The mitochondrial genome of the Kentish Plover <Emphasis Type="Italic">Charadrius alexandrinus</Emphasis> (Charadriiformes: Charadriidae) and phylogenetic analysis of Charadrii

The suborder Charadrii (Aves: Charadriiformes), one of the most species-rich radiations within shorebirds, which contains good source for studies of ecology, behaviour and evolution. The resources of mitogenome have rapidly accumulated in recent years due to the advanced genomic sequencing, while suborder Charadrii’s mitogenome has not been well studied. The primary objective of this study was to determine the complete mitogenome sequence of Charadrius alexandrinus, and investigated the evolutionary relationship within Charadrii. The mitogenome of C. alexandrinus were generated by amplification of overlapping Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) fragments. In this study, we determined the complete mitogenome sequence of the Kentish Plover Charadrius alexandrinus, and comparative analysed 11 species to illustrate mitogenomes structure and investigated their evolutionary relationship within Charadrii. The Charadrii mitogenomes displayed moderate size variation, the mean size was 16,944 bp (SD?=?182, n?=?11), and most of the size variation due to mutations in the control region (CR). Nucleotide composition was consistently biased towards AT rich, and the A+T content also varies for each protein-coding genes. The variation in ATP8 and COIII was the highest and lowest respectively. The GC skew was always negative, with the ATP8 had higher value than other regions. The average uncorrected pairwise distances revealed heterogeneity of evolutionary rate for each gene, the COIII, COI and COII have slow evolutionary rate, whereas the gene of ATP8 has the relative fast rate. The highest value of Ks and Ka were ND1 and ATP8, and the ratios of Ka/Ks are lower than 0.27, indicating that they were under purifying selection. Phylogenomic analysis based on the complete mitochondrial genomes strongly supported the monophyly of the suborder Charadrii. This study improves our understanding of mitogenome structure and evolution, and providing further insights into phylogeny and taxonomy in Charadrii. In future, sequencing more mitogenomes from various taxonomic levels will significantly improve our understanding of phylogenetic relationships within Charadrii.     

Characterization of 36 polymorphic microsatellite loci in the Kentish plover (Charadrius alexandrinus) including two sex‐linked loci and their amplification in four other Charadrius species

We isolated 45 new Kentish plover (Charadrius alexandrinus) microsatellite loci. These were tested for polymorphism in 42 Kentish plovers breeding in the Çukurova Delta, Turkey. Thirty‐six of the 45 loci were polymorphic with observed heterozygosity varying between 0.22 and 0.93. Genotypes of individuals of known sex indicated that two loci were sex‐linked (Calex‐26 is located on the Z chromosome and Calex‐31 on the W chromosome). Additionally, we tested all loci for amplification in four other species of Charadridae (Kittlitz's plover, Madagascar plover, three‐banded plover and white‐fronted plover). On average 34 loci amplified per species (range 29–36).     

食线虫真菌洛斯里被毛孢线粒体基因组的再分析

【目的】鉴定洛斯里被毛孢OWVT-1菌株的线粒体基因组,验证公布的USA-87-5菌株线粒体基因组中的错误,对洛斯里被毛孢正确的线粒体基因组序列进行注释并开展不同被毛孢物种间的比较线粒体基因组学分析。【方法】借助DNA高通量测序数据并通过必要的Sanger测序组装OWVT-1的线粒体基因组。通过PCR验证OWVT-1与公布的USA-87-5线粒体基因组序列差异的真实性。利用多种生物信息方法分析和注释洛斯里被毛孢的线粒体基因组。【结果】公布的洛斯里被毛孢USA-87-5菌株的线粒体基因组存在几处序列错误,包括3处长片段的插入缺失和多处短片段的插入缺失。实际上,洛斯里被毛孢USA-87-5与OWVT-1菌株的线粒体基因组序列完全相同。该菌的线粒体基因组全长62949 bp,在7个基因中共插入13个内含子,部分内含子和基因间区显现出序列退化的特征。洛斯里被毛孢、明尼苏达被毛孢、线虫被毛孢的线粒体基因组具有较强的共线性关系。除一些独立的ORF外,核心蛋白编码基因、rRNA基因和tRNA基因的排列顺序非常保守。基因间区的长短是影响3种被毛孢线粒体基因组大小最主要的因素。【结论】公布的洛斯里被毛孢USA-87-5菌株线粒体基因组中存在序列错误。本文新报道了OWVT-1菌株的线粒体基因组,并进行注释和比较线粒体基因组学分析。     

