拟目乌贼精子发生的超微结构

应用扫描电镜和透射电镜观察了拟目乌贼(Sepia lycidas)精子的发生过程和超微结构。结果表明,精子发生经历了精原细胞、初级精母细胞、次级精母细胞、精细胞和成熟精子五个阶段,其中精细胞可以分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ五个时期,精细胞Ⅱ期又可分为前期和后期。细胞核经历了一个横向收缩、纵向拉长的过程,由圆形或椭圆形,变为不规则的纺锤形、稍弯曲的长柱形;核内染色质由絮状,变为絮块状、致密颗粒状、细纤维状、粗纤维状和片层状,直至高电子密度均质状;顶体由圆形,变为头盔形、圆锥形、倒“U”字形,直至子弹头形;线粒体由空泡状经过融合和迁移,变为内嵴丰富的鸡冠状,形成不完全包围鞭毛的线粒体距。成熟精子全长101.28μm,由头部和尾部组成,头部为稍弯曲的长柱形,长7.73μm,宽1.51μm,由顶体和细胞核组成;尾部细长,为93.18μm,为典型的“9 2”结构,由中段、主段和末段三部分组成。     

白肛海地瓜精子发生及形态的超微结构

通过透射和扫描电镜观察了白肛海地瓜(Acaudina leucoprocta)的精子发生过程及其形态结构,揭示了白肛海地瓜精子发生时期一系列变化,其精子发生分为精原细胞、初级精母细胞、次级精母细胞、精细胞、成熟精子5个时期。精原细胞体积最大。精母细胞染色质开始凝集。精细胞前顶体颗粒形成。白肛海地瓜成熟精子的超微结构为原生型,由头部、中部、尾部组成,头部圆形,最前端为顶体,核染色质凝集成团块状,中部是线粒体和中心粒复合体融合成1个超大结构,尾部长约60μm,尾部鞭毛横切面为典型的"9+2"型结构。     

川陕哲罗鲑精子超微结构及形态学研究

对川陕哲罗鲑Hucho bleekeri Kimura精子采用扫描电子显微镜及透射电子显微镜进行观察,结果显示:精子由头部、中片和尾部组成;精子全长41.07μm±2.18μm,头部长2.76μm±0.15μm,头部前端和后端的宽度分别为1.88μm±0.18μm和2.08μm±0.20μm;尾部长34.74μm±5.01μm。头部呈卵圆形,无顶体,主要由细胞核组成;中片由1个不规则的圆球状线粒体及袖套结构组成;线粒体直径为0.82μm±0.08μm;尾部呈细长形,并由一个过渡区域分为前端和末端,尾部内部主要由轴丝组成,轴丝为典型的"9+2"结构,外部有不对称性分布的侧鳍结构。结果表明,川陕哲罗鲑精子类型较为原始,属于硬骨鱼类中的TypeⅠ类型。     

大鲵精子结构研究

为了解大鲵精子超微结构,应用扫描电镜和透射电镜开展了大鲵精子形态结构研究。结果显示:大鲵精子由头部、颈部和尾部3部分组成。精子总长216.36μm±9.93μm(n=30),头部长65.80μm±3.70μm(n=30),颈部较短,多不明显,尾部长153.52μm±3.22μm(n=30)。头部由顶体、穿孔器和细胞核组成;颈部包括核窝、近端中心粒及远端中心粒、线粒体、轴丝和轴纤维;尾部无明显分段,由轴丝、轴纤维、轴丝旁纤维和波动膜组成。大鲵精子内线粒体较少,可能与精子运动缓慢、精子活力维持时间短有关;成熟过程中精子细胞头部包围的胞质分泌物中含有一定数量的线粒体。     

墨西哥湾扇贝精子的超微结构

报道了墨西哥湾扇贝成熟精子在SEM和TEM下的超微结构观察结果。墨西哥湾扇贝的精子为典型的原生型,精子全长约43～45μm,头部长约2．1～2．4μm。精子主要由头部、中段和尾部三部分组成。头部顶体明显突出,呈倒V形;顶体下方为细胞核,细胞核近似卵圆形。在细胞核内部或边缘,能观察到有一个或几个形状较为规则的核泡。中段的主要结构有线粒体和中心体,中段的横切面有4个线粒体围绕在中心体的周围。尾部细长,尾部鞭毛横切面为典型的“9 2”结构。     

虾夷扇贝精子的超微结构

用扫描和透射电镜研究了虾夷扇贝(Patinopecten yessoensis)精子的超微结构.虾夷扇贝精子为典型的原生型,全长50μm左右,头部长约3 μm.精子主要由头部、中段和尾部三部分组成.头部顶体突出,呈倒"V"形;顶体下方为精核,电子密度较高且占头部大部分,具有核前窝(anterior nuclear fossa)、核后窝(posterior nuclear fossa)和植入窝(implantation fossa);4～5个近圆形的线粒体围绕着中心粒复合体形成精子的中段.尾部细长,尾部鞭毛横切面为典型的"9 2"结构.     

