籼型光敏核不育水稻育性可转换性的基因定位和基因互作研究

本研究以来源于农垦58S的灿型光敏核不育系培矮64S（短日条件下育性难转换）和8902S（短日条件下育性蝗转换）及其F1,F2群体为材料,通过短日不同光温和不同生态条件4种处理,利用RFLP分子标记研究了影响光敏偿育水稻在短日条件下的育性可转换性的遗传,基因定位和基因互作,主要结果表明：影响光敏不育水稻的育性可转换性表现为微效基因的作用,定位了7个控制光敏核不育水稻的育性可转换性QTL,即S2,S3a,S3b,S5,S8和S10,揭示了基因互作真实存在于光敏核不育水稻中,基因互作形式和互作类型对光敏核不育水稻的育性可转换性的影响表现多种多样,不同类型的基因互作所解释的遗传变异处于2．15％－10．07％之间。     

上位性对光敏核不育水稻不育性不稳定性的影响

以来源于农垦５８Ｓ的籼型光敏核不育水稻（Ｏｒｙｚａ ｓａｔｉｗａ Ｌ．）培矮６４Ｓ（长日低温下不育性稳定）和８９０２Ｓ（长日低温下不育性不稳定）及其人Ｆ１、Ｆ２群体为材料,通过长日低温和不同长日生态条件的７种处理,并结合ＲＦＬＰ分子标准记,研究了影响光敏核不育基因的育性不稳定性的遗传及其基因定位和基因互作对其育性不稳定性的影响。结果表明：影响光敏核不育基因的育性不稳定性表现为微效基因的作用,定位了     

萍乡显性核不育水稻育性相关基因的定位和遗传分析

萍乡显性核不育水稻(Pingxiang Dominant Genic Male Sterile Rice,PDGMSR)是在水稻中首次发现的显性核不育材料,其育性由两对显性基因互作控制,一对是萍乡显性核不育基因Ms-p,另一对是显性上位恢复基因(dominant epistatic fertility restorer gene,Rfe)。两者共同存在时显性上位恢复基因能抑制不育基因的表达,从而使育性表现可育。本实验用一个对萍乡显性核不育水稻有恢复能力的水稻品种E823与萍乡显性核不育水稻配制杂交组合,将(萍乡核不育水稻/E823)F2作为定位群体,根据F3株系的育性分离,选择育性分离株系对应F2单株(基因型为Ms-pMs-pRefrfe和Ms-pms-pRferfe)构建可育池,用对应F2株系中的不育单株(基因型为Ms-pMs-prferfe或Ms-pms-prferfe)构建不育池,将显性上位恢复基因Rfe定位在水稻10染色体RM311和RM3152一侧,遗传距离分别为7.9cM和3.6cM。根据已有的Ms-p的定位结果,合成10染色体部分微卫星引物,对不育单株进行分析,发现RM171和RM6745位于Ms-p的两侧,距离分别为0.3cM和3.0cM。根据10染色体的测序结果,将Ms-p界定在约730kb的范围内,并构建了Ms-p的电子重叠群。植物显性核不育的育性恢复机理存在“复等位基因”和“显性上位互作”两种假说,贺浩华等用经典的遗传学方法证明了萍乡显性核不育水稻育性恢复的遗传机理属于“显性上位互作”。理论上认为,确定其遗传机理最为有效的方法是基因定位,如果不育基因和恢复基因位于同一位点,则其遗传机理属于“复等位基因”,否则为“显性上位互作”。本实验将不育基因和恢复基因定位在水稻10染色体不同的位点,用基因定位的方法证实了萍乡显性核不育水稻育性恢复的遗传机理属于“显性上位互作”。     

