停用TTS后的贮库模型及计算机模拟

本文建立了停用TTS后的角质层药物贮库模型,並籍此模型的解解析设计计算机程序,对形成角质层药物贮库的TTS的体内药物动力学过程进行摸拟,证实了停用TTS后,中心室药量水平先下降,然后上升形成第二峰,而且第二峰药量水平接近拟稳态药量水平。因此,从理论上解释了形成角质层药物贮库的TTS在停用以后,仍能发挥一段时间的治疗作用的临床观察。此外,还分析了这类药物的临床给药方案。     

空心微结构透皮系统：为生物药品输药

最近几年,不少肽段和蛋白类药物上市。虽然这些药物的药效很高,但通常它们只能以静脉注射或者注射器注射的方式进行输药。这使得给药过程复杂化,而且不是每个病人都能顺应这种给药方式。同时,传统的透皮贴剂技术只能让亲脂性小分子化合物通过扩散透过角质层进入循环系统。满足这种给药方式的活性药物成分（API）非常少,对于生物药品来说更是少之又少。     

昆虫种群的生长──扩散模型研究

根据昆虫种群生长规律和空间扩散规律,本文提出了建立昆虫种群生长-扩散统一模型的条件,并提出了12种可能的生长-扩散统一模型．其中的模型包括了指数增长（减少）,逻辑斯蒂增长和威布尔生长规律,同时包括幂率衰减,指数衰减和随机扩散等扩散规律;同时这些模型可以单独描述单一的生长过程或扩散过程。文中以水稻害虫青翘蚁形隐翘虫的扩散和种群数量消长为例,研究了文中模型的应用问题,结果表明本文的模型用于描述昆虫种群的方向性扩散一指数衰减生长的过程是合适的。     

一种药物动力学模型控制问题的研究

生物的生长方程能够演变为Mitscherljch方程、Brody方程、Bertalanffy方程、Gompertz和Logistic等生长方程．此外它还能准确描述它们之间的过渡类型,在研究自然界中的生物物种方面被广泛应用,本文对一种生物控制模型进行分析,实现了对其控制模型的最优开发．在此基础上,将此模型的一种特例应用在药物动力学模型中,为模型研究提供了应用。     

数学模型在顺铂等渗性腹腔化疗中的应用研究

通过6只犬的腹腔化疗,测得腹腔液、股静脉和门静脉的血药[浓度,以及数理模型的推导,给出顺铂在体内药物扩散、药物吸收及吸收速度函数。其结果不仅给临床顺铂腹腔化疗提供理论依据而且提出研究体内药物释放,药物吸收量及药物吸收速率的方法。     

微针阵列用于生物大分子药物的递送

生物大分子药物难以跨过皮肤的角质层屏障,而微针作为一种微创、无痛、高效的经皮给药方式,能有效破解大分子药物透皮速率和吸收量低下的难题.本文详细综述了微针阵列技术在各类生物大分子药物经皮递送中的应用进展,包括单独微针阵列(固体实心微针、空心微针、涂层微针和可溶性微针)以及微针与其他制剂技术(如微粒给药系统)、医疗器械和智能释药系统等结合对大分子药物的促渗作用和控释作用.同时对微针用于大分子药物递送领域目前面临的问题、发展前景等作出分析.     

高通量药物筛选技术进展及新药开发策略

新药研发过程中．通过筛选而获得具有生物活性的先导化合物．是创新药物研究的关键．目前药物筛选模型已经从传统的整体动物、器官和组织水平发展到细胞和分子水平。创新药物的发现都离不开采用适当的药物作用靶点对大量化合物样品进行筛选．而且筛选规模越大,发现新药的机会就越多。随着计算机技术、生物芯片、蛋白质组学、组合化学等的发展．高通量药物筛选技术应运而生。高通量筛选体系在创新药物筛选中的应用是新药开发研究的一个重要领域。     

魔芋葡甘聚糖-尼莫地平药膜体外释放性能的初步探讨

本文选用尼莫地平(nimodipine,NMP)作为模型药物,以魔芋葡甘聚糖(Konjac glucom annan,KGM)为材料制备KGM-NMP药膜,对其在体外不同介质和不同温度下的释药特性进行考察,初步探讨魔芋葡甘聚糖-尼莫地平药膜的体外释放性能。采用扫描电子显微镜观察药膜各个释放阶段的形态及表面结构,药膜呈胶束状,表面平整光滑,个别表面有凹凸状;用药物释放动力学方程拟合药物释放数据曲线,推导建立数学模型,同时结合电镜扫描结果分析,KGM-NMP药膜的溶蚀特性更符合零级动力学方程,释放机制为扩散和骨架溶蚀的协同作用。该药膜在体外具有明显的缓控释作用,24 h内释药稳定。     

