亚洲产Clavicorona的形态学及亲和性研究

中国产的Clavicorona pyxidata与北美的种样本间配对实验结果显示该种在不同的地理分布区内的种群之间完全性亲和或具有相同的交配型等位基因,表明中国产与北美产的该形态学种同属于一个生物种。日本产的标本与C. pyxidata在子实体外部形态及孢子尺度上有差异,虽然在日本被鉴定为该种。日本产的菌株与C. pyxidata菌株间配对实验证明二者之间完全不亲和,即属于不同的生物种。生殖隔离拌随着形态学变异。     

云南松林野生食用菌物种多样性及保护对策

近年来,随着野生食用菌的商业化采收规模急剧扩大,云南松（Pinus yunnanensis）林下野生食用菌尤其是野生贸易真菌的种类和产量呈逐年下降趋势。作者于2000－2004年夏,对滇中及其邻近地区云南松林下野生食用菌的资源状况进行了调查研究。作者共采集、鉴定标本457号,并对他人采自云南松林下的152号馆藏标本也进行了重新鉴定,共统计野生食用菌27科39属147种（含变种、变型）;同时对市场上出售的采自云南松林下的野生食用菌类群也进行了调查统计,共收集、鉴定标本167号,计21科33属97种（含变种、变型）。调查结果显示,目前记录云南松林产野生食用菌共计27科43属211种（含变种、变型）,野生贸易真菌有23科35属111种（含变种、变型）。其中红菇科（Russulaceae）的种数最多,包括红菇属（Russula）32种,乳菇属（Lactarius）17种,分别占总种数的15.17%和8.06%;牛肝菌科（Boletaceae）占第二位,有41种,占总种数的19.43%。其次是口蘑科（Tricholomataceae）17种,占总种数的8.06%。丛枝瑚菌科（Ramariaceae）有11种,乳牛肝菌科（Suillaceae）11种,鸡油菌科（Cantharellaceae）9种,三者的种数占总种数的百分比分别为5.21%、5.21%和4.27%。在这些类群当中,红菇属、牛肝菌属（Boletus）、乳菇属、乳牛肝菌属（Suillus）、枝瑚菌属（Ramaria）、口蘑属（Tricholoma）、鸡油菌属（Cantharellus）和革菌属（Thelephora）的30余种真菌为云南市场上最为常见的野生贸易类群,约占云南优势野生贸易真菌种数的47.50%。作者呼吁立即采取行之有效的措施保护和管理这些珍贵的自然资源,并加强研究,以期达到持续利用之目的。     

贵州剑河寒武系甲劳组复州虫(Fuchouia)研究*

三叶虫Fuchouia长期被作为贵州寒武系甲劳组生物地层划分和对比的重要依据,但关于Fuchouia和Parafuchouia的系统分类位置一直存在争议。主要有以下三个观点: Parafuchouia是Fuchouia的亚属、Parafuchouia是Fuchouia的晚出异名以及Parafuchouia可提升为一个单独的属。本文根据在剑河八郎甲劳组采集的Fuchouia [过去被报道为Parafuchouia或Fuchouia (Parafuchouia)]标本和前人报道的Fuchouia、Parafuchouia标本, 基于线性测量的几何形态测量方法, 对Parafuchouia和Fuchouia的头部形态特征进行分析研究, 结果显示Parafuchouia是Fuchouia的晚出异名, 其区别于Fuchouia的特征可作为种间差异的判定依据。这样, 剑河甲劳组可能是目前全球Fuchouia的最低产出层位之一。尽管Fuchouia在中国、朝鲜、印度—喜马拉雅、澳大利亚、哈萨克斯坦等地广泛分布, 但已报道的产出层位多从鼓山阶Ptychagnostus atavus带至古丈阶Lejopyge laevigata带, 延限跨度较大, 很难用Fuchouia这一属级单位来进行生物地层对比。因此贵州寒武系甲劳组目前已建立的Fuchouia生物地层带还需进一步商榷, 需具体到种一级别或另选其他对比分子才能与寒武系华南斜坡相区或华北台地相区进行更好的同期地层对比。     

Septoria的新种和国内新记录种

作者在1987-1991年间从东北地区收集和采集Septoria真菌标本221份,鉴定出Septoria 84种,其中2个新种:Septoria dioscorical Lu Guo-zhong et Bai Jin-kai和Septoria saposhinikoviae Lu Guo-zhong et Bai Jin-kai,以及13个国内新记录种. Septoria属真菌的产孢方式为全壁芽生合轴式(holoblastic sympodial)。     

