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1.
Inositol (1,4,5)-trisphosphate receptors (IP3Rs) release intracellular Ca2+ as localized Ca2+ signals (Ca2+ puffs) that represent the activity of small numbers of clustered IP3Rs spaced throughout the endoplasmic reticulum. Although much emphasis has been placed on estimating the number of active Ca2+ release channels supporting Ca2+ puffs, less attention has been placed on understanding the role of cluster microarchitecture. This is important as recent data underscores the dynamic nature of IP3R transitions between heterogeneous cellular architectures and the differential behavior of IP3Rs socialized into clusters. Here, we applied a high-resolution model incorporating stochastically gating IP3Rs within a three-dimensional cytoplasmic space to demonstrate: 1), Ca2+ puffs are supported by a broad range of clustered IP3R microarchitectures; 2), cluster ultrastructure shapes Ca2+ puff characteristics; and 3), loosely corralled IP3R clusters (>200 nm interchannel separation) fail to coordinate Ca2+ puffs, owing to inefficient triggering and impaired coupling due to reduced Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release microwave velocity (<10 nm/s) throughout the channel array. Dynamic microarchitectural considerations may therefore influence Ca2+ puff occurrence/properties in intact cells, contrasting with a more minimal role for channel number over the same simulated conditions in shaping local Ca2+ dynamics. 相似文献
2.
Calcium puffs are localized Ca2+ signals mediated by Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) through clusters of inositol trisphosphate receptor (IP3R) channels. The recruitment of IP3R channels during puffs depends on Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release, a regenerative process that must be terminated to maintain control of cell signaling and prevent Ca2+ cytotoxicity. Here, we studied puff termination using total internal reflection microscopy to resolve the gating of individual IP3R channels during puffs in intact SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. We find that the kinetics of IP3R channel closing differ from that expected for independent, stochastic gating, in that multiple channels tend to remain open together longer than predicted from their individual open lifetimes and then close in near-synchrony. This behavior cannot readily be explained by previously proposed termination mechanisms, including Ca2+-inhibition of IP3Rs and local depletion of Ca2+ in the ER lumen. Instead, we postulate that the gating of closely adjacent IP3Rs is coupled, possibly via allosteric interactions, suggesting an important mechanism to ensure robust puff termination in addition to Ca2+-inactivation. 相似文献
3.
Factors Determining the Recruitment of Inositol Trisphosphate Receptor Channels During Calcium Puffs
Puffs are localized, transient elevations in cytosolic Ca2+ that serve both as the building blocks of global cellular Ca2+ signals and as local signals in their own right. They arise from clustered inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor/channels (IP3Rs), whose openings are coordinated by Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release (CICR). We utilized total internal reflection fluorescence imaging of Ca2+ signals in neuroblastoma cells with single-channel resolution to elucidate the mechanisms determining the triggering, amplitudes, kinetics, and spatial spread of puffs. We find that any given channel in a cluster has a mean probability of ∼66% of opening following opening of an initial “trigger” channel, and the probability of puff triggering thus increases steeply with increasing number of channels in a cluster (cluster size). Mean puff amplitudes scale with cluster size, but individual amplitudes vary widely, even at sites of similar cluster size, displaying similar proportions of events involving any given number of the channels in the cluster. Stochastic variation in numbers of Ca2+-inhibited IP3Rs likely contributes to the variability of amplitudes of repeated puffs at a site but the amplitudes of successive puffs were uncorrelated, even though we observed statistical correlations between interpuff intervals and puff amplitudes. Initial puffs evoked following photorelease of IP3—which would not be subject to earlier Ca2+-inhibition—also showed wide variability, indicating that mechanisms such as stochastic variation in IP3 binding and channel recruitment by CICR further determine puff amplitudes. The mean termination time of puffs lengthened with increasing puff amplitude size, consistent with independent closings of channels after a given mean open time, but we found no correlation of termination time with cluster size independent of puff amplitude. The spatial extent of puffs increased with their amplitude, and puffs of similar size were of similar width, independent of cluster size. 相似文献
4.
