共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Alexandra G. Duffy;Jerald B. Johnson; 《Ethology : formerly Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologie》2024,130(9):e13490
Predator–prey dynamics have led to a strong selection of prey's ability to detect and respond to information about the risk environment. Further, intrinsic factors, such as sex, may cause prey to perceive and respond to information differently. Chemical alarm cues from injured conspecifics are a classic example of how prey have evolved to use publicly available information to shape their behavior and enhance fitness, yet sex-specific alarm reactions are rarely considered. The purpose of our study was to compare how males and females respond to conspecific chemical alarm cues in the livebearing fish species, Brachyrhaphis rhabdophora. Furthermore, we tested males and females from populations with a high- or low-predation environment. Brachyrhaphis rhabdophora showed strong alarm reactions, but contrary to our predictions, showed limited variation due to sex or predation environment. We found that males and females from both populations displayed lower activity levels and increased their swimming depth when exposed to an alarm cue, despite variable and consistent baseline behaviors among individuals. These data further contribute to our understanding of what factors shape the evolution of behavioral responses to chemical alarm cues in fishes. 相似文献
2.
The distribution and extent of chemical alarm signaling systems among some families of fishes, including the Cottidae, remains unclear. In laboratory experiments, we tested whether reticulate sculpins, Cottus perplexus, respond to chemical alarm signals released by injured conspecifics. Sculpins decreased movement following exposure to skin extracts from conspecifics, but did not respond to cues of syntopic speckled dace, Rhinichthyes osculus, or allotopic swordtails, Xiphophorous helleri. Additional tests demonstrated that the responses of sculpins to alarm cues were dependent on the hunger level of the test fish. Sculpins deprived of food for 2 days failed to respond to conspecific alarm cues, however, the same individuals fed to satiation did respond to alarm cues. 相似文献
3.
We examined innate responses to conspecific and heterospecific alarm cues in a small cyprinid minnow, the Eastern Cape redfin Pseudobarbus afer. We found that redfins respond to conspecific skin extract, which contains alarm chemicals, and showed that their preferred response is to hide in refugia. Redfins also respond to skin extract from an allopatric, distantly related minnow species, the chubbyhead barb Enteromius anoplus indicating that neither sympatry nor close phylogenetic relationships are necessary for recognition of heterospecific alarm cues. Although both conspecific and heterospecific alarm cues induced similar responses, the response to heterospecific cues was less intense. This may be explained by a trade-off between selection to maximise threat recognition and selection to avoid the costs of responding to irrelevant cues, or by differences in chemical structures of alarm cues between species. These findings have implications for the conservation of this Endangered fish species and for freshwater fishes throughout Africa. 相似文献
4.
Individuals are likely to benefit from responding to the alarmsignals of other species with similar predators, and mutualinterspecific responses to aerial (hawk) alarms are thoughtto be common in birds, in part because similarity in alarm callstructure among species might facilitate detection or interpretation.However, there has been no test of whether interspecific responsesto aerial alarm calls can involve mutual responses between speciesand only incomplete tests of the response of any species tosuch heterospecific alarms. We describe the aerial alarm callsof white-browed scrubwrens (Sericornis frontalis) and superbfairy-wrens (Malurus cyaneus) and use a playback experimentto test for mutual responses to each other's aerial alarm calls.The 2 species occur in similar habitats and can co-occur inmixed-species flocks during the nonbreeding season. The aerialalarm calls of both species are high pitched (7 kHz) and rapidlyfrequency-modulated calls but are distinct in frequency measuresand only the scrubwren's call had 2 parallel sounds. Both speciesfled to cover after playback of either their own or the otherspecies' alarm calls but never to control sounds. The responseto either species' alarm was almost invariant in both speciesin an experiment at high natural amplitude, but there was aslightly lower response to heterospecific compared with conspecificalarms when playbacks were at the mean natural amplitude. Ourresults demonstrate, after at least 50 years of interest inthe subject, that there can be mutual responses to aerial alarmcalls between species. 相似文献
5.
In order to investigate any size-dependent differences between behavioural patterns, wild-caught Hart's rivulus Rivulus hartii of varying sizes were exposed to chemical alarm cues extracted from the skin of conspecifics or heterospecific Poecilia reticulata, or a tank water control, in a series of laboratory trials. In response to conspecific alarm cues, R. hartii subjects of the range of body sizes tested exhibited consistent, size-independent antipredator behaviours that were characterized by decreased locomotory activity and foraging levels and increased refuging behaviour. Conversely, focal R. hartii demonstrated significant size-dependent trends in response to heterospecific alarm cues, with smaller individuals exhibiting antipredator responses and larger individuals shifting their behaviour to increased levels of activity consistent with a foraging, or predatory, response. These results show that the behavioural responses of individual R. hartii to publicly available chemical alarm cues from heterospecifics are mediated by the size of the receiver. 相似文献
6.