Complete nucleotide sequence and organization of the mitogenome of the red-spotted apollo butterfly, Parnassius bremeri (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) and comparison with other lepidopteran insects

The 15,389-bp long complete mitogenome of the endangered red-spotted apollo butterfly, Parnassius bremeri (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) was determined in this study. The start codon for the COI gene in insects has been extensively discussed, and has long remained a matter of some controversy. Herein, we propose that the CGA (arginine) sequence functions as the start codon for the COI gene in lepidopteran insects, on the basis of complete mitogenome sequences of lepidopteran insects, including P. bremeri, as well as additional sequences of the COI start region from a diverse taxonomic range of lepidopteran species (a total of 53 species from 15 families). In our extensive search for a tRNA-like structure in the A+T-rich region, one tRNA^Trp-like sequence and one tRNA^Leu (UUR)-like sequence were detected in the P. bremeri A+T-rich region, and one or more tRNA-like structures were detected in the A+T-rich region of the majority of other sequenced lepidopteran insects, thereby indicating that such features occur frequently in the lepidopteran mitogenomes. Phylogenetic analysis using the concatenated 13 amino acid sequences and nucleotide sequences of PCGs of the four macrolepidopteran superfamilies together with the Tortricoidea and Pyraloidea resulted in the successful recovery of a monophyly of Papilionoidea and a monophyly of Bombycoidea. However, the Geometroidea were unexpectedly identified as a sister group of the Bombycoidea, rather than the Papilionoidea.     

The mitogenome of freshwater loach Homatula laxiclathra (Teleostei: Nemacheilidae) with phylogenetic analysis of Nemacheilidae

The complete mitogenome can provide valuable genetic information to reconstruct relationships between species. In this study, we sequenced a stone loach, Homatula laxiclathra (Teleostei: Nemacheilidae), which is found in the northern region of the Qinling Mountains in China. The size of the H. laxiclathra mitogenome is 16,570 bp, which contains 37 typical mitochondrial genes including 13 protein‐coding genes, 22 transfer RNAs, two ribosomal RNAs, and a control region (D‐loop) with a total AT content of 55.8%. This is similar to other Nemacheilidae sequences published in GenBank. Furthermore, a mito‐phylogenomic analysis of 46 Nemacheilidae species places H. laxiclathra in a robust monophyletic Homatula cluster with other Homatula species. Our results contribute toward a better understanding of a true phylogeny of these species based on large‐scale taxonomic samplings as well as to help grasp the evolution of fish mitogenomes.     

Exploring taxonomic diversity and biogeography of the family Nemacheilinae (Cypriniformes)

Nemacheilidae, in the superfamily Cobitoidea, is comprised of many of morphologically similar fish species that occur in Eurasian water bodies. This large group shows inconsistencies between traditional morphological taxonomy and molecular phylogenetic data. We used mitochondrial genomes, recombinase‐activating gene proteins 1 (RAG1) and the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I gene (COI) to study the phylogenetic relationships among Nemacheilidae species using Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood approaches. Phylogenetic analyses based on mitogenomes provided support for two clades (I and II). The mitogenomes, RAG1, and COI results indicated that several species and genera were not consistent with the traditional morphological subdivisions. The two clades inferred from mitogenomes showed clear geographical patterns. The Tibetan Plateau, Hengduan Mountains, and the Iran Plateau may act as a barrier dividing the clades. The estimated timing of clades separation (36.05 million years ago) coincides with the first uplift of the Tibetan Plateau. We conclude that the geological history of the Tibetan Plateau played a role in the diversification and distribution of the Nemacheilidae taxa. These results provided a phylogenetic framework for future studies of this complex group.     

The complete mitochondrial genome sequence of the little grebe (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Tachybaptus ruficollis</Emphasis>)

Podicipediformes comprises one family (Podicipedidae) including 6 genera, 22 species, and the phylogenetic placement of this order was still in debate. In this study, we sequenced the complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of little grebe (Tachybaptus ruficollis) in Podicipediformes, and explored the phylogenetic position of this order with mitogenome sequences of 21 species from ten families in seven orders. The genome was 16,688 bp in length, and contained 37 genes typical to avian mitogenomes and one control region. The gene organization and characters were similar with other two mitogenomes available in Podicipediformes to date. Phylogenetic tree was constructed with Bayesian method based on mitogenome sequences excluding the control regions. The results supported the closest relationship between Podicipediformes and Phoenicopteriformes, and the topology of our tree was generally similar with the conclusions of previous molecular systematic investigations. Our results furtherly proved the validity of mitogenome data in taxonomic and phylogenetic studies.     