Factors Determining the Recruitment of Inositol Trisphosphate Receptor Channels During Calcium Puffs
Puffs are localized, transient elevations in cytosolic Ca2+ that serve both as the building blocks of global cellular Ca2+ signals and as local signals in their own right. They arise from clustered inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor/channels (IP3Rs), whose openings are coordinated by Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release (CICR). We utilized total internal reflection fluorescence imaging of Ca2+ signals in neuroblastoma cells with single-channel resolution to elucidate the mechanisms determining the triggering, amplitudes, kinetics, and spatial spread of puffs. We find that any given channel in a cluster has a mean probability of ∼66% of opening following opening of an initial “trigger” channel, and the probability of puff triggering thus increases steeply with increasing number of channels in a cluster (cluster size). Mean puff amplitudes scale with cluster size, but individual amplitudes vary widely, even at sites of similar cluster size, displaying similar proportions of events involving any given number of the channels in the cluster. Stochastic variation in numbers of Ca2+-inhibited IP3Rs likely contributes to the variability of amplitudes of repeated puffs at a site but the amplitudes of successive puffs were uncorrelated, even though we observed statistical correlations between interpuff intervals and puff amplitudes. Initial puffs evoked following photorelease of IP3—which would not be subject to earlier Ca2+-inhibition—also showed wide variability, indicating that mechanisms such as stochastic variation in IP3 binding and channel recruitment by CICR further determine puff amplitudes. The mean termination time of puffs lengthened with increasing puff amplitude size, consistent with independent closings of channels after a given mean open time, but we found no correlation of termination time with cluster size independent of puff amplitude. The spatial extent of puffs increased with their amplitude, and puffs of similar size were of similar width, independent of cluster size. 相似文献
5.
《Cell calcium》2017
The inositol trisphosphate (IP3) signaling pathway evokes local Ca2+ signals (Ca2+ puffs) that arise from the concerted openings of clustered IP3 receptor/channels in the ER membrane. Physiological activation is triggered by binding of agonists to G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) on the cell surface, leading to cleavage of phosphatidyl inositol bisphosphate and release of IP3 into the cytosol. Photorelease of IP3 from a caged precursor provides a convenient and widely employed means to study the final stage of IP3-mediated Ca2+ liberation, bypassing upstream signaling events to enable more precise control of the timing and relative concentration of cytosolic IP3. Here, we address whether Ca2+ puffs evoked by photoreleased IP3 fully replicate those arising from physiological agonist stimulation. We imaged puffs in individual SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells that were sequentially stimulated by picospritzing extracellular agonist (carbachol, CCH or bradykinin, BK) followed by photorelease of a poorly-metabolized IP3 analog, i-IP3. The centroid localizations of fluorescence signals during puffs evoked in the same cells by agonists and photorelease substantially overlapped (within ∼1 μm), suggesting that IP3 from both sources accesses the same, or closely co-localized clusters of IP3Rs. Moreover, the time course and spatial spread of puffs evoked by agonists and photorelease matched closely. Because photolysis generates IP3 uniformly throughout the cytoplasm, our results imply that IP3 generated in SH-SY5Y cells by activation of receptors to CCH and BK also exerts broadly distributed actions, rather than specifically activating a subpopulation of IP3Rs that are scaffolded in close proximity to cell surface receptors to form a signaling nanodomain. 相似文献
6.
The liberation of calcium ions sequestered in the endoplasmic reticulum through inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors/channels (IP3Rs) results in a spatiotemporal hierarchy of calcium signaling events that range from single-channel openings to local Ca2+ puffs believed to arise from several to tens of clustered IP3Rs to global calcium waves. Using high-resolution confocal linescan imaging and a sensitive Ca2+ indicator dye (fluo-4-dextran), we show that puffs are often preceded by small, transient Ca2+ elevations that we christen “trigger events”. The magnitude of triggers is consistent with their arising from the opening of a single IP3 receptor/channel, and we propose that they initiate puffs by recruiting neighboring IP3Rs within the cluster by a regenerative process of Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release. Puff amplitudes (fluorescence ratio change) are on average ~6 times greater than that of the triggers, suggesting that at least six IP3Rs may simultaneously be open during a puff. Trigger events have average durations of ~12 ms, as compared to 19 ms for the mean rise time of puffs, and their spatial extent is ~3 times smaller than puffs (respective widths at half peak amplitude 0.6 and 1.6 μm). All these parameters were relatively independent of IP3 concentration, although the proportion of puffs showing resolved triggers was greatest (~80%) at low [IP3]. Because Ca2+ puffs constitute the building blocks from which cellular IP3-mediated Ca2+ signals are constructed, the events that initiate them are likely to be of fundamental importance for cell signaling. Moreover, the trigger events provide a useful yardstick by which to derive information regarding the number and spatial arrangement of IP3Rs within clusters. 相似文献
7.
