On the Notion of Aboriginality: A Discussion

In the April 1984 Mankind we published a paper by S. J. Thiele entitled `Anti-intellectualism and the “Aboriginal Problem”: Colin Tatz and the “Self Determination” Approach‘ (Vol. 14:165–178). In December 1984 a reply from Colin Tatz appeared (Mankind 14:401–3). We asked a number of specialists in Aboriginal studies to comment on the views expressed in these two contributions: the five responses received appear in the following pages. Thiele and Tatz have added their reflections. (Ed.).     

Testaceans (Testacea, Protozoa) of Taiga Soils in Western Siberia (Surgut Polesye)

We studied population structure of testaceans of automorphic and hydromorphic soils in the middle taiga of Western Siberia. Rich testacean fauna has been revealed. The fauna representation was comparable to the studied soils of Ciscaucasian Russia. The bryophilic group was the most typical for the region, since its representatives inhabited the predominating hydromorphic soils of bogs. The typical species included Amphitrema flavum, Heleopera petricola, Placocista spinosa, Trigonopyxis arcula, Centropyxis laevigata, Nebela tincta, Arcella catinus, as well as other moss forms. Flood plain proved to be the richest by testacean species variability among the studied habitats. The set of species here included both representatives of watershed and typical aquatic forms present due to the flood conditions of a given area. The highest quantitative indices of the testacean complexes were revealed in the forest area soils. Quadrulella quadrigera Deflandre, 1936 found in a flood plain area has been revealed for the first time in Russia.     

Testaceans (Protozoa: Testacea) in Quaternary Permafrost Sediments of Bykovsky Peninsula, Arctic Yakutia

The results of the first protozoological study in terms of paleoecology of long-term sediments and buried soils formed in the cryolite zone of northeastern Siberia are discussed. The data on testaceans (Protozoa: Testacea) inhabiting various sites of Bykovsky Peninsula, Laptev Sea coast near estuary of Lena, within the last 53000 years (Late Pleistocene and Holocene) are presented.     

Literacy and the Notion of Person on Nukulaelae Atoll

Written discourse produced on Nukulaelae atoll of Western Polynesia falls principally in two categories: personal letters and religious sermons. Personal-letter writing is a highly affective communicative context, in which the vulnerable aspects of the person are highlighted. Sermons, in contrast, elaborate authoritarianism and directness. The divergent characteristics of Nukulaelae literacy practices are best understood in terms of their relationship to contexts of use, particularly to the notion of person articulated through them.     

Context, Meaning, and the Chomskyan Notion of Creativity

Implicit Meanings: Essays in Anthropology. Mary Douglas . London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1975. xxi + 325 pp. $23.50 (cloth).
Culture and Communication. The Logic by Which Symbols are Connected: An Introduction to the Use of Structuralist Analysis in Social Anthropology. Edmund Leach . New York: Cambridge University Press, 1976. 105 pp. $9.95 (cloth), $3.95 (paper).
Meaning. Michael Polanyi and Harry Prosch . Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1975. xiv + 246 pp. $12.50 (cloth).     

Relational Capacity: Broadening the Notion of Decision-Making Capacity in Paediatric Healthcare

Problems arise when applying the current procedural conceptualization of decision-making capacity to paediatric healthcare: Its emphasis on content-neutrality and rational cognition as well as its implicit assumption that capacity is an ability that resides within a person jeopardizes children’s position in decision-making. The purpose of the paper is to challenge this dominant account of capacity and provide an alternative for how capacity should be understood in paediatric care. First, the influence of developmental psychologist Jean Piaget upon the notion of capacity is discussed, followed by an examination of Vygostky’s contextualist view on children’s development, which emphasizes social interactions and learning for decision-making capacity. In drawing parallels between autonomy and capacity, substantive approaches to relational autonomy are presented that underline the importance of the content of a decision. The authors then provide a relational reconceptualization of capacity that leads the focus away from the individual to include important social others such as parents and physicians. Within this new approach, the outcome of adults’ decision-making processes is accepted as a guiding factor for a good decision for the child. If the child makes a choice that is not approved by adults, the new conceptualization emphasizes mutual exchange and engagement by both parties.     

The Pedagogy of Perception and the Notion of the "Formation of Perceptual Acts"

Let us now examine the role of instruction in perceptual development, as it has been elaborated by Soviet psychologists and sketched in the previous chapters of this book under the label "the formation of perceptual acts."     