Do adult females of oligophagous species such as Neoseiulus fallacis (Garman) and Metaseiulus occidentalis (Nesbitt) show less intra- and interspecific predation on phytoseiids when other foods are scarce than polyphagous species such as Amblyseius andersoni Chant and Typhlodromus pyri Scheuten? We caged single adult females of each species without food with ten of their own eggs or larvae, with ten eggs or larvae of the other species or with ten nymphs or adult females of M. occidentalis (T. pyri for M. occidentalis). We assessed the ambulatory activity, survival time, egg levels and prey loss in each test. Polyphages (in particular T. pyri) lived longer than oligophages (in particular N. fallacis) without food. The small T. pyri detected its own stages and benefited most by feeding on small active stages of other species. Amblyseius andersoni, the largest mite, fed and gained the most of any species when held with nymphs and female adults. Metaseiulus occidentalis fed on eggs of all four species to enhance survival. The large hyperactive N. fallacis gained the least from these behaviours. Each mite seemed uniquely adapted to survive conditions of scarce prey and these behaviours may explain their roles in phytoseiid mite complexes. Overall, oligophagous adult females fed less and gained less by feeding on phytoseiids than did polyphagous adult females. 相似文献
7.
Elevated water temperatures, a decrease in ocean pH, and an increasing prevalence of severe storms have lead to bleaching and death of the hard corals that underpin coral reef ecosystems. As coral cover declines, fish diversity and abundance declines. How degradation of coral reefs affects behavior of reef inhabitants is unknown. Here, we demonstrate that risk assessment behaviors of prey are severely affected by coral degradation. Juvenile damselfish were exposed to visual and olfactory indicators of predation risk in healthy live, thermally bleached, and dead coral in a series of laboratory and field experiments. While fish still responded to visual cues in all habitats, they did not respond to olfactory indicators of risk in dead coral habitats, likely as a result of alteration or degradation of chemical cues. These cues are critical for learning and avoiding predators, and a failure to respond can have dramatic repercussions for survival and recruitment. 相似文献
8.
Ryan J. Wasserman Rachel Kramer Tim J. F. Vink P. William Froneman 《Austral ecology》2014,39(6):732-738
Sensitivity to chemical cues associated with predation threat has been well observed in many freshwater zooplankters, yet few studies have highlighted such sensitivity in eury‐ and stenohaline metazoans. We aimed to assess sensitivity to conspecific chemical alarm cues in the estuarine copepod, Paracartia longipatella. Alarm cues associated with predation have been shown to have population level effects on certain zooplanktonic species. As such, we assessed the occurrence of such effects on population dynamics of P. longipatella over a 12 day period. Using experimental in situ mesocosms, we compared P. longipatella adult, copepodite and nauplii numbers between three treatments; one inoculated with conspecific alarm cues, one containing direct predation pressure (zooplanktivorous fish), and a control treatment containing no predation threat. Trends in population abundances were similar between the direct predation and alarm cue treatments for the six days of the experiment, decreasing in abundance. During the latter half of the study, however, P. longipatella abundances in the alarm cue treatment increased, while those in the presence of direct predation continued to decrease. In the treatment absent of any predation threat, P. longipatella abundances increased consistently over time for the duration of the study. We suggest that P. longipatella are indeed sensitive to conspecific alarm cues associated with predation threat. Furthermore, we propose that prolonged exposure to conspecific alarm cues in the absence of any real threat results in a reduction in sensitive to these cues. 相似文献
9.
Aposematic species combine a conspicuous signal with a secondary defence, the majority of which are studied in the context of a visual signal. While multimodality of the aposematic signal appears to be common in invertebrate species, we know very little about the presence or absence of multimodality in vertebrates. Here, we examine the possibility of multimodality of aposematism in the green-and-black poison frog, Dendrobates auratus. Using a non-visual predator (the cat-eyed snake, Leptodeira annulata) and extractions of chemicals in frog skins, we test whether there is sufficient non-visual information for predators to avoid this aposematic species without using visual cues. We found that experienced predators avoid chemicals in this poison frog's skin by olfactory cues alone in trials with live frogs and extracts from captive poison frogs, whereas extracts from wild poison frogs did not lead to avoidance behaviours in predators. Further, in our limited sampling, naïve predators demonstrate no avoidance. This not only indicates that predators can make informed decisions from the frog's odour, but also indicates that avoidance based on olfactory cue is a learned response. 相似文献
10.