Highly divergent mitogenomes of Geukensia demissa (Bivalvia,Mytilidae) with extreme AT content

Complete sequences of two lineage-specific mitogenomes from mytilid bivalve Geukensia demissa are reported, confirming the existence of doubly uniparental inheritance system in this species. The reported mitogenomes show extreme sequence divergence; at protein level, it is in the range of 12%–55%, exceeding the highest values known from this family to date. Moreover, these mitogenomes are also extraordinarily AT-rich (~72%) making them the most compositionally biased mitogenomes from this family. The compositional bias is even more extreme at neutral sites, reaching 80% AT there. Despite high-sequence divergence, the mitogenomes are both compositionally and structurally similar, with only four trn genes relocated and overall gene order very similar to the phylogenetically close mitogenomes of Perumytilus purpuratus. Lineage-specific differences are limited to the non-coding regions and a short cox2 extension present in the paternally inherited M mitogenome. Phylogenetic analysis shows deeper separation of M and F lineages in Geukensia, than in Perumytilus consistent with higher protein divergence. It can be speculated that stronger mutational pressure in Geukensia is driving faster evolution of its mitogenomes.     

肺囊康定产生菌Glarea lozoyensis线粒体基因组序列的再分析

[目的] Glarea lozoyensis是抗真菌药物卡泊芬净的产生菌,其突变菌株ATCC 74030的线粒体基因组已被报道。我们此前的研究发现诱变剂能引起该菌某些细胞核基因的突变,但诱变剂是否也能引起线粒体DNA序列的改变并不清楚。[方法] 组装野生型菌株ATCC 20868的线粒体基因组,并与发表的突变型菌株ATCC 74030的线粒体基因组进行比较。通过PCR验证野生和突变菌株线粒体基因组间表现差异之处,并利用正确的线粒体基因组序列进行新的分析。[结果] 我们成功组装出野生型菌株ATCC 20868的线粒体基因组,通过比较其与发表的ATCC 74030的线粒体基因组序列,发现存在6处单核苷酸变异位点和2处具有长度差异的区域。然而,随后的PCR验证和序列比较并没有发现2个菌株间存在这些差异。最初观察到的碱基差异是因为发表的ATCC 74030线粒体基因组存在序列错误。有趣的是,在Glarea lozoyensis的线粒体基因组中,我们发现存在3个具有内含子的tRNA基因和1个rnpB基因。同时,该菌线粒体基因组中存在多种重复序列,在其线粒体和细胞核基因组间也存在明显的DNA片段重复事件。[结论] 诱变剂没有引起G. lozoyensis线粒体DNA的任何改变;发表的ATCC 74030的线粒体基因组存在序列错误。我们报道G. lozoyensis正确的线粒体基因组序列,并且发现该菌线粒体和细胞核基因组间频繁的基因交流。     

Mitochondrial genome of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pteronotus personatus</Emphasis> (Chiroptera: Mormoopidae): comparison with selected bats and phylogenetic considerations

We described the complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of the Wagner’s mustached bat, Pteronotus personatus, a species belonging to the family Mormoopidae, and compared it with other published mitogenomes of bats (Chiroptera). The mitogenome of P. personatus was 16,570 bp long and contained a typically conserved structure including 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, two ribosomal RNA genes, and one control region (D-loop). Most of the genes were encoded on the H-strand, except for eight tRNA and the ND6 genes. The order of protein-coding and rRNA genes was highly conserved in all mitogenomes. All protein-coding genes started with an ATG codon, except for ND2, ND3, and ND5, which initiated with ATA, and terminated with the typical stop codon TAA/TAG or the codon AGA. Phylogenetic trees constructed using Maximum Parsimony, Maximum Likelihood, and Bayesian inference methods showed an identical topology and indicated the monophyly of different families of bats (Mormoopidae, Phyllostomidae, Vespertilionidae, Rhinolophidae, and Pteropopidae) and the existence of two major clades corresponding to the suborders Yangochiroptera and Yinpterochiroptera. The mitogenome sequence provided here will be useful for further phylogenetic analyses and population genetic studies in mormoopid bats.     

