温度对食菌小蠹光滑足距小蠹实验种群发育和繁殖的影响

为了明确温度对光滑足距小蠹Xylosandrus germanus发育和繁殖的影响, 本研究分别采用真菌Acremonium kiliense和Ambrosiella hartigii在培养皿中饲养雌成虫和幼虫, 以及半人工饲料在试管中培养雌成虫的方法, 系统地研究了该食菌小蠹在16~31℃范围内6个恒温条件下的发育和16~28℃范围内5个恒温条件下的繁殖力和性比。结果表明: 从16~28℃, 光滑足距小蠹未成熟期各虫态和卵至成虫的发育历期均随温度升高而缩短, 16℃时蠹虫的发育历期为28℃时的3~4倍, 31℃时除蛹外发育历期又有延长。各温度下均以幼虫的发育历期为最长, 占卵至成虫羽化整个发育历期的50%以上。幼虫发育的最适温度为26.44℃。发育起点温度在11.0℃（蛹）至12.7℃（卵至成虫）之间。卵期有效积温最小（61.5日·度）, 幼虫期最大（189.7日·度）, 卵至成虫需要12.7℃以上约305日·度的积温才能完成发育。卵至成虫的存活率在16~25℃范围内从53.3%增大至68.3%, 28~31℃范围内又从35.0%降至3.3%。31℃时幼虫几乎不能化蛹。在半人工饲料中, 22~25℃范围内每雌平均后代数为114.3~121.5头, 以25℃时为最大, 约为16℃时的3倍、19℃和28℃时的2倍。雌雄性比以16℃时为最小（9.6∶1）, 25℃时最大（23.3∶1）, 其余温度下均为19.0∶1以上。结果说明, 温度直接影响光滑足距小蠹的发育, 主要通过影响虫道真菌生长和产孢而影响光滑足距小蠹的繁殖。     

Deep water 'dwarfs' and 'giants' among endemic Baikal gastropods

It is suggested that existence of "dwarfs" and "giants" among Baikal gastropods depends on several factors. "Dwarfs" occurs in habitats 1) where sedimentation rate is low and thick silt layer is absent (the small shell without long periostracal nodules does not allow the animal to stay on the soft sediment surface; 2) where there is hard substratum suitable for laying egg capsules; 3) where there is intensive water exchange assuring supply of food (detritus and phytoplankton). Distribution of "giants" capable to lay egg capsules on their own shells is not confined by availability of hard substratum. They dwell on soft sediments because they have large light shell with high whorl allowing them to migrate on silt surface. "Giants" live in places with high sedimentation rates, constant supply of food (including died fish), and higher degree of water mineralization. "Giants" and "dwarfs" inhabit only oxidized substrates. Neither "giants", nor "dwarfs" inhabit the flat bottom of Baikal. "Giants" occur on near-slope parts of the lake, while the "dwarfs" prefer underwater elevations.     

十一星瓢虫在不同温度下的实验种群生命表

组建了十一星瓢虫在16℃、20℃、24℃、28℃和32℃下的实验种群生命表。结果表明：各 虫态的发育速率随温度的升高而加快,在16℃下世代的发育历期最长(64.2天),而32℃时仅为16.4天,24℃和28℃时分别为27.1天和21.5天。卵、幼虫、蛹和世代的发育起点温度分别为10.9℃,11.1℃,12.5℃和10.6℃,有效积温分别为40.9,110.3,39.7,359.4日·度。成虫寿命随温度升高而逐渐缩短,16℃时最长,为34.7天,在32℃下最短,为14.1天; 单雌产卵量在24℃时最高,平均为463.8粒,32℃时最低,为96.4粒。在恒温24℃～28℃内, 十一星瓢虫的种群趋势指数和内禀增长力较高, 种群加倍时间较短。16℃时种群增长受到较大制约,种群趋势指数仅为24℃时的10.7%,种群加倍时间约22.3天,为24℃时的4.1倍。32℃时十一星瓢虫的发育历期缩短,存活率、繁殖力降低。     