菲律宾蛤仔的精子发生和精子超微结构

用透射电镜研究了菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)精子结构和精子发生过程中细胞形态结构的变化及细胞器的演变规律。菲律宾蛤仔雄性生殖细胞的形态由椭圆形渐变为辣椒状,细胞核的形态由椭圆形逐渐拉长,渐变为锥形。染色质的凝集经历：小颗粒团块状一较大颗粒均匀状一粗颗粒均匀状的过程。线粒体在演化过程中数量先增多后逐渐减少,嵴数逐渐增多,电子密度和体积逐渐增大。高尔基体在初级精母细胞期已经发育,随后的各期中发育良好,分泌旺盛。精细胞Ⅱ期,高尔基体分泌的潴泡开始融合,形成前顶体囊。精细胞Ⅲ期,高尔基体的分泌物仍不断融合。精细胞分化的后期,前顶体囊逐渐发育形成顶体。菲律宾蛤仔成熟精子呈长辣椒状,为原生型,由头部、中段和尾部构成。头部的顶体为细长柱形,末端渐细,电子密度较小;细胞核为锥形;中段线粒体4个,尾部鞭毛为典型的“9 2”型结构。此外在成熟精子线粒体环横切面有一特殊“风车状”结构。     

中国淡水蛏精子发生的超微结构研究

利用透射电镜观察了中国淡水蛏的精子发生和精子结构。描述了精子发生过程中各细胞形态结构的变化;揭示了细胞核、线粒体和项体等的演变过程。中国淡水蛏的精子经过精原细胞、初级精母细胞、次级精母细胞和精子细胞,最终限育为成熟的精子。精子为典型的原生型,由头部、中段和尾部构成。项体复合体位于精子头部前端,呈“⊥”形,精核近圆形;中段包括２个中心粒和４或５个紧密排列的椭圆形线粒体;尾部鞭毛断面为典型的“９＋２”     

平疣桑椹石磺精子结构观察

通过电光学显微镜和透射电子显微镜观察了平疣桑椹石磺精子的形态及其超微结构。平疣桑椹石磺成熟精子属于进化型,由头部、中段和末段组成。头部由顶体和精核构成,顶体长约0.7μm,呈细奶嘴状,内含物分布均匀,电子密度稍低于细胞核。顶体基部与精核前端紧密相连,无间隙。精核长约3.8μm,宽约1.0μm,核质高度浓缩,电子密度高,无核泡,纵切似辣椒状,核后端内凹形成核后窝。中段加长,结构复杂,线粒体演化成线粒体鞘,螺旋状包绕轴丝。精子末段由轴丝及包绕轴丝的质膜组成,轴丝为典型的“9＋2”结构。比较了平疣桑椹石磺精子与相关腹足类精子结构的异同,进一步证实了腹足纲贝类精子结构之间的区别主要在于顶体有无及形态,精核的长短与外形、中段线粒体的数目及其排列方式等。     

大鳞副泥鳅精子结构研究

用光学显微镜和透射电子显微镜对大鳞副泥鳅精子的结构进行研究。结果表明,大鳞副泥鳅的精子主要分为头部、中段和尾部;头部无顶体,在光学显微镜下近圆形,在透射电子显微镜下纵切亦近圆形,主要由细胞核组成,核内染色质致密,核内有核空泡,核外可见清晰核膜,核外可见细胞质,细胞质很少且紧贴细胞核,细胞质外是质膜,质膜在细胞质外呈波浪状;头部后端有一较浅的植入窝,约占核的1/4,植入窝的长轴几乎与细胞核的长轴平行,植入窝内有中心粒复合体;精子的中片与头部无明显分割,位于头部的后方,由中心粒复合体和袖套组成,袖套两边不对称,中心粒复合体由近端中心粒和远端中心粒组成,近端中心粒与远端中心粒之间呈一钝角;精子尾部无侧鳍,可分为主段和末段,尾部主段具有典型的＂9＋2＂的轴丝结构。精子头长为（1.79±0.28）μm,中片长为（1.86±0.42）μm,尾长为（28.06±2.78）μm,全长为（31.65±2.82）μm。     

Plant-Parasitic Nematodes of South Viet Nam

Between 1974 and 1978, 2,842 identifications of plant-parasitic nematodes were made from more than 1,700 soil and plant samples collected in eight provinces of South Viet Nam. Species in nine genera—Helicotylenchus, Criconemoides, Meloidogyne, Pratylenchus, Tylenchorhynchus, Hoplolaimus, Hirschmanniella, Xiphinema, and Rotylenchulus—comprised 96.1% of the identifications; the remaining 3.9% were species of 11 genera. Fourteen genera were associated with rice which was grown on about 2,500,000 ha in 1970. Of these, Ditylenchus, Hirschmanniella, and Meloidogyne were most important. Ditylenchus angustus caused severe damage to about 50,000 ha of flooded rice in the Mekong Delta in 1976. Hirschmanniella spp. were found in all samples examined from flooded rice fields. Meloidogyne spp. were common in rice seedbeds, upland rice, and rice not kept flooded continuously. Meloidogyne and Pratylenchus spp. were found in roots of 22 of the 32 crop plants sampled. Little or no attempt was made in South Viet Nam to control nematodes.     