温度对两系杂交水稻育性恢复的影响

以培矮64S/南京11F1和N58S/FL235F1及F2代为材料,在武汉夏季（7～8月）自然长日下进行了日平均温度为低温（24℃）,中温（27℃）和高温（30℃）处理,研究了两类不同恢复基因表达的温度敏感性差异。结果表明：在自然长日高温和中温条件下,其F1代平均自然结实率均高于68.75%,南京11可完全恢复培矮64S的光敏核不育性。在自然长日高温下,FL235不能完全恢复N58S的光敏核不育性,其F1代平均自然结实率为21.93%～26.75%。在自然中温条件下,其F1代平均自然结实率为46.36%～48.38%,FL235可以恢复N58S的光敏核不育性,进一步分析表明,温度仅影响培矮64S/南京F2育性分布方式和南京11光敏核不育恢复基因表达程度,并不影响恢复育基因的遗传方式,而FL235恢复基因表达对高温敏感,其临界温度约为27℃,温度同时影响光敏恢复基因的遗传互作和表达方式。     

湖北光敏感核不育水稻不育性的遗传规律

本文选用5个常规粳稻品种和3小光敏感核不育系与湖北光敏感核不育水稻农垦58S杂交,用花粉育性、套袋自交结实率、自然结实率和大田目测4种育性指标同时鉴定同一植株育性,观察分析杂种后代在长日下植株育性的表现。结果表明：光敏核不育水稻不育性的遗传行为表现为受1对隐性主基因控制,不同的遗传背景对不育性的遗传行为表现有不同程度的影响。     

水稻光温敏不育基因研究概况

光温敏雄性核不育水稻的花粉育性受日照长度或温度的调控,在长日、高温条件下表现不育,短日、低温条件下表现可育.水稻这一特性的发现使得人们可以利用其进行‘两系法'杂交稻育种来补充传统的‘三系法'杂交育种体系.水稻光温敏核不育基因的研究对于'两系法'杂交稻育种的利用研究至关重要.主要对光温敏核不育基因的遗传规律分析、基因的定位研究进展以及DAN分子标记在基因定位中的应用等方面进行了综述.     

低温敏核不育水稻go543S育性对温、光的反应

以新型光温敏核不育（PTGMS,Photo-thermo sensitive genic male sterile)水稻go543S为材料,通过自然生态条件下和人工温、光处理条件下的育性观察,对其育性转换与温度和光周期的关系进行了研究。结果表明：go543S育性主要受温度控制,表现为低温条件下不育,高温条件下可育,育性转换的不育临界温度值为29．5℃,对温度传感的部位是幼穗,敏感时期为花粉母细胞形成致减数分裂,对应的剑叶叶枕距变化范围为－12．2－＋0．7cm;育性敏感期在人工恒温28．0℃条件下,无论长日（14－16h）或短日（10－12h）处理均表现不育,其不育性不受光周期影响,在人工恒温31.5℃条件下,无论长日还是短日处理均表现可育,但短日可明显提高其可育性。     

光敏核不育水稻农垦58S 41 kD蛋白质的N—端序列分析

光敏核不育性受1对或2对或3对隐性主基因控制,这反应了光敏核不育特性遗传机制的复杂性。张端品等用形态标记法将农垦58S光敏核不育基因定位于第5染色体。胡学应和万邦惠用同工酶法以农垦58S/02428 F_2群体为材料,将光敏核不育基因定位于第6和11染色体;Zhang等用RFLP法以32001S/明恢63 F_2群体为材料将不育基因定位于第3和7染色体。这三种方法所得到的定位结果完全不同,综合起来,第3、5、6、7和11染色体均有光敏核不育基因的位点,由此结果可得出两种解释:1.光敏核不育性由多对基因、至少5对基因控制;2.上述定位方法均是以不育(可育)性状在F_2群体中的分离模式为依据,育性划分界线的不同将会造成分离群体中单株表现值的差异,从而影响定位结果的精确性;再者不同实验室使用的材料不一致,已知不同遗传背景和光温条件影响光敏核不育基因的表达。因此,染色体定位结果有待确证。光敏核不育基因在染色体上定位的复杂性和不一致在某种程度上影响了基因克隆和光敏核不育分子机制的研究。无论光敏核不育性的遗传机制如何复杂,上述结果     