龟纹瓢虫广东种群和北京种群的耐热性比较研究

本文以龟纹瓢虫Propylea japonica (Thunberg)的广东和北京两地区种群为材料,对其进行了在不同温度（26℃～36℃）下的发育历期、存活率、种群性比、产卵量的试验观察及对蛹重、幼虫致死高温、亚致死高温预处理、可溶性蛋白质含量的测定等。结果显示：（1）34℃以上温度对两种群龟纹瓢虫的各世代历期均产生了不同程度的影响。广东种群,34℃下的4龄幼虫、成虫产卵前期和世代历期开始延长,在36℃时除1龄幼虫和蛹外,其它虫态的发育历期均比34℃时的显著延长;北京种群,在36℃时,2龄和4龄幼虫的发育历期开始表现为显著延长。雄性比例,在26℃～36℃范围内随着温度上升而增大,至36℃时,两种群成虫均为雄性。从产卵量看,两种群在34℃下急剧下降。（2）在供试条件下,两种群各龄期的存活率,在36℃下开始明显下降,其中对低龄幼虫和卵期影响最大。广东种群卵的孵化率从26℃时的64.3%下降到34℃时的42.3%, 36℃下的则降为20.7%,下降了67.8％;北京种群卵的孵化率从26℃处理的58.0%, 下降到34℃处理的44%,36℃处理仅为12.3%,下降了78.8％。（3）广东种群和北京种群各龄幼虫致死温度相同,分别为1、2龄幼虫44℃、3龄幼虫45℃、4龄幼虫46℃。经39℃亚致死高温预处理150 min后,广东种群和北京种群4龄幼虫在46℃下的存活率分别提高了72%和43.5%。（4）在26℃～34℃之间,随着温度的上升,成虫和4龄幼虫体内可溶性蛋白的含量上升。在常温下生长的4龄幼虫和成虫经39℃、41℃和43℃热激1 h后,4龄幼虫体内可溶性蛋白含量上升,成虫体内可溶性蛋白含量却下降。广东种群4龄幼虫和成虫经39℃热激后可溶性蛋白含量最高,而北京种群经43℃热激后含量最高。本文结果初步明确了龟纹瓢虫对较高温度的忍耐性,发现在36℃下龟纹瓢虫广东种群和北京种群的生长发育和繁殖会受到严重阻碍,对其发育历期、性比、产卵量、存活率等均有不良影响;广东种群和北京种群在31℃下3龄幼虫的发育历期、36℃下世代存活率、经过亚致死高温预处理后的耐热性、热激后虫体内蛋白含量等均存在显著差异。, -bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">热激1 h后,4龄幼虫体内可溶性蛋白含量上升,成虫体内可溶性蛋白含量却下降。广东种群4龄幼虫和成虫经39℃热激后可溶性蛋白含量最高,而北京种群经43℃热激后含量最高。本文结果初步明确了龟纹瓢虫对较高温度的忍耐性,发现在36℃下龟纹瓢虫广东种群和北京种群的生长发育和繁殖会受到严重阻碍,对其发育历期、性比、产卵量、存活率等均有不良影响;广东种群和北京种群在31℃下3龄幼虫的发育历期、36℃下世代存活率、经过亚致死高温预处理后的耐热性、热激后虫体内蛋白含量等均存在显著差异。, -bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso: 'Times New Roman'">热激1 h后,4龄幼虫体内可溶性蛋白含量上升,成虫体内可溶性蛋白含量却下降。广东种群4龄幼虫和成虫经39℃热激后可溶性蛋白含量最高,而北京种群经43℃热激后含量最高。本文结果初步明确了龟纹瓢虫对较高温度的忍耐性,发现在36℃下龟纹瓢虫广东种群和北京种群的生长发育和繁殖会受到严重阻碍,对其发育历期、性比、产卵量、存活率等均有不良影响;广东种群和北京种群在31℃下3龄幼虫的发育历期、36℃下世代存活率、经过亚致死高温预处理后的耐热性、热激后虫体内蛋白含量等均存在显著差异。, -bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">热激1 h后,4龄幼虫体内可溶性蛋白含量上升,成虫体内可溶性蛋白含量却下降。广东种群4龄幼虫和成虫经39℃热激后可溶性蛋白含量最高,而北京种群经43℃热激后含量最高。本文结果初步明确了龟纹瓢虫对较高温度的忍耐性,发现在36℃下龟纹瓢虫广东种群和北京种群的生长发育和繁殖会受到严重阻碍,对其发育历期、性比、产卵量、存活率等均有不良影响;广东种群和北京种群在31℃下3龄幼虫的发育历期、36℃下世代存活率、经过亚致死高温预处理后的耐热性、热激后虫体内蛋白含量等均存在显著差异。     

