不同pH条件下离体大鼠胸主动脉对多巴胺反应性的变化

目的：观察不同pH值条件下大鼠胸主动脉对多巴胺反应性的变化。方法：采用离体血管灌流方法,观察①胸主动脉对不同浓度多巴胺的反应。②检测不同pH值备件下血管对多巴胺反应性的变化。结果：①不同浓度多巴胺（10^-6mol·L-1,10^-5mol·L^-1,10^-4mol·L^-1）均能增加正常大鼠胸主动脉收缩力。②pH值依次降低（7．4,7．3,7．2,7．1,7．0,6．9,618,6．7）,大鼠离体胸主动脉对多巴胺10^-5mol／L反应性下降,血管在pH6．6时完全失去对多巴胺的反应性。结论：大鼠胸主动脉对多巴胺刺激的反应性随环境pH值的变化而变化,表现为随着环境pH值的下降,离体动脉对多巴胺刺激的反应性也随之下降。     

脓毒性休克治疗新进展

本文回顾了脓毒性休克的治疗三大关键因素：早发现并诊断、早使用抗生素和早期液体复苏,并就抑制炎症因子的释放、抗生素的使用、液体复苏、免疫调理、中医药参与、实施代谢复苏疗法和器官功能的支持治疗等方面进行了系统综述,提出了包括超声在内的组合优化评估和治疗策略仍是目前最为有效,也是明显降低病死率的治疗方式,从而提高救治效果。     

脓毒性休克的诊疗进展

<正>脓毒症是由于感染引起的全身性炎症反应综合征,为大手术术后、严重创伤或感染后常见并发症。脓毒症的发病机制复杂,病理过程涉及炎症、组织损害、凝血功能、免疫等一系列问题~([1]),且与机体多系统、多器官病理生理性改变相关~([2]),常见致病菌为革兰阴性细菌~([3])。脓毒性休克是重症监护室常见危重症,是脓毒症引起的循环功能障碍表现,具有发病急、进展快,且常累及多个脏器,严重威胁患者生命健康,降低患者的生活质量~([4])。近年来,器官功能支持技术及     

兔脓毒性休克模型的建立

目的:建立相对稳定的兔脓毒性休克模型.方法:雄性新西兰大白兔20只,随机分为模型组和假手术组.麻醉后无菌操作下取中、下腹部正中切口,找出盲肠,距盲肠末端8.0cm处4号丝线结扎盲肠和相应血管;于盲肠游离末端避开血管戳孔2次,孔径0.5cm;将盲肠原位放回腹腔,缝合腹壁切口;腹腔内注射30ml/kg温生理盐水.假手术组只探查腹腔.术后每隔3小时监测肛温.颈动脉插管有创动脉压监测确定模型成功后送血培养、血气、血乳酸,监测4小时后处死动物,送腹水培养,取右肺中叶测定肺含水量,取心、肝、脾、肺、肾、肠常规切片HE染色.结果:制模成功时间为:(18.91±1.384)小时;模型平均动脉压MAP(95.00±10.817 vs 52.38±15.565,P＜0.05);血气:PH(7.40±0.047 vs 7.09±0.146,P＜0.01),PCO2(30.0±5.831 vs 19.80±4.104,P＜0.01),BE(-6.46±4.931 vs -24.11±4.276,P＜0.01),HCO3-(18.45±4.367 vs 5.73±2.422,P＜0.01);血乳酸(2.53±1.108 vs 7.85±5.834,P＜0.05);血培养(7/10)阳性:大肠埃希菌;腹水培养(10/10)阳性:大肠埃希菌及阴沟肠杆菌;肛温于术后呈先上升后下降,假手术组肛温较模型组差异有显著性(39.63±0.492 vs 36.82±0.999,P＜0.01);成模后肛温与平均动脉压呈正相关关系,r=0.748.P=0.013,方程:y(平均动脉压)=34.46x+0.45;肺干湿比及肺含水量无明显差异[(0.22±0.014 vs 0.19±0.288,P＞0.05),(78.17±1.375 vs 80.58±2.878,P＞0.05)].常规HE染色可见明显病理学改变.结论:本模型可模拟多微生物感染致脓毒性休克模型,模型相对稳定,可用于兔种属.     