野生经济植物与水土保持

目前我国人均占有的水、土资源少的情况下,既加强水土保持,恢复原有的生态系统,又为山区经济发展创造条件,以达到人与自然的和谐发展的工作中,野生经济植物资源的合理利用有着特别重要的作用。第一,许多好的经济植物是当地的乡土植物,适应当地的气候、土壤条件,稍加人工抚育即可成活、生长和取得较好的效益。第二,实行谁种植、谁管理、谁受益的制度,管理的投入可以从收入中提取,以减少国家对水土流失治理的投入。第三,发展优良的经济植物,也给全社会增加吃、穿、用的各种物质资源,有些可以出口创汇,增加国家财富积累。发展山区野生经济植物,对治理水土流失和增加农民收入都有重要的现实意义。     

Remembering Collective Violence: Broadening the Notion of Traumatic Memory in Post-Conflict Rehabilitation

In the aftermath of war and armed conflict, individuals and communities face the challenge of dealing with recollections of violence and atrocity. This article aims to contribute to a better understanding of processes of remembering and forgetting histories of violence in post-conflict communities and to reflect on related implications for trauma rehabilitation in post-conflict settings. Starting from the observation that memory operates at the core of PTSD symptomatology, we more closely explore how this notion of traumatic memory is conceptualized within PTSD-centered research and interventions. Subsequently, we aim to broaden this understanding of traumatic memory and post-trauma care by connecting to findings from social memory studies and transcultural trauma research. Drawing on an analysis of scholarly literature, this analysis develops into a perspective on memory that moves beyond a symptomatic framing toward an understanding of memory that emphasizes its relational, political, moral, and cultural nature. Post-conflict memory is presented as inextricably embedded in communal relations, involving ongoing trade-offs between individual and collective responses to trauma and a complex negotiation of speech and silence. In a concluding discussion, we develop implications of this broadened understanding for post-conflict trauma-focused rehabilitation.     

Effect Of Boulderflow On Soil Transformation Under Tipi Rings

Abstract

To examine the effect of boulderflow on soil transformation under tipi rings on the prairies, two sites were located with rings of at least two different diameters. Boulderflow, defined as water flowing over a boulder, decreased the pHCaCl2 C and N contents, cation exchange capacity, and exchangeable Ca, and increased extractable C of the soil under the ring boulders. Depth to effervescence with dilute HCI proved to be an excellent and simple relative dating technique to. c?r:npare relative time of being in situ for boulders of t1p1 nngs of various diameters.     

沼肥对土壤理化性质的影响

目的:研究沼肥对土壤理化性质影响,为沼气的综合利用提供理论依据和技术支持.方法:通过对比栽培试验方法,研究了施用沼肥对菜园土壤密度、pH值及养分含量的影响.结果:施用沼肥使土壤密度下降9.7%、铵态氮增加60.5%、速效磷增加85%、速效钾增加225%、有机质增加30%.田间试验结果,施用沼肥组作物增产15.6%,并且产品品质也有提高,VC含量提高18.6%、硝酸盐含量降低30.3%.结论:沼肥能够有效改善土壤的营养结构,明显提高土壤的有机质含量.     

试论土壤物理在土壤肥力研究中的重要性

土壤学作为自然科学的一个分支,它是生产进步到一定历史阶段的必然产物．随着近代数学和物理学向土壤学的渗透,充实了土壤学的研究内容,并形成了一门新型的土壤学分支——土壤物理学．土壤之所以成为绿色植物生长的基地,是因为它具有肥力．人们对于土壤的认识和研究是与土壤的研究紧密相联的     

On the Relationship Between Soil Moisture and Osmotic Potential in Maize and Sugar Beet Plants

Investigations on the relationship between soil moisture and maize and sugar beet plant osmotic potential were carried out during three years under field trial conditions. It was established that between soil moisture and osmotic potential there is an inverse ratio dependence, expressed in significant correlation coefficients (r =?0.84** for maize and r =?0.88** for sugar beet on an average). The correlation appears more striking in the lower third of the active moisture range, where slight variations in soil moisture determine important changes in osmotic potential. The possibility of using the osmotic potential as an index in estimating plant water requirement is asserted and the limit values indicating a good water supply in maize and sugar beet plants are established according to growth stages.