甜菜夜蛾低龄幼虫取食含Cry1Ac毒素的人工饲料对其生长发育和成虫繁殖的影响

为了更全面地评价转Bt基因作物对甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua (Hübner)（鳞翅目: 夜蛾科）的影响, 在室内研究了甜菜夜蛾低龄幼虫连续6 d取食含不同浓度Cry1Ac毒素的人工饲料后转移到不含毒素的饲料上, 其生长发育与成虫繁殖的变化。结果表明: 低龄幼虫取食含Cry1Ac的饲料6 d内, 校正死亡率随Cry1Ac浓度的升高以及取食时间的延长而升高。与一直取食不含Cry1Ac饲料的对照相比, 取食含Cry1Ac饲料的幼虫体重显著下降; 幼虫历期、预蛹期及雌雄蛹期均显著延长, 但雌雄蛹重均与对照无显著差异; 幼虫化蛹率显著下降, 但羽化率与对照无显著差异; 成虫产卵前期显著延长, 产卵期与对照无显著差异, 仅在5 μg/g处理下较对照显著延长1.3 d; 每雌产卵量以10 μg/g处理最高（719粒）, 但各处理均与对照无显著差异; 雌蛾寿命均显著延长, 而雄蛾寿命仅在最高浓度80 μg/g下显著延长2.4 d。这表明, 尽管含不同浓度Cry1Ac毒素的饲料对甜菜夜蛾低龄幼虫有明显的生长发育抑制作用或导致死亡, 但转移至不含毒素的饲料上取食后, 幼虫能迅速恢复生长, 顺利化蛹、羽化并产卵。因此, 在转Bt基因作物田生长后期, 甜菜夜蛾低龄幼虫取食表达Cry1Ac蛋白的组织若能存活并完成世代发育和繁殖, 这无疑将增加甜菜夜蛾对Bt作物产生抗性的风险, 因此亟需制定Bt作物生态系统中甜菜夜蛾的治理策略。     

Evidence that levamisole, pyrantel, morantel, amidantel, deacylated amidantel and hycanthone may act on acetylcholine receptors of central neurones of Helix aspersa

1. Intracellular recordings were made from identified neurones in the suboesophageal ganglionic mass of the snail, Helix aspersa. Neurones were classified as either "H" cells, inhibited by acetylcholine or "D" cells, excited by acetylcholine. 2. The actions of levamisole, morantel, pyrantel, amidantel, deacylated amidantel and hycanthone were investigated on these neurones and compared to that of acetylcholine. 3. Levamisole was 10.85 +/- 0.56 times less active than acetylcholine on "H" cells but more than 100 times less active on "D" cells. On "H" cells levamisole had a secondary gradual depolarizing effect which was irreversible and resulted in the loss of cell activity. 4. Morantel and pyrantel were 1.12 +/- 0.13 and 2.56 +/- 0.26 times respectively less active than acetylcholine on "D" cells and 5.16 +/- 0.6 and 3.53 +/- 0.63 times respectively less active than acetylcholine on "H" cells. 5. Amidantel was more than 100 times less active than acetylcholine on both "D" and "H" cells while its deacylated derivative was 26.0 +/- 1.0 and 76.0 +/- 3.25 times respectively less active than acetylcholine on "D" and "H" cells. 6. Hycanthone possessed weak inhibitory effects on "H" cells but also appeared to reduce the duration of acetylcholine inhibitory responses when applied immediately after the acetylcholine response had reached its maximum.     