血管活性肠肽对脓毒性休克大鼠肝损伤的保护作用

采用盲肠结扎穿孔(cecal ligation and puncture,CLP)法制备脓毒性休克大鼠模型,探讨血管活性肠肽(vasoactive intestinal peptide,VIP)对脓毒性休克大鼠肝损伤的保护作用及其可能机制.将48只雄性SD大鼠随机分成4组:假手术组(SO,n=12)、CLP组(n=12)、VIP组(n=12)和生理盐水组(NS,n=12).VIP组大鼠在行CLP术后即刻给予6 nmol VIP,应用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测各组大鼠血清谷丙转氨酶ALT和谷草转氨酶AST水平,同时检测血清炎症因子:促炎因子肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α),抑炎因子白介素-10(IL-10)的变化;取大鼠肝脏组织行病理检查.在6 h以后的各时间点,与NS组比较,VIP组TNF-α水平明显降低,IL-10水平持续升高,VIP组AST和ALT水平自12 h始明显降低,肝脏病理损伤明显改善.实验表明,VIP通过抑制促炎因子的生成并促进抗炎因子的产生在大鼠脓毒性休克肝损伤中发挥保护作用.     

盐酸戊乙奎醚治疗脓毒性休克的临床分析

目的:分析盐酸戊乙奎醚治疗脓毒性休克临床疗效.方法:40例脓毒性休克住院患者随机分为对照组(n=20)和盐酸戊乙奎醚治疗组(PH组,n=20)),对照组予山莨菪碱(654-2)治疗;PH组予盐酸戊乙奎醚治疗.观察患者治疗效果及末梢转暖时间,给药后2h、6h、12h时点患者心率、平均动脉压、瞳孔、动脉血氧饱和度、肠鸣音及血乳酸含量变化.结果:PH组、对照组总有效率比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05).PH组末梢转暖持续时间明显延长,两组差异有统计学意义(P0.05).与治疗前比较,治疗后两组患者血乳酸含量下降、动脉氧饱和度明显改善;PH组心率、平均动脉压、瞳孔、肠鸣音变化差异无统计学意义.两组间比较,PH组血乳酸水平下降更明显,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),且两组在2h、6h时点心率、瞳孔、肠鸣音变化比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).治疗后,两组的APCACHE Ⅱ评分、SOFA评分较治疗前减少(P<0.05),且PH组评分减少比对照组更明显(P<0.05).结论:盐酸戊乙奎醚可明显改善休克患者微循环,无明显增加心率、抑制肠蠕动副作用,是脓毒性体克患者较理想的血管活性药.     

脓毒性心肌功能障碍

脓毒症是由感染引起的全身炎症反应综合征,证实有感染灶存在或有高度可疑的感染灶。脓毒症是ICU内重症患者的主要死亡原因,且发病率随着年龄的增长而逐渐增加。近十年来,虽然政府在救治脓毒症患者中投入了巨大的资金和技术支持,但源于脓毒症或脓毒性休克患者的病死率仍高达30%~60%。心血管系统在脓毒症与脓毒性休克的病理生理学中扮演着重要着色。过去的四五十年,开展了很多脓毒性心肌功能障碍方面的研究,也积累了不少循证医学证据。然而,心脏只是心血管系统的一部分。诸如脓毒症患者机体血流动力学的变化系脓毒症对心脏的直接效应,还是脓毒症引起心脏前、后负荷及神经体液因素的变化,继而引起心脏继发改变的研究,至今仍在继续。本文概述了近年来脓毒性心肌功能障碍的研究进展,使读者更全面地了解脓毒性心肌功能障碍的病理生理学改变,合理有效地指导脓毒症和脓毒性休克患者的临床救治。     

老年患者脓毒性休克液体复苏速度与预后的关系

目的探讨老年患者脓毒性休克液体复苏过程中输液速度与预后的相关性。方法回顾性分析92例严重感染病人液体复苏效果。按液体复苏期间的输液速度分为慢速组（〈500ml/h）和快速组（≥500ml/h）,并对两组患者的心率、有创及无创血压、血氧饱和度、呼吸、中心静脉压（CVP）、每小时尿量、尿比重、血乳酸、ScVO2及有无发生肺水肿、急性心功能不全、急性肾功能不全、MODS和7天死亡率、28天死亡率及入住ICU时间、住院时间等指标进行分析比较。结果两组患者在液体复苏过程中CVP和MAP两项指标比较无统计学意义。慢速组的尿量达标时间耗时较长（P〈0.05）;ScVO2及乳酸清除率比较无明显差异。快速组对液体的需求量多,而应用血管活性药物的病例数则少于慢速组;发生肺水肿、急性心功能不全的比例高于慢速组（P〈0.05）。两组急性肾功能不全的发生率相近,但慢速组出现MODS的例数少（P〈0.05）。7天死亡率和28天死亡率比较,慢速组低于快速组,但无统计学意义。两组患者住院时间无显著统计学意义,入住ICU时间慢速组明显短于快速组（P〈0.05）。结论在脓毒性休克复苏过程中不可一味靠加快输液速度来保证组织灌注,尤其对于老年患者,更应控制单位时间内的输液量,避免给储备能力较差的心功能造成更大的负担。在保证主要脏器灌注的情况下可以适当应用血管活性药物。     