基于壳聚糖的搭载光源可溶性微针的制备与评价

光动力疗法与给药微针(microneedle, MN)相结合为治疗肿瘤提供了一种安全有效的途径。本文设计了一种基于壳聚糖搭载高能光子的可控缓释型载药微针贴片(LED-losartan-HEMA/ CS-MN, LLH-CSMN),重点研究了其制备工艺,并且以氯沙坦为模型药物对微针阵列的形貌尺寸进行了表征,探究了LLH-CSMN的力学性能、皮肤穿刺性能、缓释性能以及高能光子在长时间工作下的光热性能。结果表明,基于壳聚糖搭载高能光子的微针贴片能够有效地在皮肤表面打开通道进行药物递送,并进行光动力治疗。同时,体外透皮扩散试验表明,以氯沙坦为模型药物制备的微针在1 h内释放了约30%的药物,在1 d内总共释放了约60%的药物,随后进行缓慢释放,在6 d后最终释放了93%的药物,LLH-CSMN具有可控缓释特性以及良好的长效光辅助治疗效果,为肿瘤治疗提供了一个新的安全有效途径。     

喹乙醇在鲤体内的药物代谢动力学及组织浓度

采用高效液相色谱法测定了鲤血浆及组织中喹乙醇的浓度。该法采用C18色谱柱,流动相为甲醇-三蒸水(15：85),检测波长为372nm,样品用15％的三氯乙酸沉淀蛋白,离心取上清液进样。该法灵敏、简便、准确、喹乙醇在0．2—25．6μg／mL浓度范围内线性关系良好,检测限为0．04μg／g,平均回收率为85．93％-100．2％,不同浓度水平的日内和日间精密度测定结果均小于10％。以30mg／kg鱼体重的剂量口灌给药,通过对喹乙醇在鲤体内的血药浓度经时曲线过程分析,发现其符合-级吸收-室开放模型,主要动力学参数如下：消除相半衰期T1／2k5．876h,吸收相半衰期T1／2h1．466h,达峰时间Tp3．913h,达峰浓度Cmax30．25ug／／mL,血药浓度-时间曲线下面积AuC406．92mg／L．h;并对用药后组织药物浓度和单次、多次灌药后肌肉中喹乙醇的残留量及以原型排出体外的喹乙醇进行了测定,获得了单次灌药后鲤肌肉、肝脏、肾脏和多次灌药后鲤肌肉中喹乙醇的代谢规律,测得原型药物排出体外的量占总灌药量的6．9％。该项研究全面了解了喹乙醇在鱼体内的药动学特征,对确定合理的临床用药方案以及无公害水产品中药物残留监测提供了可靠的理论依据。     

Interactions of inertial cavitation bubbles with stratum corneum lipid bilayers during low-frequency sonophoresis

Interactions of acoustic cavitation bubbles with biological tissues play an important role in biomedical applications of ultrasound. Acoustic cavitation plays a particularly important role in enhancing transdermal transport of macromolecules, thereby offering a noninvasive mode of drug delivery (sonophoresis). Ultrasound-enhanced transdermal transport is mediated by inertial cavitation, where collapses of cavitation bubbles microscopically disrupt the lipid bilayers of the stratum corneum. In this study, we describe a theoretical analysis of the interactions of cavitation bubbles with the stratum corneum lipid bilayers. Three modes of bubble-stratum corneum interactions including shock wave emission, microjet penetration into the stratum corneum, and impact of microjet on the stratum corneum are considered. By relating the mechanical effects of these events on the stratum corneum structure, the relationship between the number of cavitation events and collapse pressures with experimentally measured increase in skin permeability was established. Theoretical predictions were compared to experimentally measured parameters of cavitation events.     