光温条件对短光低温不育水稻育性转换的影响

短光低温不育水稻是一类与长光高温不育水稻育性转换特性相反的新种质,通过对分期播种材料自然条件下的育性及人工短光处理后的育性比较分析表明,宜DIS的光敏期为第一苞分化期至第二次枝梗原基和小穗原基分化期（幼穗分化I－III期）,在常温下光敏期的短日处理可使育性趋于不育,但在高温下光敏期短日不育效应被削弱,宜DIS的花粉育性在高,低温作用下育性的均出现下降,根据高,低温影响育性的资料分析得到的敏感期基本一致,即花粉母细胞形成期至花粉内容物充实期（幼穗分化V－Ⅶ期）。     

提高光敏感雄性不育水稻花粉单倍体育种效率及不育花粉植株育性转换特点的研

比较了（光敏 s/正常品种）F1及F2为供体亲本,对在花药培养时所获得的花粉植株中不育个体／全部花粉植株之比例的影响,结果表明,以F1为供体亲本,在所获得的二倍体花粉植株（A1）中,不育株（长日下）约占20％左右;而从F2分离的不育株为供体亲本,相应的比例为90％左右,对获得不育的花粉植株而言,供体亲本经过F2的选择,在花粉一代中可以提高育种效率3－4倍,指出,以培育光敏感雄性不育系为目的的花药培养,与一般育种之花药培养采用杂种F1为供体亲本不同,不仅应对杂种F2代在长日照条件下不育株的选择,而且应在短日照下对这种不育株作育性转换的双重选择,以这种个体作为花药培养的供体亲本,可以大大提高育种效率。在长日照下表现不育的花粉植株的育性转换具仍多样性,来自同一组合的不育花粉植株在晚造（短日照）条件下,其花粉有的染色,频率高且稳定;有的虽然可变 染色,但频率不高或不稳定或二者兼有;有些却一直不I－KI染色,或即使染色频率也在10％以下,这一结果与收集全国各地15个光敏核不育系在本所同期种植条件下的反应十分吻合,这说明通过花药培养,从特定的组合培育出所需要的光敏／光温互作或温敏型的核不育系的可能性是存在的。     

上位性对光敏核不育水稻不育性不稳定性的影响

In this study the authors selected two indica photoperiod-sensitive genic male sterile (PSGMS) rice (Oryza sativa L.), Peiai 64S (the sterility is stable) and 8902S (the sterility is instable), and their F1,F2 populations. The genetic basis for sterile stability of PSGMS lines was studied under long-day low-temperature environments and different ecological conditions, and the genes which affected the sterile stability were mapped using RFLP analysis. The major results are as follows: The sterility instability of PSGMS lines was controlled by minor effective genes. The linkage map of Peiai 64S and 8902S has been constructed. According to Mapmaker/QTL program, seven QTLs were identified that influence the sterile stability for PSGMS lines under the long-day condition, such as L2, L3a, L3b, L5, L6, L7 and L10. They were located on the chromosomes 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, and 10 of the rice linkage map, respectively. The interaction was detected under different long-day conditions and affected the sterility stability of PSGMS. The major interactions were between additive and additive and between additive and dominance. The variances explained of epistasis were between 2.04% and 11.94%. The repeatability of the interaction was very high under different long-day conditions. The implications of these findings in hybrid rice development are also discussed.     