小儿脓毒性休克早期血乳酸浓度与病情严重程度的相关性分析

目的:探讨早期动态监测血乳酸浓度对评价小儿脓毒性休克病情严重程度与预后的价值。方法:入选90例小儿脓毒性休克患儿,以诊断休克为研究起点,动态监测研究0 h、6 h的血乳酸,计算6 h乳酸清除率。按PCIS评分分为≥70分组(n=41)、60~70分组(n=40)、60分组(n=9);按预后分为存活组(n=62)与死亡组(n=28);按乳酸清除率分为高乳酸清除率组(n=57)与低乳酸清除率组(n=33),对各组PCIS评分、0 h血乳酸及乳酸清除率等指标进行比较。结果:≥70分组、60~70分组、60分组0 h血乳酸及乳酸清除率比较差异有计学意义(P0.05),≥70分组明显低于60~70分组及60分组,60~70分组明显低于60分组(P均0.05);存活组PCIS评分及乳酸清除率显著高于死亡组,0 h血乳酸水平明显低于死亡组(P0.05);高乳酸清除率组PCIS评分显著高于低乳酸清除率组。PCIS评分与0 h血乳酸浓度呈显著负相关(r=-0.619,P0.05),与乳酸清除率呈显著正相关(r=-0.702,P0.05)。结论:在评价小儿脓毒性休克的病情严重程度及预后方面,早期血乳酸清除率比单次血乳酸浓度更有意义。     

The emerging role of MIF in septic shock and infection

The protein mediator described originally as macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) has been re-discovered recently to be both a novel pituitary hormone and a pro-inflammatory, macrophage-derived cytokine. Emerging studies indicate that MIF plays a pivotal role not only in endotoxic shock but also in the host response to a variety of acute and chronic infections.Abbreviations MIF Macrophage migration Inhibitory Factor     

内源性一氧化碳对内毒素休克肺组织和肾组织保护作用的实验研究

目的：研究内毒素休克时内源性一氧化碳（CO）对肺组织和肾组织的保护作用及其机制;方法：采用盲肠结扎穿孔（CLP）的方法建立大鼠内毒素休克模型,通过免疫组化、光镜下组织形态学观察及超氧化物岐化酶活性、丙二醛含量的测定进行研究;结果：治疗组肺组织和肾组织病变明显减轻,炎症反应及脂质过氧化程度减轻;结论：内毒素休克时内源性CO对肺组织和肾组织具有保护作用,且此保护作用与其抑制炎症反应和抗氧化作用有重要关系。     

Changes of microcirculation in healthy volunteers and patients with septic shock in Xining