《Journal of Asia》2023,26(2):102044
Organisms live in complex systems where they simultaneously balance responses to multiple factors. Insects are dealing with indirect pressures from predators under the influence of temperature. Currently, little is known about how they balance these factors. Under laboratory conditions, we investigated the effects of the predator Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) cues and temperature (23, 28, and 33 °C) on the foraging and oviposition behavior of the parasitoid Aphidius gifuensis Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) using the aphid Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) as a host. In all trials, the frequency and duration of stinging, walking, or stationary behavior of A. gifuensis were not influenced by H. axyridis cues. However, in trials with predator cues, A. gifuensis produced less offspring than trials without predator cues. On the other hand, the frequency of A. gifuensis stinging, walking, or stationary behavior, and the number of A. gifuensis larvae increased with rising temperature. Specially, when the predator cues were present, parasitoid responded to rising temperatures by increasing frequency of each behavior and an increase in offspring number. Our findings indicate that A. gifuensis might show flexible foraging and oviposition behavior in response to H. axyridis associated cues and different temperatures. Thus, the effects of both temperature and H. axyridis cues should be considered when assessing the foraging outcomes of A. gifuensis prior to combining these two enemies in aphid management practice. 相似文献
11.
化学预警信息（Chemical alarm cue,CAC）在鱼类捕食者-猎物关系中发挥重要作用,并与二者生存适合度密切关联。繁殖期鱼类的繁殖生理投入和化学预警响应均具有较高的能量需求,因而可能存在某种程度上的生存-繁殖的权衡（Trade-off）。选取高体鳑鲏（Rhodeus ocellatus,卵生,繁殖投入较低）、斑马鱼（Danio rerio,卵生,繁殖投入较高）、孔雀鱼（Poecilia reticulata,卵胎生,繁殖投入较高）和皮球鱼（Poecilia latipinna,卵胎生,繁殖投入很高）等繁殖方式各异、能量投入不同的4种淡水鱼类为实验对象,测定了繁殖IV期实验鱼对不同浓度的化学预警信息（Damage-released chemical alarm cues,DCAC）的行为响应模式,并探究了4种实验鱼的化学预警响应与其性腺指数（Gonadosomatic index,GSI）的关联。结果表明：（1）DCAC对4种实验鱼的空间分布、活跃状态、逃逸行为等大部分化学预警响应参数均有不同程度的影响（P<0.05）;（2）4种实验鱼GSI与其化学预警响应参数的变化无显著相关性（P>0.05）（除高浓度DCAC处理组皮球鱼GSI与底栖时间的变化负相关外）。研究回答了长期以来有关繁殖期鱼类化学预警通讯是否缺失的问题,证实了繁殖期不同繁殖生理投入/繁殖对策的4种淡水鱼类均有显著的化学预警响应,提示鱼类GSI与其化学预警响应程度通常不相关（仅高风险环境下繁殖生理投入很高的物种中可能呈现负相关）。 相似文献
12.
Jack A Goldman Adam L Crane Laurence E A Feyten Emily Collins Grant E Brown 《动物学报(英文版)》2022,68(4):433
In animal communication systems, individuals that detect a cue (i.e., “receivers”) are often influenced by characteristics of the cue emitter. For instance, in many species, receivers avoid chemical cues that are released by emitters experiencing disturbance. These chemical “disturbance cues” appear to benefit receivers by warning them about nearby danger, such as a predator’s approach. While the active ingredients in disturbance cues have been largely unexplored, by-products of metabolized protein are thought to play a role for some species. If so, the content (quality) and volume (quantity) of the emitter’s diet should affect their disturbance cues, thus altering how receivers perceive the cues and respond. Guppies Poecilia reticulata are a species known to discriminate among disturbance cues from different types of donors, but dietary variation has yet to be explored. In this study, we found evidence that diet quality and quantity can affect disturbance cues released by guppy emitters (i.e., experimental “donors”). Receivers discriminated between donor cue treatments, responding more strongly to cues from donors fed a protein-rich bloodworm diet (Experiment 1), as well as an overall larger diet (Experiment 2). We also found that receivers exposed to higher background risk were more sensitive to disturbance cue variation, with the strongest avoidance responses displayed by high-risk receivers toward disturbance cues from donors fed the high-quality diet. Therefore, diet, and perhaps protein specifically, affects either the concentration or composition of disturbance cues released by guppies. Such variation may be important in information signaling in social species like the guppy. 相似文献
13.