Contribution to the mitogenome diversity in Delphacinae: Phylogenetic and ecological implications

We document the complete (or nearly complete) mitogenomes of 20 Delphacidae taxa, and together with 17 other delphacid mitogenomes currently in GenBank, to reconstruct the phylogeny of the Delphacinae and to investigate mitogenome differences among members of Delphacini, Tropidocephalini and Saccharosydnini. The mitogenomes of the 20 species encode the complete set of 37 genes usually found in animal mitogenomes. The length of complete mitogenomes in Delphacinae ranges from 15,531 to 16,231 bp. The gene order of all newly sequenced mitogenomes are identical, and the mitogenome gene order of Stenocranus matsumurai Metcalf in Stenocraninae has a transposition of tRNA^Thr. The two-clade system in Tropidocephalini was supported with high value (PP = 1, BS = 100), and the monophyly of Bambusiphaga was recovered in this study. Finally, we found that the host shift from plants with a C₃ to a C₄ photosynthetic pathway appears to have occurred independently in several clades.     

Complete mitochondrial genome sequence of the yellow-spotted long-horned beetle <Emphasis Type="Italic">Psacothea hilaris</Emphasis> (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) and phylogenetic analysis among coleopteran insects

We have determined the complete mitochondrial genome of the yellow-spotted long horned beetle, Psacothea hilaris (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), an endangered insect species in Korea. The 15,856-bp long P. hilaris mitogenome harbors gene content typical of the animal mitogenome and a gene arrangement identical to the most common type found in insect mitogenomes. As with all other sequenced coleopteran species, the 5-bp long TAGTA motif was also detected in the intergenic space sequence located between tRNA^Ser(UCN) and ND1 of P. hilaris. The 1,190-bp long non-coding A+T-rich region harbors an unusual series of seven identical repeat sequences of 57-bp in length and several stretches of sequences with the potential to form stem-and-loop structures. Furthermore, it contains one tRNA^Arg-like sequence and one tRNA^Lys-like sequence. Phylogenetic analysis among available coleopteran mitogenomes using the concatenated amino acid sequences of PCGs appear to support the sister group relationship of the suborder Polyphaga to all remaining suborders, including Adephaga, Myxophaga, and Archostemata. Among the two available infraorders in Polyphaga, a monophyletic Cucujiformia was confirmed, with the placement of Cleroidea as the basal lineage for Cucujiformia. On the other hand, the infraorder Elateriformia was not identified as monophyletic, thereby indicating that Scirtoidea and Buprestoidea are the basal lineages for Cucujiformia and the remaining Elateriformia.     

A new strategy to infer circularity applied to four new complete frog mitogenomes

We applied a novel strategy to infer sequence circularity and complete assembly of four mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) of the frog families Bufonidae (Melanophryniscus moreirae), Dendrobatidae (Hyloxalus subpunctatus and Phyllobates terribilis), and Scaphiopodidae (Scaphiopus holbrookii). These are the first complete mitogenomes of these four genera and Scaphiopodidae. We assembled mitogenomes from short genomic sequence reads using a baiting and iterative mapping strategy followed by a new ad hoc mapping strategy developed to test for assembly circularization. To assess the quality of the inferred circularization, we used Bowtie2 alignment scores and a new per‐position sequence coverage value (which we named “connectivity”). Permutation tests with 400 iterations per specimen and 1% or 5% chance of mutation at the ends of the putative circular sequences showed that the proposed method is highly sensitive, with a single nucleotide insertion or deletion being sufficient for circularity to be rejected. False positives comprised only 2% of all observations and possessed significantly lower alignment scores. The size, gene content, and gene arrangement of each mitogenome differed among the species but matched the expectations for their clades. We argue that basic studies on circular sequences can benefit from the results and bioinformatics procedures introduced here, especially when closely related references are lacking.     