温度对马铃薯甲虫生长发育的影响

为了进一步明确温度对马铃薯甲虫Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say)生长发育的影响, 在恒温条件, 研究了温度对马铃薯甲虫实验种群生长发育的影响。结果表明：温度对马铃薯甲虫各虫态的发育历期、存活率及种群的繁殖力有显著的影响。发育历期随温度的升高而缩短, 发育速率与温度呈显著的正相关。马铃薯甲虫世代存活率由大到小的顺序为27℃＞23℃＞19℃＞31℃＞15℃。27℃时成虫的产卵量最高, 单雌平均卵量为729.7粒;其次为23℃, 单雌平均卵量为639.2粒。并测得马铃薯甲虫卵、1龄幼虫、2龄幼虫、3龄幼虫、4龄幼虫、幼虫期、蛹期及全世代的发育起点温度分别为9.14, 10.50, 8.17, 10.28, 9.04, 9.59, 10.23和10.90℃, 有效积温分别为73.26, 43.22, 39.23, 34.05, 161.97, 273.02, 100.38和542.58日·度。据此认为温度对马铃薯甲虫实验种群的生长发育、存活和繁殖影响明显。     

太行山猕猴的冬季生境选择

2007 年11 月至2008 年2 月,在太行山猕猴国家级自然保护区愚公保护站,根据观察到的猕猴活动痕迹和位置,设置了180 个10 m × 10 m 的样方。在这些样方中,对10 个生态因子(地形、海拔高度、坡位、坡向、坡度、离水源距离、人为干扰、郁闭度、隐蔽度、平均胸径)进行了调查分析,以期了解太行山猕猴的冬季生境选择特征。结果表明:太行山猕猴在冬季喜好选择的生境特征为:倾向于围绕大树(乔木平均胸径> 15 cm)活动;较之其它季节,冬季的猕猴更愿意接近人类居所(< 2 000 m),并选择离水源近(< 1 000 m)的地方活动,说明直接饮水可能是猕猴在干旱冬季获得足量水分的重要途径;冬季猕猴喜欢在坡度为15° ～40°、郁闭度< 60% 的阳坡活动,活动区域的海拔高度为1 000 ～1 300 m。猕猴对生境中地形特征和坡位无明显偏好,对活动地点的隐蔽条件也无特殊要求。文中还对所选择的生态因子进行了主成分分析,结果表明,前5 个主成分的特征值均大于1,其累积贡献率达到70.713% ,可以较好地反映猕猴的冬季生境特征。     

异色瓢虫成虫体型及体内脂肪含量对其耐寒能力的影响

为明确异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridis (Pallas)成虫体型及体内脂肪含量对其耐寒能力的影响, 本研究在2种发育温度(18℃和25℃)下通过表型可塑性诱导获得了不同体型的异色瓢虫成虫, 测定了成虫体型大小、体内脂肪含量、过冷却点(supercooling point, SCP)及其在恒定低温(constant low temperature, CLT)和变温(fluctuating thermal regime, FTR)下的存活率。结果表明: 较低发育温度(18℃)下的成虫体型比25℃下的明显大(P<0.01), 体内脂肪含量显著高于25℃下的(P<0.01); 且两2种发育温度下成虫体内脂肪含量与虫体干重呈较好的正相关关系。由SCP频次分布图可知, 饲养在18℃下的成虫SCP主要集中在-8 ~ -6℃范围内, 饲养在25℃下的成虫SCP主要集中在-10 ~ -9℃范围内; 且成虫体型大小与过冷却能力呈现负相关关系。经过相同时间低温暴露后成虫的存活率按下列顺序降低: FTR18℃＞FTR25℃＞CLT18℃＞CLT25℃。结果表明低温暴露过程中脂肪贮存对异色瓢虫成虫存活是非常重要的, 但是冷伤害是影响存活的基本因素。     

Effects of non toxic doses of acyclovir on nitric oxide and cellular death responses in herpesvirus types 1 and 2 infected hep-2 cells

Herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) and type-2 (HSV-2) are among the most "successful" pathogens and code for a variety of proteins to direct the apoptosis/necrosis responses of the cells they infect. Nitric oxide (NO) is an important intracellular signaling molecule in pathological processes. Acyclovir (ACV) is a chain terminator that targets the viral DNA polymerase as an antiviral agent. In this study, NO signals, and apoptosis/necrosis responses of HEp-2 cells were compared when infected by HSV-1 and -2 for 24 hours against non toxic doses (starting from 48.8, 24.4, 12.2, 6.1, 3 to 1.5 microg/mL) of ACV. In 48.8, 24.4 and 12.2 microg/mL of ACV, HSV-1 had an "upregulating effect" whereas HSV-2 had a "downregulating effect" on NO production, and in 6.1, 3 and 1.5 microg/mL of ACV HSV-1 had a "down-regulating effect" whereas HSV-2 had an "upregulating effect" on NO responses (HSV-1 had a "downregulating effect" on NO production whereas HSV-2 had an "upregulating effect" on NO production without any ACV). In 48.8, 24.4 and 12.2 microg/mL of ACV, HSV-1 had an "anti-apoptotic effect" whereas HSV-2 had a stimulation on "apoptotic effect", and in 6.1, 3 and 1.5 microg/mL of ACV HSV-1 had an "apoptotic effect" and HSV-2 turned to "its natural viral apoptotic effect level" (HSV-1 had an "natural viral apoptotic effect" whereas HSV-2 had a "natural viral apoptotic effect" on apoptosis response without any ACV). In 48.8, and 24.4 microg/mL of ACV, HSV-1 had significant "necrotic effect" on necrotic cellular death, "necrosis" increased in 12.2, 6.1, 3 and 1.5 microg/mL of ACV (HSV-1 had a negligible "necrotic effect" on HEp-2 cells alone), and HSV-2 had a "natural viral necrotic effect" alone; and also in all non toxic ACV concentrations. These results showed that HSV-1 and -2 had different "strategies" on apoptosis/necrosis and NO with and without non toxic ACV. These differences deserve further studies in order to explain the interactions between apoptotic/anti apoptotic, necrotic genes and NO, and ACV in HSV-1 and HSV-2 infections respectively.     

Craniometric measurements of craniofacial malformations in the X-linked hypophosphatemic (Hyp) mouse on two different genetic backgrounds: C57BL/6J and B6C3H.

This study reports data on craniometric measurements in the X-linked hypophosphatemic (Hyp) mouse on two different genetic backgrounds: C57BL/6J and B6C3H. Heads of normal females "+/+," normal males "+/Y," heterozygous mutant females "Hyp/+," and hemizygous mutant males "Hyp/Y" for each genetic background were examined. Data were collected via skull measurements. On a C57BL/6J background, the neurocranium of mutants "Hyp/+" and "Hyp/Y" was shorter and slightly higher than in normal counterparts. On a B6C3H background, mutant mice "Hyp/+" and "Hyp/Y" were shorter in neurocranial length than in normal counterparts. Viscerocranial height was larger in "Hyp/Y" than in normal counterparts. No differences in neurocranial and mandibular height were found. Mutant mice on a C57BL/6J background were compared to mutant mice on a B6C3H background. No differences in neurocranial length were found. Cranial length was shorter in "Hyp/Y" on C57BL/6J than in "Hyp/+" on B6C3H. Facial length parameters were shorter in "Hyp/Y" on C57BL/6J than in "Hyp/Y" and "Hyp/+" mutant mice on B6C3H. Mandibular length was shorter in "Hyp/Y" on C57BL/6J than in "Hyp/+" on C57BL/6J and both mutant mice ("Hyp/Y" and "Hyp/+") on a B6C3H background. The results of this study indicate that craniofacial growth is less affected in mutant mice on a B6C3H genetic background than in mutant mice on a C57BL/6J genetic background.     