Objective: The purpose of this study is to investigate the characteristic of microcirculation in healthy volunteers and patients with septic shock in both Xining(2 260 m) and Nanjing(10 m). Methods: A total of 62 cases, 33 healthy volunteers, 22 cases in Xining,(2 260 m above sea level) and 11 cases in Nanjing(10 m above sea level); and 29 septic shock, 13 cases in Xining and 16 cases in Nanjing were collected. The total vessel density(TVD), perfused vessel density(PVD), proportion of perfused vessel(PPV) and microcirculation flow index(MFI) of both healthy volunteers and septic shock had been investigated by using sidestream dark field(SDF). Analyzed and managed the image data by using AVA3.0 software. Results: In the healthy volunteers in Xining area(22 cases),the volume of TVD(15.59 ± 2.58 mm/mm~2), PVD(15.58 ± 2.58 mm/mm~2) and PPV(96.60% ± 4.63%) were significant higher than the volume of TVD(10.0 ± 2.10 mm/mm~2), PVD(10.81 ± 2.38 mm/mm~2) and PPV(84.24% ± 8.00%) of the volunteers(11 cases) in Nanjing(11 cases). But the MFI(2.17 ± 0.31) of the healthy volunteers in the Xining was significant lower(P0.05) than the MFI(3.21 ± 0.34) in the healthy volunteers of Nanjing. In the septic shock group(13 cases) in the Xining, the volume of TVD(5.44 ± 1.94 mm/mm~2), PVD(4.18 ± 1.61 mm/mm~2), PPV(42.14%± 5.38%) and MFI(1.05 ± 0.32) compared with the volume of the healthy volunteers in Xining, the TVD(15.59 ± 2.58 mm/mm~2), PVD(5.58 ± 2.58 mm/mm~2), PPV(96.60% ± 4.63%) and MFI(2.17 ± 0.30) were significant lower(P0.05). In the healthy volunteers compare with septic shock group in Nanjing area, the TVD(6.80±1.72 vs 10.00±2.10, P0.05), PVD(5.86±1.58 vs10.81±2.38,P0.05), PPV(45.42±4.86 vs 84.24±4.86, P0.05), MFI(1.28±0.28 vs 3.21±0.34 P0.05), there was significant decreased. In the septic shock group in the Xining compared with the septic shock in Nanjing, there was no significant difference. 10 of 13 patients with septic shock were survived in Xining. 13 of 16 patients with septic shock were survived in Nanjing. Conclusion: The changes of physiological and pathophysiological characteristic in microcirculation induced by hypoxia would be useful for clinical treatment of septic shock at high altitude.     

两种败血症休克模型大鼠心肌细胞一氧化氮合酶活性的改变

目的：观察两种败血症休克模型大鼠的血流动力学及心肌细胞一氧化氮合酶活性变化的异同,探讨一氧化氮合酶参与败血症休克性心肌抑制的机制。方法：采用注射脂多糖（LPS）诱导及盲肠结扎穿孔（CLP）致腹膜炎诱导败血症休克模型,测定血流动力学指标以及心肌细胞胞浆一氧化氮合酶（NOS）活性。结果：①CLP模型大鼠的血流动力学指标随时间呈先上升后下降的趋势,LPS模型直接表现为类似于CLP模型晚期的动力学状态。在使用NOS抑制剂N-硝基-L精氨酸甲酯（L-NAME）后,CLP模型晚期及LPS模型的心室动力学指标均有明显改善。②CLP模型大鼠心肌细胞胞浆NOS活性在败血症中期达到最大。与假手术组相比,LPS模型、CLP模型晚期心肌细胞胞浆NOS活性均有明显增加,但是LPS模型与CLP模型晚期两组之间无明显差异。③使用L-NAME后,CLP晚期组与LPS组亚硝基及硝基化合物生成量均明显降低（P〈0.01）。其中,LPS组与CLP晚期组相比,前者固定表达型NOS生成亚硝基及硝基化合物生成量明显高于后者（P〈0．01）。结论：在LPS与CLP诱导的败血症休克模型中,心肌NOS是引起心室动力学变化的主要因素;在两种模型,心肌NOS亚型的表达不同,在LPS模型中主要为iNOS,而在CLP模型中则可能是cNOS和iNOS共同发挥作用。     

Analysis of peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets and prognosis in patients with septic shock

The purpose of the study is to study the relationship between peripheral blood lymphocyte subset proportion and prognosis in patients with septic shock. Fifty‐two patients with septic shock, admitted to the intensive care unit between March 2007 and December 2010, were enrolled in this study. Peripheral blood lymphocyte subset proportions were measured using flow cytometry. The percentage of CD3⁺CD4⁺ T lymphocytes and CD19⁺ lymphocytes, CD4⁺/CD8⁺ T cell ratio were substantially lower in patients with septic shock compared to the control group (P < 0.01). The percentage of CD3⁺CD8⁺ T lymphocytes did not differ significantly between the two groups (P > 0.05). The percentage of CD16⁺CD56⁺ lymphocytes was higher in patients with septic shock than in the control group (P < 0.01). Compared with the survivor group, the percentage of CD3⁺CD4⁺ T lymphocytes and CD19⁺ lymphocytes, CD4⁺/CD8⁺ T cell ratio were clearly lower in the non‐survivor group (P < 0.01). There was no difference in the percentage of CD3⁺CD8⁺ T lymphocytes between the non‐survivor and survivor groups (P > 0.05). The percentage of CD16⁺CD56⁺ lymphocytes was higher in the non‐survivor group than in the survivor group (P < 0.05). The total maximum SOFA score and the delta SOFA score were much higher in the non‐survivor group than in the survivor group (P < 0.01). Immune imbalance occurs in patients with septic shock. Peripheral blood lymphocyte subset proportion and SOFA scores can be used to assess the treatment and prognosis of septic shock.     