Characterization of the complete mitogenome of Trachylophus sinensis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Cerambycinae), the type species of Trachylophus and its phylogenetic implications

Complete mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) have long been proved as reliable markers for phylogenetic reconstruction among diverse animal groups, especially benefited from recent rapid development of sequencing techniques. However, the mitogenomes of many important clades remain poorly represented, which restricted the understanding of macroscale evolutionary history of these groups. Here, we sequenced and characterized the complete mitogenome of Trachylophus sinensis, a type species of the Trachylophus genus, which also represents the first sequenced mitogenome in this genus. The complete circular mitogenome was 15,746 bp in length, containing 37 typical genes and one noncoding AT-rich control region. The nucleotide composition of the mitogenome was highly A + T biased, accounting for 70.07 % of the whole mitogenome with a slightly positive AT skewness (0.106). The 13 Protein coding genes (PCGs) used ATN as their start codons, except nad1 which used TTG. All tRNA genes were predicted with a characteristic cloverleaf secondary structure except trnS1^(AGN), whose dihydrouridine (DHU) arm was replaced by a simple loop. Phylogenetic analyses recovered Cerambycinae as a monophyletic group with high node supports and the sister relationship between T. sinensis and Nadezhdiella cantori. However, we found that deeper nodes showed not strong support, which may be caused by limited taxa sampling in our study. More mitogenomes should be sequenced representing various taxonomic levels, especially closely related species, which will enhance our understanding of phylogenetic relationships among Cerambycinae.     

The Genus Cerion (Gastropoda: Cerionidae) in the Florida Keys

The systematic relationships and phylogeography of Cerion incanum, the only species of Cerion native to the Florida Keys, are reviewed based on partial sequences of the mitochondrial COI and 16S genes derived from 18 populations spanning the range of this species and including the type localities of all four described subspecies. Our samples included specimens of Cerion casablancae, a species introduced to Indian Key in 1912, and a population of C. incanum x C. casablancae hybrids descended from a population of C. casablancae introduced onto Bahia Honda Key in the same year. Molecular data did not support the partition of C. incanum into subspecies, nor could populations be apportioned reliably into subspecies based on morphological features used to define the subspecies. Phylogenetic analyses affirmed the derived relationship of C. incanum relative to other cerionids, and indicated a Bahamian origin for the Cerion fauna of southern Florida. Relationships among the populations throughout the Keys indicate that the northernmost populations, closest to the Tomeu paleoislands that had been inhabited by Cerion petuchi during the Calabrian Pleistocene, are the oldest. The range of Cerion incanum expanded as the archipelago that is the Florida Keys was formed since the lower Tarantian Pleistocene by extension from the northeast to the southwest, with new islands populated as they were formed. The faunas of the High Coral Keys in the northeast and the Oölite Keys in the southwest, both with large islands that host multiple discontinuous populations of Cerion, are each composed of well supported clades that are characterized by distinctive haplotypes. In contrast, the fauna of the intervening Low Coral Keys consist of a heterogeneous series of populations, some with haplotypes derived from the High Coral Keys, others from the Oölite Keys. Individuals from the C. incanum x C. casablancae hybrid population inhabiting the southeastern coast of Bahia Honda Key were readily segregated based on their mitogenome lineage, grouping either with C. incanum or with C. casablancae from Indian Key. Hybrids with C. casablancae mitogenomes had haplotypes that were more divergent from their parent mitogenome than were hybrids with C. incanum mitogenomes.     

Evidence for cryptic hybridization between different evolutionary lineages of the invasive clam genus Corbicula (Veneroida,Bivalvia)

We studied two Corbicula morphotypes in a syntopic population in the Rhine River in order to reveal their taxonomic, reproductive and phylogenetic relationship, using morphometrics, DAF‐fingerprinting, mitochondrial COI and nuclear ITS1 sequence variation. Morphometric analysis showed that two statistically distinguishable morphotypes with few intermediates were present.Mitochondrial sequence analysis detected two divergent clades. DAF‐fingerprinting revealed three highly distinctive multilocus genotypes. Two of the multilocus genotypes were significantly associated with different morphotypes and mitochondrial lineages. The third genotype B, however, was found in both morphotypes, intermediates and mitochondrial lineages. Conclusive evidence for hybridization came from RFLP analysis of the nuclear ITS1 locus. We interpret the hybrids as F1 hybrids between different evolutionary lineages. Integration of Corbicula sequences from all over the world into Maximum Parsimony analysis suggested a simultaneous radiation resulting in several evolutionary lineages whose species status remained doubtful. An unequivocal taxonomic assignment of the two evolutionary lineages in the Rhine population was therefore not possible.     