Identification key for European strand-forming house-rot fungi

An identification key for 20 common strand-forming indoor wood decay fungi is given. The key is based on observations of material from affected buildings and on wood samples that have been incubated in the laboratory. The key is with macro- and microscopic photographs.     

Two common and problematic leucochrysine species – Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) varia (Schneider) and L. (L.) pretiosa (Banks) (Neuroptera,Chrysopidae): redescriptions and synonymies

We dedicate this article to the memory of Sergio de Freitas, FCAV-UNESP, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil (deceased, 2012). He was an active and enthusiastic Neuropterist and the cherished mentor and friend of Francisco Sosa.Leucochrysa McLachlan is the largest genus in the Chrysopidae, yet it has received relatively little taxonomic attention. We treat two problematic and common Leucochrysa species – Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) varia (Schneider, 1851) and Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) pretiosa (Banks, 1910). Both are highly variable in coloration and were described before the systematic importance of chrysopid genitalia was recognized. Recent studies show that these species occur within a large complex of cryptic species and that they have accumulated a number of taxonomic problems. We identify new synonymies for each of the species–for Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) varia: Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) ampla (Walker, 1853), Leucochrysa internata (Walker, 1853), and Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) walkerina Navás, 1913; for Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) pretiosa: Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) erminea Banks, 1946. The synonymy of Leucochrysa delicata Navás, 1925 with Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) pretiosa is stabilized by the designation of a neotype. The following species, which were previously synonymized with Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) varia or Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) pretiosa, are reinstated as valid: Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) phaeocephala Navás, 1929, Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) angrandi (Navás, 1911), and Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) variata (Navás, 1913). To help stabilize Leucochrysa taxonomy, lectotypes are designated for Allochrysa pretiosa and Allochrysa variata. Finally, Leucochrysa vegana Navás, 1917 is considered a nomen dubium.     

Gene polymorphism analysis of Yersinia enterocolitica outer membrane protein A and putative outer membrane protein A family protein

Background

Yersinia enterocolitica outer membrane protein A (OmpA) is one of the major outer membrane proteins with high immunogenicity. We performed the polymorphism analysis for the outer membrane protein A and putative outer membrane protein A (p-ompA) family protein gene of 318 Y. enterocolitica strains.

Results

The data showed all the pathogenic strains and biotype 1A strains harboring ystB gene carried both ompA and p-ompA genes; parts of the biotype 1A strains not harboring ystB gene carried either ompA or p-ompA gene. In non-pathogenic strains (biotype 1A), distribution of the two genes and ystB were highly correlated, showing genetic polymorphism. The pathogenic and non-pathogenic, highly and weakly pathogenic strains were divided into different groups based on sequence analysis of two genes. Although the variations of the sequences, the translated proteins and predicted secondary or tertiary structures of OmpA and P-OmpA were similar.

Conclusions

OmpA and p-ompA gene were highly conserved for pathogenic Y. enterocolitica. The distributions of two genes were correlated with ystB for biotype 1A strains. The polymorphism analysis results of the two genes probably due to different bio-serotypes of the strains, and reflected the dissemination of different bio-serotype clones of Y. enterocolitica.     

Uniquely derived upper molar morphology of Eocene Amphipithecidae (Primates: Anthropoidea): Homology and phylogeny

The extinct Southeast Asian primate family Amphipithecidae is regularly cited in discussions of anthropoid origins, but its phylogenetic position remains controversial. In part, the lack of consensus regarding amphipithecid relationships can be attributed to uncertainty regarding the homology of upper molar structures in this group. Here, we describe a virtually pristine upper molar of Pondaungia cotteri from the late middle Eocene Pondaung Formation of Myanmar, which is the first example of a relatively unworn and well-preserved amphipithecid upper molar ever recovered. The distolingual upper molar cusp in this new specimen of Pondaungia appears to be a lingually displaced and enlarged metaconule, rather than a hypocone or pseudohypocone as previous workers have thought. Reassessment of the upper molar morphology of other amphipithecids and putative amphipithecids reveals a very similar pattern in Siamopithecus, Myanmarpithecus and Ganlea, all of which are interpreted as having upper molars showing many of the same derived features apparent in Pondaungia. In contrast, the upper molar morphology of Bugtipithecus diverges radically from that of undoubted amphipithecids, and the latter taxon is excluded from Amphipithecidae on this basis. Phylogenetic analyses of several character–taxon matrices culled from the recent literature and updated to reflect the new information on amphipithecid upper molar morphology yield similar results. Consensus tree topologies derived from these analyses support amphipithecid monophyly and stable relationships within Amphipithecidae. Amphipithecids appear to be stem members of the anthropoid clade.