滇牡丹遗传多样性的ISSR分析

应用ISSR标记对中国西南地区特有植物滇牡丹(Paeonia delavayi)的遗传多样性进行了研究。从100个引物中筛选出10个用于正式扩增,在取自16个自然居群和1个迁地保护居群的511个个体中,检测到92个多态位点。在居群水平上,多态位点百分率（PPB）为44.61%,Nei′s基因多样性指数（H）和Shannon信息指数（I）分别为0.1657和0.2448。在物种水平上,多态位点百分率（PPB）为79.31%,Nei′s基因多样性指数（H）和Shannon信息指数（I）分别为0.2947和0.4355。居群间的遗传分化系数(G_ST)达0.4349。结果表明：滇牡丹遗传多样性水平较高,居群间遗传分化较大。结合以前的研究结果,对滇牡丹的现状进行评估的结果显示,滇牡丹并不濒危。     

杜鹃花科Vaccinium wardii Adamson的订正

通过对模式标本和原始文献的研究,确认Vaccinium wardii Adamson 是红粉白珠(Gaultheria hookeri C. B. Clarke)的异名,而不是乌鸦果(Vaccinium fragile Franch.)的异名.     

4种薯蓣属植物的psbA-trnH片段序列分析

对4种薯蓣属(Dioscorea)植物——小花盾叶薯蓣(D.sinoparviflora C.T.Ting.)、盾叶薯蓣(D.zingiberensis C.H Wright.)、黄独(D.bulbifera L.)和薯蓣(D.polystachya Turczaninow) 共22个植物类群的叶绿体psbA-trnH基因区进行PCR扩增并测序,获得了该区间的完整序列,小花盾叶薯蓣的psbA-trnH片段全长589~593 bp,盾叶薯蓣全长为575~599 bp,黄独全长为372 bp,薯蓣全长为355~368 bp。将所得序列用Bayesian推断其系统发育关系,结果发现psbA-trnH片段不能够完全区分4种薯蓣属植物种间和种内的各个分类群(不同产地),且不能区分盾叶薯蓣与小花盾叶薯蓣;推测薯蓣的演变过程可能与人工驯化有关,黄独与栽培薯蓣的亲缘关系较近,而与野生薯蓣的亲缘关系较远。     

印度黄檀属(豆科)一新异名

在比较研究馆藏标本和原始文献的基础上,确认Dalbergia beddomei Thoth. 在小叶数目和毛被状况、荚果大小等方面的特征变异式样与锈红黄檀D. rubiginosa Roxb. 相同,两者为同种植物,因此予以归并。     

中国植物一新记录属——聚药罗伞属(报春花科)

首次发现报春花科（Primulaceae）聚药罗伞属[Hymenandra （A. DC.）]及其模式种——聚药罗伞[H. wallichii （A. DC.）]在中国的分布。据已有文献记载, 此种仅分布于印度、孟加拉国和缅甸。最近在中国科学院昆明植物研究所标本馆（KUN）查阅标本时, 在原鉴定为紫金牛属的标本中发现了数份采自我国云南的标本实为聚药罗伞, 现予以报道。     

中国水仙LAR基因启动子的克隆及功能初步分析

为了解NtLAR基因的表达调控机制,该研究以中国水仙(Narcissus tazetta var. chinensis)‘金盏银台’ DNA为模版,采用染色体步移法克隆了NtLAR基因起始密码子ATG上游启动子片段序列,测序结果显示,该克隆片段共995 bp(GenBank登录号：MH371155)。通过PlantCare数据库对获得的启动子序列顺式作用元件预测发现,NtLAR启动子序列中包含有大量顺式作用元件,如光反应元件ACE、G box、GATA motif、GT1 motif,激素响应元件CGTCA motif、ABRE、TGACG motif、TGA element,胁迫响应元件和MYB 结合位点 MBS等。成功构建了植物表达载体pBI121 pNtLAR∷GUS和pGreenII 0800 pNtLAR Luc。pBI121 pNtLAR∷GUS在烟草叶片的瞬时表达结果显示,克隆的启动子片段具有活性;pBI121 pNtLAR∷GUS在水仙不同组织器官的瞬时表达实验发现,NtLAR基因的表达具有组织特异型,其在鳞茎盘的表达量较高,在花瓣和副冠中的表达量较低;将pBI121 pNtLAR∷GUS分别和中国水仙R2R3 MYB转录因子NtMYB2、NtMYB5混合注射烟草叶片,GUS染色结果显示NtMYB2和NtMYB5并不能抑制NtLAR启动子的活性,定量PCR结果与GUS染色结果一致。采用pGreenII 0800 pNtLAR Luc载体进行双荧光素酶实验进一步验证了GUS染色实验和定量PCR结果。     