Molecular and biologic characteristics of attenuated rubella viruses

AIM: To study stability/variability of rubella virus vaccine strain "Orlov-B" during its adaptation to other tissue substrate. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Vaccine strains of rubella virus Wistar 27/3 and "Orlov-B" as well as wild type strains "Orlov-D" and "Lebedev" were used. Rhesus monkeys were used as laboratory animals. Standard virological, molecular and statistical methods were applied. RESULTS: Obtained as a result of adaptation to other tissue substrate - diploid human cell line M-22 - strain "Orlov-D" demonstrated stability on RCT40 sign in in vitro experiments. Comparative genotyping of "Orlov-B" and "Orlov-D" strains on gene E1 showed identity of nucleotide sequences of both variants. Genetic stability of virus on the gene coding the most immunogenic protein E1 was confirmed in vivo: the stable high immunogenic and protective activity of both "Orlov-B" and "Orlov- D" strains was demonstrated in experiments on rhesus macaques. CONCLUSION: New data on stability of attenuated rubella virus vaccine strains have practical significance for the development of new vaccines.     

旋幽夜蛾迁飞的雷达观测和虫源分析

旋幽夜蛾Scotogramma trifolii Rottemberg是我国北方农牧地区局部暴发为害的农业害虫,近年来危害逐渐呈上升趋势,但目前的研究对其大范围发生危害规律及是否具有迁飞性尚缺乏明确的认识。本文利用垂直监测昆虫雷达和相关辅助设备的长期自动观测和基于GIS的地理信息系统分析,研究了2005年吉林省白城地区通榆县和大安市旋幽夜蛾暴发的虫源性质及成虫空中飞行参数。结果表明：白城地区5月中旬20 cm的平均地温并不满足越冬代蛹羽化的最低温度;2005年5月下旬成虫盛发期东北、华北地区空中风场以南风和偏南风居多,为成虫迁入提供了有利的运载气流。6月下旬雷达观测点卵巢解剖显示,雌蛾卵巢发育进度整齐、级别较低,具有典型的迁出昆虫生理特征。雷达观测显示,成虫飞行最高可达距地面1 000 m, 主要选择在距地面300～500 m高度段,在500 m高度可以整夜飞行。初步判定旋幽夜蛾具有迁飞特性,这一发现为进一步认识其发生规律以及提高其预测预报水平提供了科学依据。     

RNAi介导的棉铃虫氨肽酶N基因Haapn1和钙粘蛋白基因Ha_BtR沉默对Cry1Ac毒力的影响

氨肽酶N（aminopeptidase N, APN）和钙粘蛋白（cadherin）是存在于鳞翅目昆虫中肠刷状缘膜囊（brush border membrane vesicles, BBMV）上Bt毒素Cry1A的受体。本实验将棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera氨肽酶N1基因Haapn1和钙粘蛋白基因Ha_BtR双链RNA（dsRNA）注入棉铃虫4龄幼虫体内, 以研究这两种受体基因沉默后对Cry1Ac毒力的影响。结果表明: 注射dsRNA（1 μg/头）进行基因沉默后, Haapn1 mRNA表达量比注射缓冲液（elution solution, ES）的对照下降了30%~49%, Ha_BtR mRNA表达量下降了30%~37%。注射Haapn1 dsRNA的幼虫在40和70 μg/cm² Cry1Ac活化毒素下的死亡率显著低于注射ES的幼虫, 而在 100 和 170 μg/cm² Cry1Ac原毒素处理下两者死亡率无显著差异; Cry1Ac活化毒素以及原毒素对注射Ha_BtR dsRNA幼虫与注射ES幼虫的毒力均无显著差异。当同时注射Haapn1及Ha_BtR dsRNA后, 干扰后的幼虫对Cry1Ac活化毒素和原毒素的敏感性均显著下降。本研究进一步证明了棉铃虫Haapn1和Ha_BtR均是Bt毒素Cry1Ac的功能受体, 这两种受体蛋白共同参与Cry1Ac的毒杀作用过程。该结果也提示, Haapn1或Ha_BtR基因产生突变都可能导致棉铃虫对Cry1Ac产生抗性。     