Genetic bases of instability of male sterility and fertility reversibility in photoperiod-sensitive genic male-sterile rice

Photoperiod-sensitive genetic male-sterile (PSGMS) rice, with its male fertility regulated by photoperiod length, is very useful for hybrid rice development. However, breeding for new PSGMS lines has faced two major difficulties – the stability of male sterility and the reversibility of male fertility. In this study we assessed the genetic bases of stability of sterility and fertility reversibility using a molecular marker-based approach. A cross was made between two newly bred PSGMS lines: Peiai 64S, which has a stable sterility but is difficult to reverse to fertility, and 8902S, which has a unstable sterility but is easy to reverse to fertility. The fertility of the parents and of the F₁ and F₂ populations was repeatedly examined under 11 different long-day and short-day conditions. The genetic effects were assayed by interval mapping and two-way analyses of variance using the F₂ data of 128 polymorphic loci representing all the 12 rice chromosomes. The analyses resolved a number of single-locus QTLs and two-locus interactions under both long-day and short day conditions. The interactions involved a large number of loci, most of which were not detectable on a single-locus basis. The results showed that the genetic bases of both stability of sterility and reversibility of fertility are the joint effects of the additive effects of the QTLs and additive-by-additive components of two-locus interactions. The implications of these findings in hybrid rice development are also discussed. Received: 11 January 1999 / Accepted: 19 January 1999     

花药培养对籼稻两用核不育系培矮64S的提纯与改良

以籼稻两用雄性核不育系（简称两用系）培矮６４Ｓ为供体,通过花药培养,获得了２６个愈伤系共１９６９株花粉植株。根据花粉一代（Ｈ１）的倍性和育性,可把它们分为三种类型,即ａ）单倍体：有１个愈伤系４１株全为单倍体植株;ｂ）不分离型：有１９个愈伤系的群体育性不分离,全部植株均在不育期表现败育,其它性状有差异但不显著;ｃ）分离型：其余６个愈伤系表现分离,其中３个各有２－７株单倍体植株出现,并且这些愈伤系中均     

两个籼型水稻核不育系育性温光反应的研究

在杭州男单通过分期播种,比较了两个籼稻光温敏核不育系的育性及其转换特性。结果表明,光照长度对浙大247S和培矮64S两不育系育性表达的影响小,温度起主导作用,均属温敏型不育系,且日最低温度对不育系育性效应显著高于日平均温度和日最高温度。不育系浙大247S和培矮64S的温度敏感期分析是抽穗前3-18和6-21d,育性转换的临界日期为9月19日和9月25日,转换临界温度为25.28和25.66℃,与培矮64S相比,浙大247S不育期败育较彻底,可育期较长且自交结实率高,在杭州田间可以繁种。     

超高产水稻组合‘培矮64S/E32’的耐光氧化特性及其机理

甲基紫精（MV）介导的光氧化导致两个水稻品种‘汕优63’(目前我国大面积推广的杂交水稻)和‘培矮64S/E32’（新培育的超高产杂交水稻）细胞电解质渗漏率都增加,前者增加的量大于后者,显示‘培矮64S/E32’的细胞膜系统受光氧化的伤害小。光氧化条件下,‘培矮64S/E32’仍能维持较高的光合放氧能力（Amax、Φi）、PSⅡ活性（Fv/Fm、ΦPSⅡ）和叶绿素荧光猝灭系数（qP、NPQ）,而且光氧化引起‘培矮64S/E32’这些参数的下降幅度也小。另外,光氧化导致了两个水稻品种抗氧化酶SOD和APX活性增加,‘培矮64S/E32’增加的幅度约为‘汕优63’的3倍。结果表明超高产水稻具有更强的耐光氧化能力。     

小麦雌性育性的主基因+多基因混合遗传分析

选用普通小麦中3种不同生态型育性正常品种与雌性不育系XND126杂交构建3个F2组合, 连续两年对3组合P₁、P₂、F₁和F₂雌性育性进行调查, 利用植物数量性状主基因+多基因混合遗传模型的4世代联合分析方法分析了小麦雌性育性的遗传。结果表明: 小麦雌性育性受两对主效基因+多基因联合控制, 两对主效基因之间存在互作效应。     

Genetics of Heading Time in Wheat (TRITICUM AESTIVUM L.). I. the Inheritance of Photoperiodic Response