Intracellular Ca2+ release is a versatile second messenger system. It is modeled here by reaction-diffusion equations for the free Ca2+ and Ca2+ buffers, with spatially discrete clusters of stochastic IP3 receptor channels (IP3Rs) controlling the release of Ca2+ from the endoplasmic reticulum. IP3Rs are activated by a small rise of the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration and inhibited by large concentrations. Buffering of cytosolic Ca2+ shapes global Ca2+ transients. Here we use a model to investigate the effect of buffers with slow and fast reaction rates on single release spikes. We find that, depending on their diffusion coefficient, fast buffers can either decouple clusters or delay inhibition. Slow buffers have little effect on Ca2+ release, but affect the time course of the signals from the fluorescent Ca2+ indicator mainly by competing for Ca2+. At low [IP3], fast buffers suppress fluorescence signals, slow buffers increase the contrast between bulk signals and signals at open clusters, and large concentrations of buffers, either fast or slow, decouple clusters. 相似文献
8.
Puffs are local Ca2+ signals that arise by Ca2+ liberation from the endoplasmic reticulum through the concerted opening of tightly clustered inositol trisphosphate receptors/channels (IP3Rs). The locations of puff sites observed by Ca2+ imaging remain static over several minutes, whereas fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) experiments employing overexpression of fluorescently tagged IP3Rs have shown that the majority of IP3Rs are freely motile. To address this discrepancy, we applied single-molecule imaging to locate and track type 1 IP3Rs tagged with a photoswitchable fluorescent protein and expressed in COS-7 cells. We found that ∼70% of the IP3R1 molecules were freely motile, undergoing random walk motility with an apparent diffusion coefficient of ∼0.095 μm s−1, whereas the remaining molecules were essentially immotile. A fraction of the immotile IP3Rs were organized in clusters, with dimensions (a few hundred nanometers across) comparable to those previously estimated for the IP3R clusters underlying functional puff sites. No short-term (seconds) changes in overall motility or in clustering of immotile IP3Rs were apparent following activation of IP3/Ca2+ signaling. We conclude that stable clusters of small numbers of immotile IP3Rs may underlie local Ca2+ release sites, whereas the more numerous motile IP3Rs appear to be functionally silent. 相似文献
9.
Localized intracellular Ca2+ elevations known as puffs and sparks arise from the cooperative activity of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor Ca2+ channels (IP3Rs) and ryanodine receptor Ca2+ channels (RyRs) clustered at Ca2+ release sites on the surface of the endoplasmic reticulum or sarcoplasmic reticulum. When Markov chain models of these intracellular Ca2+-regulated Ca2+ channels are coupled via a mathematical representation of a Ca2+ microdomain, simulated Ca2+ release sites may exhibit the phenomenon of “stochastic Ca2+ excitability” reminiscent of Ca2+ puffs and sparks where channels open and close in a concerted fashion. To clarify the role of Ca2+ inactivation of IP3Rs and RyRs in the dynamics of puffs and sparks, we formulate and analyze Markov chain models of Ca2+ release sites composed of 10–40 three-state intracellular Ca2+ channels that are inactivated as well as activated by Ca2+. We study how the statistics of simulated puffs and sparks depend on the kinetics and dissociation constant of Ca2+ inactivation and find that puffs and sparks are often less sensitive to variations in the number of channels at release sites and strength of coupling via local [Ca2+] when the average fraction of inactivated channels is significant. Interestingly, we observe that the single channel kinetics of Ca2+ inactivation influences the thermodynamic entropy production rate of Markov chain models of puffs and sparks. While excessively fast Ca2+ inactivation can preclude puffs and sparks, moderately fast Ca2+ inactivation often leads to time-irreversible puffs and sparks whose termination is facilitated by the recruitment of inactivated channels throughout the duration of the puff/spark event. On the other hand, Ca2+ inactivation may be an important negative feedback mechanism even when its time constant is much greater than the duration of puffs and sparks. In fact, slow Ca2+ inactivation can lead to release sites with a substantial fraction of inactivated channels that exhibit puffs and sparks that are nearly time-reversible and terminate without additional recruitment of inactivated channels. 相似文献
10.