小菜蛾对阿维菌素抗性基因的AFLP连锁图谱的构建

世界性害虫小菜蛾Plutella xylostella (L.) 田间种群已对阿维菌素药剂产生了高抗药性。本研究以小菜蛾对阿维菌素的抗性品系、敏感品系和回交群体组建作图家系,再利用AFLP技术构建小菜蛾对阿维菌素抗性基因的连锁图谱。用10组AFLP引物组合对未经药剂处理的小菜蛾成虫DNA选择性扩增,共获得1 044条可区分的DNA条带,271条带具有多态性,χ²检验表明只有123个位点符合1∶1 （P=0.05）,其中的112个构成28个连锁群,其总长度为1 222.7 cM; 用10组AFLP引物对经药剂处理后存活的小菜蛾成虫DNA扩增,所得的DNA条带中有54个条带符合分离比1∶1,经Mapmaker 3.0对多态性位点分析,只有E1M4-15、E1M1-4和E1M4-2标记位点位于同一连锁群,3个AFLP标记与抗性基因的遗传距离分别为0 cM,8.3 cM和13.1 cM。比较分析得出,抗性基因所在的连锁群是第5连锁群。结果显示AFLP连锁图谱对小菜蛾对阿维菌素的抗性监测具有很好的应用潜力。     

Cry1Ac毒蛋白对粘虫生长发育、繁殖及飞行能力的影响

为了更全面地评价转基因作物对粘虫Mythimna separata (Walker)（鳞翅目: 夜蛾科）的影响, 在室内用生测法研究了粘虫初孵幼虫连续取食含不同浓度的Cry1Ac毒蛋白的人工饲料后, 其生长发育、繁殖及飞行能力的变化。结果表明: 取食0（对照）, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48和96 μg/g Cry1Ac毒蛋白人工饲料6 d后的幼虫头宽、 体长、 18 d后的体重随着毒蛋白浓度的升高显著降低, 幼虫发育历期显著延长, 死亡率显著升高。取食含毒蛋白浓度>12 μg/g饲料的幼虫不能正常化蛹; 取食含0, 3和6 μg/g毒蛋白饲料的幼虫能正常化蛹、 羽化, 化蛹率随着毒蛋白浓度的升高而显著降低、 蛹历期显著延长; 取食含0, 3和6 μg/g毒蛋白饲料的幼虫羽化的成虫繁殖能力有显著差异, 产卵前期随毒蛋白浓度的升高显著延长, 产卵量显著降低; 而1日龄成虫飞行能力（飞行距离、 时间和速度）则随毒蛋白浓度的升高显著降低。这些结果表明, Cry1Ac毒蛋白对粘虫的生长发育、 繁殖及飞行具有显著影响, 从而为完善转Bt作物的生态安全性风险评估提供了重要的实验依据。     

家蚕高密度AFLP连锁图谱的构建

为了进行家蚕Bombyx mori数量性状的QTL定位研究,以白色茧系品种C₁₀₀ (♀)和近交系大造(P50)(♂)杂交得到F₁,用F₁(♂)与双隐性标记的C₁₀₀ (♀)回交,得到回交一代(BC₁),用改进的AFLP分子标记方法,经96组选择性扩增引物扩增,获得分离比为1∶1(P≤0.05)的1 744个AFLP位点。用Map Manager QTXb19（Version 0.29）连锁图谱构建软件,构建了具有814个标记,36个连锁群的家蚕高密度AFLP分子标记连锁图谱。该连锁图谱覆盖的家蚕基因组长度为13 005 cM,连锁群长度变化范围为109.0～1 573.7 cM,连锁群的平均长度为361.25 cM,其标记间平均图距15.98 cM,最小图距2.3 cM,最大图距47.7 cM,标记间大于30 cM的gap共有39个。该连锁图平均每个连锁群23个标记,最多一个连锁群有92个标记,最少8个标记。该连锁图谱确定了与经典实验遗传图谱第15连锁群和W染色体连锁群相对应的两个连锁群。     

ÜBER DIE URSACHEN DER UNTERSCHIEDLICHEN RESISTENZ VON VICIA FABA L. GEGENÜBER DER BOHNENBLATTLAUS,APHIS (DORALIS) FABAE SCOP