During the dawn chorus songbirds initiate singing activities just prior to sunrise. Environmental factors affect the timing of the dawn chorus, but relatively little is known about how behavioural cues influence chorus timing. We assessed whether early playback of conspecific and heterospecific song influenced chorus start times in two early‐singing temperate species, hermit thrush Catharus guttatus and veery C. fuscescens. We used arrays of GPS time‐synchronized recorders to record the dawn chorus at 30 locations. In each location, thirty minutes prior to natural chorus initiation, we broadcast: 1) an early singing species (hermit thrush or veery), 2) a late singing species (black‐throated green warbler Setophaga virens or Nashville warbler Oreothlypis ruficapilla), 3) a noise control, and 4) also recorded without playback (silent control). Playback treatments were separated by two‐three days at each location. Both hermit thrush and veery sang significantly earlier in response to conspecific playback compared to noise or silent controls. Both species also sang earlier in response to conspecific playback compared to the day before or the day after playback. Neither species sang earlier in response to heterospecific playback (regardless of whether the broadcast species was a naturally early or late song initiator) compared to noise or silent controls. Our results support the theory that the dawn chorus is a communication network where individuals attend primarily to conspecific cues; heterospecific song appears to have minimal impacts on the chorus start times of the two early‐singing species we investigated. 相似文献
14.
- Parental defence behaviour can reduce the probability of nest predation, but also incurs costs (e.g. less time for foraging). Under variable risk, parental strategies that adjust the amount of defence effort to the prevailing risk will be adaptive.
- Although nest predation is typically viewed as an all‐or‐none event, many nests are depredated only partially. Therefore, partial brood loss will indicate the occurrence of nest predation and, as a consequence, high predation risk. However, whether parents use loss of offspring as a cue of predation risk and increase their defence effort after partial brood loss has not been examined.
- The study examined whether a foundress of a paper wasp Polistes chinensis antennalis Pérez increases defence effort after the experimental removal of a larva from the nest. The foundress maintains a nest alone during the colony‐founding stage. At this stage, larvae in the nest are often depredated by conspecific females of other nests. The foundress can chase off attacking females when it is on the nest, but it needs to leave the nest to gather resources such as food.
- For 30 min after the experimental removal of a larva, foundresses increased the time spent on the nest by shortening the time spent on each off‐nest activity and prolonging the interval between off‐nest activities. The time spent on the nest then returned to what it was before the removal. These results suggest that foundresses use the loss of a larva as the cue of high predation risk and increase their defence effort in response.
15.
在野外围栏条件下,采用重复的2×2×2析因实验设计,测定食物、捕食和竞争物种黑线姬鼠对东方田鼠攻击行为作用的格局。东方田鼠各处理种群攻击水平与其种群密度的相关甚为复杂,与Chitty多态行为假设的预测不一致。东方田鼠双冲突个体间的攻击水平与其体重的相关不显著,而与冲突个体的体重差异则呈显著的负相关,体重差异越大,冲突个体间的攻击水平越低。雄体攻击水平与其繁殖特征无显著的相关关系,而雌体间攻击水平则受繁殖状态的影响,动情雌体间的攻击水平显著地高于非动情雌体。体重差异和食物对雄体的攻击行为具有极显著的独立作用,捕食和种间竞争对雄体攻击行为的独立作用不显著,而捕食与种间竞争交互作用对雄体攻击行为的效应则达到显著水平。体重差异、食物、捕食和种间竞争对动情雌体的攻击水平均有极显著的独立作用,3类外部因子交互作用的效应达到极显著水平;而3类外部因子交互作用对非动情雌体攻击行为的效应则不显著。结果检验了外部因子食物、捕食、种间竞争对田鼠类动物种群攻击行为具有独立和累加的整合效应的假设。 相似文献
16.