《Channels (Austin, Tex.)》2013,7(4):226-232
Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (IP3Rs) are intracellular Ca2+ channels. Their regulation by both IP3 and Ca2+ allows interactions between IP3Rs to generate a hierarchy of intracellular Ca2+ release events. These can progress from openings of single IP3R, through near-synchronous opening of a few IP3Rs within a cluster to much larger signals that give rise to regenerative Ca2+ waves that can invade the entire cell. We have used patch-clamp recording from excised nuclear membranes of DT40 cells expressing only IP3R3 and shown that low concentrations of IP3 rapidly and reversibly cause IP3Rs to assemble into small clusters. In addition to bringing IP3Rs close enough to allow Ca2+ released by one IP3R to regulate the activity of its neighbors, clustering also retunes the regulation of IP3Rs by IP3 and Ca2+. At resting cytosolic [Ca2+], lone IP3R are more sensitive to IP3 and the mean channel open time (~10ms) is twice as long as for clustered IP3R. When the cytosolic free [Ca2+] is increased to 1µM, to mimic the conditions that might prevail when an IP3R within a cluster opens, clustered IP3R are no longer inhibited and their gating becomes coupled. IP3, by dynamically regulating IP3R clustering, both positions IP3R for optimal interactions between them and it serves to exaggerate the effects of Ca2+ within a cluster. During the course of these studies, we have observed that nuclear IP3R stably express one of two single channel K + conductances (γK ~120 or 200pS). Here we demonstrate that for both states of the IP3R, the effects of IP3 on clustering are indistinguishable. These observations reinforce our conclusion that IP3 dynamically regulates assembly of IP3Rs into clusters that underlie the hierarchical recruitment of elementary Ca2+ release events. 相似文献
11.
《Cell calcium》2018
We describe the construction of a simplified, inexpensive lattice light-sheet microscope, and illustrate its use for imaging subcellular Ca2+ puffs evoked by photoreleased i-IP3 in cultured SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells loaded with the Ca2+ probe Cal520. The microscope provides sub-micron spatial resolution and enables recording of local Ca2+ transients in single-slice mode with a signal-to-noise ratio and temporal resolution (2 ms) at least as good as confocal or total internal reflection microscopy. Signals arising from openings of individual IP3R channels are clearly resolved, as are stepwise changes in fluorescence reflecting openings and closings of individual channels during puffs. Moreover, by stepping the specimen through the light-sheet, the entire volume of a cell can be scanned within a few hundred ms. The ability to directly visualize a sideways (axial) section through cells directly reveals that IP3-evoked Ca2+ puffs originate at sites in very close (≤a few hundred nm) to the plasma membrane, suggesting they play a specific role in signaling to the membrane. 相似文献
12.
We recently reported key physiologic roles for Ca2+-activated transient receptor potential melastatin 4 (TRPM4) channels in detrusor smooth muscle (DSM). However, the Ca2+-signaling mechanisms governing TRPM4 channel activity in human DSM cells are unexplored. As the TRPM4 channels are activated by Ca2+, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3R)-mediated Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum represents a potential Ca2+ source for TRPM4 channel activation. We used clinically-characterized human DSM tissues to investigate the molecular and functional interactions of the IP3Rs and TRPM4 channels. With in situ proximity ligation assay (PLA) and perforated patch-clamp electrophysiology, we tested the hypothesis that TRPM4 channels are tightly associated with the IP3Rs and are activated by IP3R-mediated Ca2+ release in human DSM. With in situ PLA, we demonstrated co-localization of the TRPM4 channels and IP3Rs in human DSM cells. As the TRPM4 channels and IP3Rs must be located within close apposition to functionally interact, these findings support the concept of a potential Ca2+-mediated TRPM4-IP3R regulatory mechanism. To investigate IP3R regulation of TRPM4 channel activity, we sought to determine the consequences of IP3R pharmacological inhibition on TRPM4 channel-mediated transient inward cation currents (TICCs). In freshly-isolated human DSM cells, blocking the IP3Rs with the selective IP3R inhibitor xestospongin-C significantly decreased TICCs. The data suggest that IP3Rs have a key role in mediating the Ca2+-dependent activation of TRPM4 channels in human DSM. The study provides novel insight into the molecular and cellular mechanisms regulating TRPM4 channels by revealing that TRPM4 channels and IP3Rs are spatially and functionally coupled in human DSM. 相似文献
13.