Structure of the skin barrier and its modulation by vesicular formulations

The natural function of the skin is to protect the body from unwanted influences from the environment. The main barrier of the skin is located in the outermost layer of the skin, the stratum corneum. Since the lipids regions in the stratum corneum form the only continuous structure, substances applied onto the skin always have to pass these regions. For this reason the organization in the lipid domains is considered to be very important for the skin barrier function. Due to the exceptional stratum corneum lipid composition, with long chain ceramides, free fatty acids and cholesterol as main lipid classes, the lipid phase behavior is different from that of other biological membranes. In stratum corneum crystalline phases are predominantly present, but most probably a subpopulation of lipids forms a liquid phase. Both the crystalline nature and the presence of a 13 nm lamellar phase are considered to be crucial for the skin barrier function. Since it is impossible to selectively extract individual lipid classes from the stratum corneum, the lipid organization has been studied in vitro using isolated lipid mixtures. These studies revealed that mixtures prepared with isolated stratum corneum lipids mimic to a high extent stratum corneum lipid phase behavior. This indicates that proteins do not play an important role in the stratum corneum lipid phase behavior. Furthermore, it was noticed that mixtures prepared only with ceramides and cholesterol already form the 13 nm lamellar phase. In the presence of free fatty acids the lattice density of the structure increases. In stratum corneum the ceramide fraction consists of various ceramide subclasses and the formation of the 13 nm lamellar phase is also affected by the ceramide composition. Particularly the presence of ceramide 1 is crucial. Based on these findings a molecular model has recently been proposed for the organization of the 13 nm lamellar phase, referred to as "the sandwich model", in which crystalline and liquid domains coexist. The major problem for topical drug delivery is the low diffusion rate of drugs across the stratum corneum. Therefore, several methods have been assessed to increase the permeation rate of drugs temporarily and locally. One of the approaches is the application of drugs in formulations containing vesicles. In order to unravel the mechanisms involved in increasing the drug transport across the skin, information on the effect of vesicles on drug permeation rate, the permeation pathway and perturbations of the skin ultrastructure is of importance. In the second part of this paper the possible interactions between vesicles and skin are described, focusing on differences between the effects of gel-state vesicles, liquid-state vesicles and elastic vesicles.     

Using the method of homogenization to calculate the effective diffusivity of the stratum corneum with permeable corneocytes

The stratum corneum is the outermost layer of the skin, which acts as a barrier membrane against the penetration of molecules into and out of the body. It has a biphasic structure consisting of keratinized cells (corneocytes) that are embedded in a lipid matrix. The macroscopic transport properties of the stratum corneum are functions of its microstructure and the transport properties of the corneocytes and the lipid matrix, and are of considerable interest in the context of transdermal drug delivery and quantifying exposure to toxins, as well as for determining the relation of skin disorders to disruption of the stratum corneum barrier. Due to the complexity of the tissue and the difference in length scales involved in its microstructure, a direct analysis of the mass transport properties of the stratum corneum is not feasible. In this study, we undertake an approach where the macroscopic diffusion tensor of the stratum corneum is obtained through homogenization using the method of asymptotic expansions. The biphasic structure of the stratum corneum is fully accounted for by allowing the corneocytes to be permeable and considering the partitioning between the corneocytes and the lipid phases. By systematically exploring the effect of permeable corneocytes on the macroscopic transport properties of the stratum corneum, we show that solute properties such as lipophilicity and relative permeabilities in the two phases have large effects on its transdermal diffusion behavior.     

Heterogeneous drying stresses in stratum corneum

We study the drying of stratum corneum, the skin's outermost layer and an essential barrier to mechanical and chemical stresses from the environment. Even though stratum corneum exhibits structural features across multiple length-scales, contemporary understanding of the mechanical properties of stratum corneum is based on the assumption that its thickness and composition are homogeneous. We quantify spatially resolved in-plane traction stress and deformation at the interface between a macroscopic sample of porcine stratum corneum and an adherent deformable elastomer substrate. At length-scales greater than a millimeter, the skin behaves as a homogeneous elastic material. At this scale, a linear elastic model captures the spatial distribution of traction stresses and the dependence of drying behavior on the elastic modulus of the substrate. At smaller scales, the traction stresses are strikingly heterogeneous and dominated by the heterogeneous structure of the stratum corneum.     

Comparison of rat epidermal keratinocyte organotypic culture (ROC) with intact human skin: lipid composition and thermal phase behavior of the stratum corneum.

The present report is a part of our continuing efforts to explore the utility of the rat epidermal keratinocyte organotypic culture (ROC) as an alternative model to human skin in transdermal drug delivery and skin irritation studies of new chemical entities and formulations. The aim of the present study was to compare the stratum corneum lipid content of ROC with the corresponding material from human skin. The lipid composition was determined by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and mass-spectrometry, and the thermal phase transitions of stratum corneum were studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). All major lipid classes of the stratum corneum were present in ROC in a similar ratio as found in human stratum corneum. Compared to human skin, the level of non-hydroxyacid-sphingosine ceramide (NS) was increased in ROC, while alpha-hydroxyacid-phytosphingosine ceramide (AP) and non-hydroxyacid-phytosphingosine ceramides (NP) were absent. Also some alterations in fatty acid profiles of ROC ceramides were noted, e.g., esterified omega-hydroxyacid-sphingosine contained increased levels of oleic acid instead of linoleic acid. The fraction of lipids covalently bound to corneocyte proteins was distinctly lower in ROC compared to human skin, in agreement with the results from DSC. ROC underwent a lipid lamellar order to disorder transition (T2) at a slightly lower temperature (68 degrees C) than human skin (74 degrees C). These differences in stratum corneum lipid composition and the thermal phase transitions may explain the minor differences previously observed in drug permeation between ROC and human skin.     