Carlos Biagolini‐Jr Paulo Victor Resende dos Santos 《Ethology : formerly Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologie》2018,124(10):719-723
A cost associated with the evolution of antiparasite strategies is the failure to recognize parasitic eggs, leading the host to evict its own eggs. However, there is evidence that birds recognize their own eggs through imprinting. This leads to the question of why birds accept parasitic eggs if such eggs can be identified. Here, we tested whether egg ejection per se can be costly due to increased predation risk to the remaining clutch and whether olfactory or visual cues of egg ejection increase predation. We carried out three field experiments to answer the following questions: (a) Does ejecting an egg increase nest predation risk? (b) Does the presence of olfactory cues, such as the smell of a broken egg, increase nest predation risk? And (c) Does the presence of visual cues, such as an egg shell below the nest, increase nest predation risk? We found evidence that egg ejection increases nest predation and that olfactory cues alone also increase nest predation. The presence of visual cues did not change predation rates. These data indicate that egg ejection is costly for both host and parasitic eggs that may remain in the nest. Our results suggest why host and parasite eggs are commonly found within the same nests, despite the possibility that hosts recognize and could possibly eject the parasite’s egg. 相似文献
17.
Chemical cues released as a by-product of predation mediate antipredator behaviour, but little is known about the physiological responses to olfactory detection of predation risk. In this study, zebrafish Danio rerio were exposed to either chemical alarm cues from conspecifics, or water (control). Compared with water controls, D. rerio exposed to alarm cues responded behaviourally with antipredator behaviours such as erratic dashing and an increase in time spent near the bottom of the test aquarium. Danio rerio were sacrificed 5 min after exposure to test cues (alarm cues or water). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) revealed whole-body levels of cortisol that were significantly higher for fish exposed to alarm cues (mean ± SE, 11.9 ± 3.4 ng g−1) than control fish (1.5 ± 0.7 ng g−1). These data provide a benchmark for future studies of the proximate mechanisms of olfactorily mediated antipredator responses, modelling effects on aquatic life in a changing climate and, as a model organism, Danio rerio can further our understanding of anxiety in humans. 相似文献
18.
19.
We conducted a laboratory study to determine if male fathead minnows, Pimephales promelas, altered their territorial behaviour associated with reproduction in response to combinations of visual and chemical cues from northern pike, Esox lucius. We introduced the following stimuli to a territorial male: a brick (control), fathead minnow alarm pheromone, a pike fed brook stickleback, Culea inconstans, or a pike fed fathead minnow. The territorial behaviour of males did not change when the control was added. Male minnows experiencing threat from pike fed stickleback significantly reduced the frequency at which they performed three territorial behaviours, but, within 12 h, had returned to pre-exposure activity levels. Male minnows subjected to alarm pheromone alone and to pike fed fathead minnow significantly reduced their territorial behaviour, abandoned their nests, and did not return to pre-exposure levels of activity after 24 h. We suggest that because risk of predation triggers prolonged decreases in territorial defense, it may affect competition between nesting males and female mate choice. We conclude that fathead minnows can assess the severity of predatory threat and adjust their reproductive behaviour accordingly. 相似文献
20.
Dara B. Adams Dawn M. Kitchen 《Ethology : formerly Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologie》2020,126(5):563-575
Although experimentally simulating predator presence helps improve sample sizes in studies of free-ranging animals, few studies have examined whether auditory playbacks and visual models produce similar results. Additionally, it is unclear if anti-predator strategies are specific to predator hunting styles in understudied Neotropical pitheciid primates, limiting what we can generalize about this phenomenon across this taxonomic order. We conducted predator simulation experiments to assess whether wild Rylands' bald-faced saki monkeys (Pithecia rylandsi) recognize predators based solely on acoustic cues, exhibit predator-specific responses to different predator types, and vary responses to presentations in different sensory modes. In our playback experiments, sakis had weak responses to non-predator control vocalizations compared to jaguar growls and harpy eagle shrieks. In most predator playbacks, subjects' first glance corresponded to the direction from which simulated predators would typically attack (above vs. below). However, although sakis exhibited appropriate movement responses to harpy playbacks (i.e., descending canopy), they exhibited no clear movement patterns when presented with jaguar playbacks. In contrast, jaguar model experiments consistently elicited fast approaches, mobbing-style responses, and long alarm calling bouts. Thus, if we had relied on playbacks alone, we might have concluded that sakis have only generalized responses to terrestrial ambush predators. In fact, in all variables measured (e.g., latency, number of calls, and response duration), models of both predator species elicited stronger reactions than playbacks. Results indicate that bald-faced sakis can identify predators based solely on vocalizations, but do not exhibit predator-specific escape responses to terrestrial predators based on acoustic cues alone. The differential response to playbacks and models calls into question the reliability of using acoustic-only stimuli to assess the specificity of anti-predator behavior to predator hunting styles in some primate species. 相似文献