Interleukin-10 rs2227307 and CXCR2 rs1126579 polymorphisms modulate the predisposition to septic shock

Despite major improvements in its treatment and diagnosis, sepsis is still a leading cause of death and admittance to the intensive care unit (ICU). Failure to identify patients at high risk of developing septic shock contributes to an increase in the sepsis burden and rapid molecular tests are currently the most promising avenue to aid in patient risk determination and therapeutic anticipation. The primary goal of this study was to evaluate the genetic susceptibility that affects sepsis outcome in 72 sepsis patients admitted to the ICU. Seven polymorphisms were genotyped in key inflammatory response genes in sepsis, including tumour necrosis factor-α, interlelukin (IL)-1β, IL-10, IL-8, Toll-like receptor 4, CXCR1 and CXCR2. The primary finding showed that patients who were homozygous for the major A allele in IL-10 rs1800896 had almost five times higher chance to develop septic shock compared to heterozygotes. Similarly, selected clinical features and CXCR2 rs1126579 single nucleotide polymorphisms modulated septic shock susceptibility without affecting survival. These data support the hypothesis that molecular testing has clinical usefulness to improve sepsis prognostic models. Therefore, enrichment of the ICU portfolio by including these biomarkers will aid in the early identification of sepsis patients who may develop septic shock.     

Urine catecholamines in children with severe Enterovirus A71 infection: comparison with paediatric septic shock

Purpose: Hypercatecholaminemia-related heart failure has been proposed as the main cause of enterovirus A71-related (EV-A71) early mortality. The purpose of this study was to measure urine catecholamine concentrations in severe EV-A71-infected children.

Methods: A total of 35 children, aged 2.5?±?2.1 years, were divided into three groups. Group I: 15 septic shock patients, group II: 17?EV-A71-stage-2 patients, and group III: 3?EV-A71-stage-4 patients. The laboratory results, cardiac biomarkers and urine catecholamine concentrations were statistically analysed.

Results: Group I had the highest C-reactive protein (CRP) levels and group II had the lowest B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and its N-terminal prohormone among the groups (p?=?0.039, <0.01 and <0.01, respectively). Group III patients had significantly higher urine catecholamine and troponin-I values among the groups. If urine epinephrine (Epi) >134 ug/gCr, norepinephrine (NE) >176 ug/gCr and vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) >11.7?mg/gCr were used as the cutoff points to differentiate groups II and III, the sensitivities and specificity were all 100%.

Conclusions: The significantly elevated urine catecholamine concentrations in EV-A71-stage-4 patients support the hypothesis that hypercatecholaminemia-related heart failure is involved in severe EV-A71 infection. Urine catecholamines could be used as reliable biomarkers for differentiation of severe EV-A71 infection with or without heart failure and septic shock.     

Oxidative stress and septic shock: metabolic aspects of oxygen-derived free radicals generated in the liver during endotoxemia

This review describes the role of oxidative stress caused by endotoxin challenge in sepsis or septic shock symptoms. We observed that endotoxin injection resulted in lipid peroxide formation and membrane damage (near 60-150 kDa) in the livers of experimental animals, causing decreased levels of scavengers or quenchers of free radicals. The administration of alpha-tocopherol completely prevented injury to the liver plasma membrane caused by endotoxin, and suggested that lipid peroxidation by free radicals might occur in a tissue ischemic state, probably by disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), in endotoxemia. In mice, depression of Ca(2+)-ATPase activity in the liver plasma membrane may contribute to the membrane damage caused by endotoxin, and the increase of [Ca(2+)](i) in the liver cytoplasm may partially explain the oxidative stress that occurs in endotoxemia. It seems that endotoxin-induced free radical formation is regulated by Ca(2+) mobilization. Moreover, we have suggested that the oxidative stress caused by endotoxin may be due, at least in part, to the changes in endogenous zinc or selenium regulation during endotoxemia. Interestingly, the extent of TNF-alpha-induced oxidative stress may be the result of a synergism between TNF-alpha and gut-derived endotoxin. It is likely that bacterial or endotoxin translocation plays a significant role in TNF-alpha-induced septic shock. On the other hand, although nitric oxide (NO) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of vascular hyporesponsiveness and hypotension in septic shock in our experimental model, it is unlikely that NO plays a significant role in liver injury caused by free radical generation in endotoxemia.