,连续治疗2周后观察两组疗效及肝功能指标治疗前后的变化情况。结果:治疗组和对照组预防SBP的有效率分别为83.3%和56.7%,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);预防肝性脑病的有效率分别为83.3%和80%,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。两组治疗后ALT、AST和ALB水平均明显改善,且治疗组改善较对照组更为显著,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:在基础治疗前提下,枯草杆菌二联活菌可预防肝硬化上消化道出血后SBP的发生,且有利于肝功能的改善。     

奥曲肽联合介入治疗对急性上消化道大出血患者隐血试验的影响

目的:探讨奥曲肽联合栓塞介入治疗消化性溃疡引发的上消化道出血的临床研究。方法:将30例消化道溃疡合并急性消化道大出血患者随机分为对照组和联合治疗组,每组15例,对照组患者采用栓塞介入治疗,联合治疗组采用奥曲肽联合栓塞治疗,在48 h后评价短期疗效,并随访1月观察患者的出血复发情况及不良反应;采用联合免疫试剂盒检测患者在治疗前及治疗后2天,3天和7天的大便隐血,并记录患者隐血转阴时间和住院时间。结果:联合治疗组患者的短期有效率为92.9%明显高于对照组的60.0%,且差异有统计学意义(X~2=8.96,P0.05);治疗前,两组患者的大便隐血试验均为阳性,治疗2天后,联合治疗组和对照组的隐血阳性率分别为21.4%和66.7%,两组比较差异有显著意义(X~2=6.66,P0.01);治疗3天后,联合治疗组92.8%患者隐血试验转阴,显著高于对照组60.0%,且差异有统计学意义(X~2=4.66,P0.05);对照组患者的隐血转阴时间和住院时间分别为(4.15±2.37)天和(7.22±1.98)天高于联合治疗组,其隐血转阴时间和住院时间分别为(2.77±1.98)天和(5.33±2.07)天,两组相比,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:奥曲肽联合栓塞介入治疗可以快速止血,再出血发生率低和安全等特点,能有效治疗消化性溃疡引发的急性上消化道大出血。     

高剂量生长抑素、奥美拉唑联合止血芳酸治疗急性上消化道出血合并凝血功能障碍患者的临床效果

目的:探讨高剂量生长抑素、奥美拉唑联合止血芳酸治疗急性上消化道出血合并凝血功能障碍患者的临床效果及安全性。方法:选择我院2014年1月~2017年12月收治的92例急性上消化出血合并凝血功能障碍的患者,并按随机数表法将其分为对照组和研究组。对照组予以常规剂量生长抑素、奥美拉唑联合止血芳酸治疗,研究组予以高剂量生长抑素治疗,其余奥美拉唑及止血芳酸用法同对照组。治疗后,比较两组的临床疗效、止血情况、住院时间,治疗前后血常规指标、凝血功能的变化及并发症的发生情况。结果:治疗后,研究组总有效率明显高于对照组[91.30%vs.74.42%](P0.05),而平均止血时间、再止血率及住院时间均明显短于对照组(P0.05);两组白细胞计数(WBC)、部分活化凝血酶原时间(APTT)及凝血酶原时间(PT)均较治疗前明显下降,血红蛋白(Hb)、红细胞计数(RBC)、红细胞压积(Hct)及血小板计数(PLT)均较治疗前明显上升,且研究组以上指标变化较对照组更明显(P0.05)。两组并发症的发生率比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:高剂量生长抑素、奥美拉唑联合止血芳酸治疗急性上消化道出血合并凝血功能障碍的效果明显优于常规剂量生长抑素、奥美拉唑联合止血芳酸治疗,其能够更有效缩短止血时间,避免再出血,且未增加药物不良反应,安全性高。     

2200例门静脉高压症患者行脾切除贲门周围血管离断术的近期疗效观察

目的:总结脾切除贲门周围血管离断术治疗门静脉高压症的近期疗效。方法:回顾性分析我院1999年6月-2013年6月收治的2200例择期行脾切除贲门周围血管离断术的肝硬化门静脉高压症患者的临床资料。统计并分析手术前后的止血率、并发症及肝功能指标等。结果:近期随访率78%(1716/2200);其中,上消化道出血史88.3%(1515例),手术止血率为99.1%(1701例),围术期病死率为1.3%(22例),主要死亡原因为感染和肝肾功能衰竭;并发症情况:发热39.8%(683例)、腹腔内出血2%(34例)、门静脉系统血栓51%(875例)、胸腹腔感染3.7%(63例)、肝脓肿0.7%(12例)、胃瘘0.3%(5例)及胰瘘0.3%(5例)。丙肝肝硬化脾切除抗病毒103例,预防手术112例,丙肝切脾抗病毒、预防手术围手术期无死亡;肝功能Child分级:术前85%为A级,术后94%为A级;ALB、TBil、PT及腹水消失率均明显好转。结论:脾切除贲门周围血管离断术对门静脉高压症引起的上消化道出血具有积极的作用,可获得较好的近期疗效,并发症经对症处理可消除或缓解,但如何有效降低术后门静脉系统血栓的形成仍需在今后的临床实践中深入研究。     

不同病因肝硬化患者临床特征及其预后影响因素分析

摘要 目的：探讨不同病因肝硬化患者临床特征及其预后影响因素。方法：回顾性选择2017年1月至2020年12月来我院诊治的具有完整资料，同时明确诊断为肝硬化，病因为乙肝后肝硬化（78例）、酒精性肝硬化（42例）。分析两组患者的一般资料、并发症发生情况、合并疾病情况，分析乙肝后肝硬化、酒精性肝硬化患者的预后影响因素。结果：两组患者在性别、职业、临床表现（黄疸、黑便、呕血、蜘蛛痣、脾脏增大）、肝脏体积缩小、并发症（上消化道出血、肝性脑病）、合并疾病（脂肪肝、糖尿病、胰腺炎、胆结石）方面有统计学意义（P<0.05）。乙肝后肝硬化组的疾病进展发生率明显较酒精性肝硬化组高（P<0.05）。单因素分析结果表明，临床表现（乏力、食欲减退、皮肤瘙痒、腹痛、腹胀、呕血、黑便、腹水）、Child-Pugh分级、并发症（上消化道出血、肝性脑病）是影响乙肝后肝硬化患者预后的因素（P<0.05）；Logistic回归分析结果表明，Child-Pugh分级在B、C级、存在上消化道出血与肝性脑病是影响乙肝后肝硬化患者预后的危险因素（P<0.05）。单因素分析结果表明，临床表现（黄疸）、Child-Pugh分级、并发症（上消化道出血、肝性脑病、感染）是影响酒精性肝硬化患者预后的因素（P<0.05）；Logistic回归分析结果表明，Child-Pugh分级为C级、存在上消化道出血肝性脑病、感染是影响酒精性肝硬化患者预后的危险因素（P<0.05）。结论：乙肝后肝硬化与酒精性肝硬化的差异主要体现在性别、职业、临床表现、并发症与合并疾病中，影响乙肝后肝硬化预后的危险因素为Child-Pugh分级在B、C级、存在上消化道出血与肝性脑病，影响酒精性肝硬化预后的危险因素为Child-Pugh分级为C级、存在上消化道出血、肝性脑病、感染，需防治并发症，以改善患者预后。