Calcium puffs are local transient Ca2+ releases from internal Ca2+ stores such as the endoplasmic reticulum or the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Such release occurs through a cluster of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (IP3Rs). Based on the IP3R model (which is determined by fitting to stationary single-channel data) and nonstationary single-channel data, we construct a new IP3R model that includes time-dependent rates of mode switches. A point-source model of Ca2+ puffs is then constructed based on the new IP3R model and is solved by a hybrid Gillespie method with adaptive timing. Model results show that a relatively slow recovery of an IP3R from Ca2+ inhibition is necessary to reproduce most of the experimental outcomes, especially the nonexponential interpuff interval distributions. The number of receptors in a cluster could be severely underestimated when the recovery is sufficiently slow. Furthermore, we find that, as the number of IP3Rs increases, the average duration of puffs initially increases but then becomes saturated, whereas the average decay time keeps increasing linearly. This gives rise to the observed asymmetric puff shape. 相似文献
14.
In this work, we model the local calcium release from clusters with a few inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3R) channels, focusing on the stochastic process in which an open channel either triggers other channels to open (as a puff) or fails to cause any channel to open (as a blip). We show that there are linear relations for the interevent interval (including blips and puffs) and the first event latency against the inverse cluster size. However, nonlinearity is found for the interpuff interval and the first puff latency against the inverse cluster size. Furthermore, the simulations indicate that the blip fraction among all release events and the blip frequency are increasing with larger basal [Ca2+], with blips in turn giving a growing contribution to basal [Ca2+]. This result suggests that blips are not just lapses to trigger puffs, but they may also possess a biological function to contribute to the initiation of calcium waves by a preceding increase of basal [Ca2+] in cells that have small IP3R clusters. 相似文献
15.
In this work, we model the local calcium release from clusters with a few inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3R) channels, focusing on the stochastic process in which an open channel either triggers other channels to open (as a puff) or fails to cause any channel to open (as a blip). We show that there are linear relations for the interevent interval (including blips and puffs) and the first event latency against the inverse cluster size. However, nonlinearity is found for the interpuff interval and the first puff latency against the inverse cluster size. Furthermore, the simulations indicate that the blip fraction among all release events and the blip frequency are increasing with larger basal [Ca2+], with blips in turn giving a growing contribution to basal [Ca2+]. This result suggests that blips are not just lapses to trigger puffs, but they may also possess a biological function to contribute to the initiation of calcium waves by a preceding increase of basal [Ca2+] in cells that have small IP3R clusters. 相似文献
16.
The ability of cells to maintain low levels of Ca2+ under resting conditions and to create rapid and transient increases in Ca2+ upon stimulation is a fundamental property of cellular Ca2+ signaling mechanism. An increase of cytosolic Ca2+ level in response to diverse stimuli is largely accounted for by the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3R) present in the endoplasmic reticulum membranes of virtually all eukaryotic cells. Extensive information is currently available on the function of IP3Rs and their interaction with modulators. Very little, however, is known about their molecular architecture and therefore most critical issues surrounding gating of IP3R channels are still ambiguous, including the central question of how opening of the IP3R pore is initiated by IP3 and Ca2+. Membrane proteins such as IP3R channels have proven to be exceptionally difficult targets for structural analysis due to their large size, their location in the membrane environment, and their dynamic nature. To date, a 3D structure of complete IP3R channel is determined by single-particle cryo-EM at intermediate resolution, and the best crystal structures of IP3R are limited to a soluble portion of the cytoplasmic region representing ∼15% of the entire channel protein. Together these efforts provide the important structural information for this class of ion channels and serve as the basis for further studies aiming at understanding of the IP3R function. 相似文献
17.