The mitogenomes of three beetles (Coleoptera: Polyphaga: Cucujiformia): New gene rearrangement and phylogeny

The mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) has been extensively used for studying phylogenetic relationships at different taxonomic levels. Several molecular analyses have been performed, but the phylogenetic relationships among infraorders in Polyphaga have not been well resolved. In this work, three nearly complete mitogenomes of Coleoptera, Sitophilus oryzae, Oryzaephilus surinamensis and Callosobruchus chinensis, were determined. The O. surinamensis and S. oryzae mitogenomes harbor gene content typical of other Polyphaga mitogenomes, while a gene rearrangement (trnQ) was found in the C. chinensis mitogenome. The mitogenomes of these three Coleoptera species each consist of approximately 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, two rRNA genes and one A + T-rich region. Phylogenetic analysis within Polyphaga was carried out based on mitochondrial data. The phylogenetic results within Polyphaga support the basal position of Cyphon sp., which belonged to Scirtoidea, Elateriformia. Within Cucujiformia, monophyletic Curculionoidea, Chrysomeloidea and Tenebrionoidea were confirmed.     

Molecular phylogeny of the subterranean genus Niphargus (Crustacea: Amphipoda) in the Middle East: a comparison with European Niphargids

The subterranean genus Niphargus is one of the most species‐rich genera among freshwater amphipods in the world, distributed in the Western Palearctic. Thus far, taxonomic and phylogenetic research has focused mainly on the European half of the genus range. In this study, 25 populations of Niphargus from Iran, Lebanon and the Crimean Peninsula were investigated. Bayesian inference based on 28S, H3 and COI gene sequences suggests that populations from the area belong to four different clades. Three species from Crimea and one species from Iran are nested at basal nodes, indicating their rather ancient origin. The rest of the species are younger and belong to two separate clades. One Crimean species is a sister‐species to east Romanian species. The second clade includes one species from Lebanon and all but one population from Iran. The origin of this clade corresponds to marine transgression between the Black Sea and Mediterranean approximately 12 Mya. This clade was further investigated taxonomically. Revision of qualitative morphological traits and unilocus species delimitation methods using COI suggest that this clade comprises 12–16 species, of which only three have been described so far. Multilocus coalescence delimitation methods (using fragments of COI, 28S, H3 and ITS) strongly supported 11 of these species. The remaining populations comprise at least two species complexes that require further and more detailed taxonomic research. © 2015 The Linnean Society of London     

Diversity and temporal variations of the Hemiptera Auchenorrhyncha fauna in the Ajaccio region (France,Corsica)

Summary

During a one-year survey of the Auchenorrhyncha fauna in a maquis habitat of the Ajaccio region (Corsica), 37 species were listed including three alien species recorded in Europe in the last decades. The standard 658 bp mitochondrial COI barcode was obtained for 32 species, including 14 species never previously barcoded. Neighbor-joining analyses confirmed the delineation for all the species. However, comparisons with available sequences from mainland Europe showed that four species presented a significant intraspecific divergence (>3%), whereas a reduced interspecific divergence was found for another set of species. Complementary studies may therefore be necessary to better assess their taxonomic levels. Three species – Euscelis lineolata Brullé, 1832 (Cicadellidae), Philaenus spumarius (Linnaeus, 1758) (Aphrophoridae) and Latilica maculipes (Melichar, 1906) (Issidae) – accounted for up to 74.3% of the total insects collected. Although taxonomic interpretations using restricted sampling and COI sequences alone are not robust, the proportion of new sequences highlight the global lack of knowledge about the Auchenorrhyncha as a whole and the potentially presence of cryptic taxa in different clades.     

Complete mitochondrial genome sequence of the Indian pipistrelle Pipistrellus coromandra (Vespertilioninae)

We characterized the complete mitogenome of Pipistrellus coromandra (Indian pipistrelle) for comparative analysis of mitogenomes and for resolving the phylogenetic relationship of four tribes in the subfamily Vespertilioninae. The mitogenome size of P. coromandra was 17,153?bp, with a control region and a typical set of 37 mitochondrial genes. The nucleotide composition of the P. coromandra mitogenome showed an AT bias with a nucleotide composition of 33.5% A, 30.7% T, 13.3% G, and 22.5% C. The mitochondrial protein-coding genes in P. coromandra use the standard start codon (ATN), two stop codons (TAA and AGA), and two incomplete stop codons (TA- and T--). The intertribal relationship of four tribes was highly resolved from the phylogenetic analysis of mitogenome sequences.