Cuticular Extracts of Five Common Mantids (Mantodea: Mantidae) of the Eastern United States

We undertook a preliminary investigation of the cuticular extracts of five common mantid species in the eastern United States: Tenodera sinensis (Saussure), T. angustipennis (Saussure) and Mantis religiosa (Linnaeus) introduced from the Old World and Stagmomantis carolina (Johannson) and Bruneria borealis (Scudder), which are New World species. The major components of these mixtures were normal alkanes, predominately hentriacontane, or in the case of the parthenogenic species B. borealis, tritriacontane. Tricontanal was detected in the extracts of all five species, and smaller amounts of other aldehydes and n-tricontanol were detected in some species. Complex mixtures of methyl and dimethylalkanes also were present in these extracts. The composition of the cuticular hydrocarbons of these mantids may be an adaptation for reduction of evaporative water loss in these insects that inhabit open fields.     

Pollination of sevenPlectranthus spp. (Lamiaceae) in southern Natal, South Africa

The genusPlectranthus (Lamiaceae) shows remarkable radiation on the sandstones of southern Natal and northern Transkei in South Africa, where six endemic species occur. Two of these endemic species,P. hilliardiae andP. oribiensis, are included in this study, as well asP. reflexus, for which only limited data are available. The other species that were studied areP. ambiguus, P. ciliatus, P. ecklonii, P. madagascariensis andP. zuluensis. Four of these taxa,P. ambiguus, P. hilliardiae, P. reflexus andP. saccatus var.longitubus, have uniquely long corolla-tubes (20–30mm) and this is related to pollination by nemestrinid flies of the genusStenobasipteron that have proboscides of similar length. Other nemestrinid species of the genusProsoeca have shorter proboscides and pollinate two species ofPlectranthus with shorter corolla-tube lengths (6–15mm). Acrocerid flies, tabanid flies and anthophorid bees are also important visitors to these species. This study on the pollination of seven species of varying corolla-tube lengths shows a correlation between floral tube length and proboscis length of insect visitors, many of which are recorded for the first time as pollinators ofPlectranthus.     

Ophiostomatoid fungi isolated from Japanese red pine and their relationships with bark beetles

We isolated ophiostomatoid fungi from bark beetles infesting Pinus densiflora and their galleries at 24 sites in Japan. Twenty-one ophiostomatoid fungi, including species of Ophiostoma, Grosmannia, Ceratocystiopsis, Leptographium, and Pesotum, were identified. Among these, 11 species were either newly recorded in Japan or were previously undescribed species. Some of these fungal species were isolated from several bark beetles, but other species were isolated from only a particular beetle species. Thus, it is suggested that some ophiostomatoid fungi have specific relationships with particular beetle species. In addition, fungus-beetle biplots from redundancy analysis (RDA) summarizing the effects of beetle ecological characteristics suggested that the association patterns between bark beetles and the associated fungi seemed to be related to the niches occupied by the beetles.     

Variability on the dot chromosome in the Drosophila simulans clade

A recent study suggested that recent nuclear gene introgression between Drosophila simulans and D. mauritiana may have obscured efforts to estimate the phylogeny of the species of the D. simulans clade, which includes these two species and D. sechellia. Here, we report sequence variation of an intron of the eyeless gene in this species group. This gene should introgress freely between these species because it is not linked to any known barriers to gene exchange. We have also reevaluated levels of sequence divergence among species in this clade, noting differences between loci in regions of low recombination (as in all chromosome 4 loci) relative to other loci. Overall, none of the data analyzed were consistent with recent introgression exclusively between D. simulans and D. mauritiana.     