In vitro indentation to determine the mechanical properties of epidermis

The lack of understanding of the mechanical behavior of the human skin layers makes the development of drug delivery using microneedles or microjets a challenging task. In particular, the key mechanical properties of the epidermis composed of stratum corneum and viable epidermis should be better understood. Micro-indentation experiments were applied, using a spherical tip with a large diameter to the sample thickness ratio. The Young's moduli were derived via an analytical and a numerical method. The tests showed that the analytical method was not appropriate to assess the Young's moduli. That is why a numerical model was used to obtain the correct stiffness. When loaded perpendicularly, the stiffness of both the epidermis and stratum corneum vary between 1 and 2MPa. No significant differences in stiffness between the stratum corneum and viable epidermis were observed.     

Comparison of rat epidermal keratinocyte organotypic culture (ROC) with intact human skin: Lipid composition and thermal phase behavior of the stratum corneum

The present report is a part of our continuing efforts to explore the utility of the rat epidermal keratinocyte organotypic culture (ROC) as an alternative model to human skin in transdermal drug delivery and skin irritation studies of new chemical entities and formulations. The aim of the present study was to compare the stratum corneum lipid content of ROC with the corresponding material from human skin. The lipid composition was determined by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and mass-spectrometry, and the thermal phase transitions of stratum corneum were studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). All major lipid classes of the stratum corneum were present in ROC in a similar ratio as found in human stratum corneum. Compared to human skin, the level of non-hydroxyacid-sphingosine ceramide (NS) was increased in ROC, while α-hydroxyacid-phytosphingosine ceramide (AP) and non-hydroxyacid-phytosphingosine ceramides (NP) were absent. Also some alterations in fatty acid profiles of ROC ceramides were noted, e.g., esterified ω-hydroxyacid-sphingosine contained increased levels of oleic acid instead of linoleic acid. The fraction of lipids covalently bound to corneocyte proteins was distinctly lower in ROC compared to human skin, in agreement with the results from DSC. ROC underwent a lipid lamellar order to disorder transition (T₂) at a slightly lower temperature (68 °C) than human skin (74 °C). These differences in stratum corneum lipid composition and the thermal phase transitions may explain the minor differences previously observed in drug permeation between ROC and human skin.     

Determination of molecular conformation and permeation in skin via IR spectroscopy, microscopy, and imaging

Skin tissue, in addition to its specific use in dermal research, provides an excellent model for developing the techniques of vibrational microscopy and imaging for biomedical applications. In addition to permitting characterization of various regions of skin, the relative paucity of major biological constituents in the stratum corneum (the outermost layer of skin), permits us to image, with microscopic resolution, conformational alterations and concentration variations in both the lipid and protein components. Thus we are able to monitor the effects of exogenous materials such as models for drug delivery agents (liposomes) and permeation enhancers (DMSO) on stratum corneum lipid organization and protein structure. In addition, we are able to monitor protein conformational changes in single corneocytes. The current article demonstrates these procedures, ranging from direct univariate measures of lipid chain conformational disorder, to factor analysis which permits us to image conformational differences between liposomes that have permeated through the stratum corneum from those which have remained on the surface in a reservoir outside the skin.     

Numerical simulation of iontophoresis in the drug delivery system

The architecture and composition of stratum corneum act as barriers and limit the diffusion of most drug molecules and ions. Much effort has been made to overcome this barrier and it can be seen that iontophoresis has shown a good effect. Iontophoresis represents the application of low electrical potential to increase the transport of drugs into and across the skin or tissue. Iontophoresis is a noninvasive drug delivery system, and therefore, it is a useful alternative to drug transportation by injection. In this study, we present a numerical model and effects of electrical potential on the drug diffusion in the buccal tissue and the stratum corneum. The initial numerical results are in good comparison with experimental observation. We demonstrate that the application of an applied voltage can greatly improve the efficacy of localized drug delivery as compared to diffusion alone.