Zusammenfassung Fruchtbarkeit und Wachstum von vier auf Ackerbohnen (Vicia faba) lebenden Aphiden-Arten (Aphis fabae, A. craccivora, Acyrthosiphon pisum, Megoura viciae) werden von den Sorten Schlanstedter und Rastatter in gegensätzlicher Weise gefördert bzw. gehemmt. Post-infektionelle Resistenzeffekte treten daher einerseits bei Rastatter gegen A. fabae, andererseits aber bei Schlanstedter Ackerbohnen gegen Erbsen- und Wickenläuse auf, während sich A. craccivora auf beiden etwa gleich gut entwickelt.

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Summary Aphis fabae, Aphis craccivora, Acyrthosiphon pisum, and Megoura vicae (abbreviated Af, Ac, Ap and Mv, respectively) were allowed to develop under similar uncaged conditions on Rastatter (R) and Schlanstedter (S) field beans. Large, sometimes contradictory, differences in the fecundities and weights attained by adult apterous virginoparae on these plants were recoreded and ascribed to postinfestation resistance effects.Ap, which feed only on leaves, and Mv, which feed exclusively on internodes, weigh significantly more (17–18%) on R than on S. In contrast, Af, which feed on various plant parts, are 61% heavier on the leaves and 33% heavier on the stems of S than on the corresponding parts of R.However, Ac, which have a distribution on the plants similar to that of Af, are somewhat heavier (12%) on R-leaves and on S-stems than on the corresponding plant parts of the other variety. Such differences are greatly diminished if the aphids are reared on excised leaves and stems immersed in water. In this case growth of the aphids on excised parts of the resistant varieties (on which they previously grew poorly) closely approaches that on the intact satisfactory varieties (on which they grew well). Only small (Af, Ac) or no (Ap, Mv) improvement in growth results when the aphids are reared on excised parts of the satisfactory variety. Thus, the weights of apterous adults of Ap on excised S-leaves were only 17% greater than on intact S-leaves, whereas they were similar on excised and intact R-leaves. For Af, adult weights were 81% greater on excised R-leaves, 51% greater on excised S-leaves, and only 19% or no greater on excised R- and S-stems, respectively, than those on the corresponding intact plant parts.The possibility is discussed that these contradictory effects result from a mobilization and increase of proteinaceous constituents in the excised plant parts. Whereas the nutrition and growth of aphids on the resistant variety may thus become optimal, such an increase above an already optimal nutrient level on the satisfactory variety would not increase growth beyond the limit already achieved by a species. It is further deduced that postinfestational resistance to aphids of field beans depends on the nutrient value of the sap available to the aphids. However, since the nutritional demands of different aphid species may also differ, it is unlikely that a single plant species will be resistant to aphids in general.

     

Fungi,leaves, and the theory of island biogeography

Species dynamics of fungi (filamentous fungi and yeasts) on apple leaves were studied within the framework of the theory of island biogeography by following immigration and extinction patterns on individual apple leaf islands over time. Total fungi were censused on unmanipulated leaves collected throughout two seasons; filamentous fungi only were monitored additionally for several weeks in one season on newly created, axenic, model (seedling) islands introduced to the orchard, and on surface-sterilized, preexisting leaves. Analyses based on both the natural and the surface-sterilized systems showed that an equilibrium in species number was reached and turnover in species composition occurred in both. Immigration and extinction events were strongly related to number of species present on each island. The balance between immigration and extinction implies that species number on leaves and real (oceanic) islands is determined by a common mechanism, and emphasizes the need to regard leaf microbial communities as dynamic.     

陕西南部寒武系底部棘盔状化石再研究

对我国陕南下寒武统底部宽川铺段含磷岩系中棘盔状化石的具刺变态骨Amoebinella echinata的属征进行了补充修改,并对其分类位置和亲缘关系做了探讨。标本分为主支和数个分支,并具棘刺、纵纹及可能的口部等特征,其中部分棘盔类标本可能代表"固着幼虫期"或"螅状幼体期"的独立生物个体而不是动物的外部硬体。