Soil modification by invasive plants: effects on native and invasive species of mixed-grass prairies

Invasive plants are capable of modifying attributes of soil to facilitate further invasion by conspecifics and other invasive species. We assessed this capability in three important plant invaders of grasslands in the Great Plains region of North America: leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula), smooth brome (Bromus inermis) and crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum). In a glasshouse, these three invasives or a group of native species were grown separately through three cycles of growth and soil conditioning in both steam-pasteurized and non-pasteurized soils, after which we assessed seedling growth in these soils. Two of the three invasive species, Bromus and Agropyron, exhibited significant self-facilitation via soil modification. Bromus and Agropyron also had significant facilitative effects on other invasives via soil modification, while Euphorbia had significant antagonistic effects on the other invasives. Both Agropyron and Euphorbia consistently suppressed growth of two of three native forbs, while three native grasses were generally less affected. Almost all intra- and interspecific effects of invasive soil conditioning were dependent upon presence of soil biota from field sites where these species were successful invaders. Overall, these results suggest that that invasive modification of soil microbiota can facilitate plant invasion directly or via ‘cross-facilitation’ of other invasive species, and moreover has potential to impede restoration of native communities after removal of an invasive species. However, certain native species that are relatively insensitive to altered soil biota (as we observed in the case of the forb Linum lewisii and the native grasses), may be valuable as ‘nurse’species in restoration efforts.     

Three new species of anamorphic yeasts phenotypically and phylogenetically related toCandida mesenterica: The description ofCandida fungicola sp. nov.,Candida sagamina sp. nov., andCandida fukazawae sp. nov. isolated from fruit bodies of mushrooms

Four strains of anamorphic yeasts isolated from fruit bodies of mushrooms collected in Japan were found to represent three new species of the genusCandida. These species resembleCandida mesenterica in characteristics commonly employed in the classification of yeasts. On the basis of DNA-DNA reassociation, however, they were clearly distinguished fromC. mesenterica and from one another. Three new species,Candida fungicola, Candida sagamina, andCandida fukazawae, are proposed for these yeasts. The analysis of SSU rDNA sequences suggested that these three species were closely related to each other and toC. mesenterica andC. suecica.     

Diets and resource partitioning between larvae of three anisopteran species

Analysis of resource partitioning between larvae of three Anisopteran species showed that Aeshna cyanea and Anax imperator (both Aeshnidae) tended to occupy similar ecological niches which were not shared by Libellula depressa (Libellulidae).The diets of these predators and comparisons between trophic availability and diets indicated that prey species eaten varied according to season and predator species, and that some selection of prey species occurred.     

A Review of the Biology of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Gambusia affinis</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">G. holbrooki</Emphasis>

Eastern and Western Gambusia (i.e., Gambusia holbrooki and G. affinis, respectively) are considered together here because these two fish species are very closely related, similar in appearance, similar in biology and often confused. Widely divergent attitudes have developed with regard to these fish with some viewing them as being highly beneficial to humans through controlling mosquitoes and the diseases they harbor, and others expressing concern about the negative impacts that these fish may have on other species with which they interact. Because of the widespread distribution, high levels of abundance, ease of capture and captive maintenance, and divergent attitudes, a very large and diffuse literature has developed with regard to these species. In fact, few fish species have been studied as much as or more than these two species combined. There has, however, been no comprehensive review of their biology published to date. As it is not possible to provide a comprehensive review of Gambusia biology in one reasonably sized document, I provide here a review of aspects of their biology at the level of species and individual. In another review I focused instead on the levels of population and species communities and consider the impacts that these fish have on mosquitoes and other organisms (Pyke, unpublished). As would be expected of such widespread and abundant species, Gambusia affinis and G. holbrooki are clearly very tolerant, adaptable and variable in their biology, at both an individual and population level. Both individuals and populations can tolerate, and often thrive within, a wide range of conditions and the abilities of individuals to do this are enhanced if they have time to acclimate to any changes. Populations can adapt through genetic or evolutionary changes in response to conditions that vary in space or time, and there is significant genetic variation within and between populations.     

Phylogenetic relationships of JapaneseAster (Asteraceae, Astereae) sensu lato based on chloroplast-DNA restriction site mutations

RFLPs of cpDNA were examined for 18 species ofAster, six species ofKalimeris, two species ofMiyamayomena and one species and one variety ofHeteropappus from Japan, using 16 restriction endonucleases. Approximately 275 restriction sites were surveyed, and a total of 74 restriction site mutations was detected, and 31 of these were phylogenetically informative. Sixteen most parsimonious trees constructed from Wagner parsimony analysis indicated the polyphyly ofKalimeris andMiyamayomena sensu Kitamura;K. miqueliana belongs to a different clade from the remaining species ofKalimeris, and two species ofMiyamayomena did not make a single clade. This result suggests that the shortening or loss of pappus have happened parallelly in different evolutionary lineages. We must be careful to assess the pappus character in taxonomy and phylogeny, and it is desirable to examine their phylogenetic relationships using a molecular data.