The inheritance of photoperiodic response was studied in crosses involving four spring wheats (Sonora 64, Pitic 62, Justin and Thatcher) and three winter wheats (Blackhull, Early Blackhull and Extra Early Blackhull). The parental cultivars were classified into a photoperiod-sensitive group (Justin, Thatcher, Blackhull and Early Blackhull) and a relatively photoperiod-insensitive group (Sonora 64, Pitic 62 and Extra Early Blackhull) based on their heading response when vernalized and grown under different daylength regimes.-F(1) data indicated that daylength insensitivity is not always dominant over day-length sensitivity and that the dominance relationship with respect to photoperiodic response depends on the alleles present in the parents. The heading patterns after vernalization and growth under short days of F(1), F(2), F(3) and backcross generations of a 4-parent diallel cross involving Justin, Sonora 64, Extra Early Blackhull and Blackhull could be satisfactorily explained on the basis of two major loci with three alleles at each locus. The genotype for each parent was suggested in terms of these loci. Genes with minor effects also influenced the photoperiodic response in a quantitative manner.-Diallel cross analysis of the number of days to heading (log scale) indicated significant additive and dominance genetic variances, a high average degree of dominance for earliness (photoperiod insensitivity) and a preponderance of recessive alleles in the parents acting in the direction of lateness (photoperiod sensitivity). Estimation of the genetic components of variation contained in the generation means of individual crosses (untransformed data) showed that, besides additivity and dominance, epistasis was also an important factor in the genetic control of photoperiodic response in wheat.     

Inheritance of time to flowering in chickpea in a short-season temperate environment

Time to flowering is central in determining the adaptation and productivity of chickpea in short-season temperate environments. We studied the genetic control of this trait in three crosses, 272-2 x CDC Anna, 298T-9 x CDC Anna, and 298T-9 x CDC Frontier. From each cross, 180 F2 plants and parents were evaluated for time to flowering under greenhouse conditions. In summer 2004, multiple generations including P1, F1, P2, F2, and F2:3 (also called MG5) were evaluated for time to flowering under field conditions. The data on time to flowering in the F(2) populations were continuous in distribution but deviated from normal distribution. The F2:3 families derived from this showed a bimodal distribution for time to flowering, a typical case of major-gene inheritance model with duplicate recessive epistasis. A joint segregation analysis of MG5 also revealed that time to flowering in chickpea was controlled by two major genes along with other polygenes. Late flowering was dominant over early flowering for both major genes with digenic interaction between them, mainly an additive x additive type. This information can be used to formulate the most efficient breeding strategy for improvement of time to flowering in chickpea in short-season temperate environments.     

Localization of <Emphasis Type="Italic">pms3</Emphasis>, a gene for photoperiod-sensitive genic male sterility,to a 28.4-kb DNA fragment

Photoperiod-sensitive genic male-sterile (PSGMS) rice, in which pollen fertility is regulated by day-length, originally arose as a natural mutant in the rice cultivar Nongken 58 (Oryza sativa ssp. japonica). Previous studies identified pms3 on chromosome 12 as the locus of the original PSGMS mutation. In this study we have assigned the pms3 locus to a 28.4-kb DNA fragment by genetic and physical mapping. A cross between Nongken 58S (PSGMS line) and DH80 was used to produce an F₂ population of about 7000 plants, from which 892 highly sterile individuals were obtained for recombination analysis. By analyzing recombination events in the sterile individuals using a total of 157 RFLP probes from a BAC contig covering the pms3 region, the pms3 locus was localized to a sub-region of less than 1.7 cM. Further analysis of recombination events using 49 additional probes isolated from this sub-region identified markers flanking the pms3 region on each side; these markers are only 28.4-kb apart. Sequence analysis of this fragment predicted the presence of five ORFs, found high homology with two ESTs in public databases, and detected three SNPs between the mutant and the wild-type parents, which may be helpful for identifying a candidate gene for pms3.