《生物化学与生物物理学报:生物膜》2023,1865(7):184195
Numerous cellular processes are regulated by Ca2+ signals, and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane's inositol triphosphate receptor (IP3R) is critical for modulating intracellular Ca2+ dynamics. The IP3Rs are seen to be clustered in a variety of cell types. The combination of IP3Rs clustering and IP3Rs-mediated Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release results in the hierarchical organization of the Ca2+ signals, which challenges the numerical simulation given the multiple spatial and temporal scales that must be covered. The previous methods rather ignore the spatial feature of IP3Rs or fail to coordinate the conflicts between the real biological relevance and the computational cost. In this work, a general and efficient reduced-lattice model is presented for the simulation of IP3Rs-mediated multiscale Ca2+ dynamics. The model highlights biological details that make up the majority of the calcium events, including IP3Rs clustering and calcium domains, and it reduces the complexity by approximating the minor details. The model's extensibility provides fresh insights into the function of IP3Rs in producing global Ca2+ events and supports the research under more physiological circumstances. Our work contributes to a novel toolkit for modeling multiscale Ca2+ dynamics and advances knowledge of Ca2+ signals. 相似文献
18.
Geoffrey E. Woodard Jos�� J. L��pez Isaac Jard��n Gin��s M. Salido Juan A. Rosado 《The Journal of biological chemistry》2010,285(11):8045-8053
There is a body of evidence suggesting that Ca2+ handling proteins assemble into signaling complexes required for a fine regulation of Ca2+ signals, events that regulate a variety of critical cellular processes. Canonical transient receptor potential (TRPC) and Orai proteins have both been proposed to form Ca2+-permeable channels mediating Ca2+ entry upon agonist stimulation. A number of studies have demonstrated that inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (IP3Rs) interact with plasma membrane TRPC channels; however, at present there is no evidence supporting the interaction between Orai proteins and IP3Rs. Here we report that treatment with thapsigargin or cellular agonists results in association of Orai1 with types I and II IP3Rs. In addition, we have found that TRPC3, RACK1 (receptor for activated protein kinase C-1), and STIM1 (stromal interaction molecule 1) interact with Orai1 upon stimulation with agonists. TRPC3 expression silencing prevented both the interaction of Orai1 with TRPC3 and, more interestingly, the association of Orai1 with the type I IP3R, but not with the type II IP3R, thus suggesting that TRPC3 selectively mediates interaction between Orai1 and type I IP3R. In addition, TRPC3 expression silencing attenuated ATP- and CCh-stimulated interaction between RACK1 and the type I IP3R, as well as Ca2+ release and entry. In conclusion, our results indicate that agonist stimulation results in the formation of an Orai1-STIM1-TRPC3-RACK1-type I IP3R complex, where TRPC3 plays a central role. This Ca2+ signaling complex might be important for both agonist-induced Ca2+ release and entry. 相似文献
19.
Ana M. Rossi Stephen C. ToveyTaufiq Rahman David L. ProleColin W. Taylor 《Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/General Subjects》2012
Background
Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (IP3R) are expressed in almost all animal cells. Three mammalian genes encode closely related IP3R subunits, which assemble into homo- or hetero-tetramers to form intracellular Ca2 + channels.Scope of the review
In this brief review, we first consider a variety of complementary methods that allow the links between IP3 binding and channel gating to be defined. How does IP3 binding to the IP3-binding core in each IP3R subunit cause opening of a cation-selective pore formed by residues towards the C-terminal? We then describe methods that allow IP3, Ca2 + signals and IP3R mobility to be examined in intact cells. A final section briefly considers genetic analyses of IP3R signalling.Major conclusions
All IP3R are regulated by both IP3 and Ca2 +. This allows them to initiate and regeneratively propagate intracellular Ca2 + signals. The elementary Ca2 + release events evoked by IP3 in intact cells are mediated by very small numbers of active IP3R and the Ca2 +-mediated interactions between them. The spatial organization of these Ca2 + signals and their stochastic dependence on so few IP3Rs highlight the need for methods that allow the spatial organization of IP3R signalling to be addressed with single-molecule resolution.General significance
A variety of complementary methods provide insight into the structural basis of IP3R activation and the contributions of IP3-evoked Ca2 + signals to cellular physiology. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Biochemical, biophysical and genetic approaches to intracellular calcium signaling. 相似文献20.
《Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Molecular Cell Research》2019,1866(7):1092-1100
Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (IP3R) are the most widely expressed intracellular Ca2+ release channels. Their activation by IP3 and Ca2+ allows Ca2+ to pass rapidly from the ER lumen to the cytosol. The resulting increase in cytosolic [Ca2+] may directly regulate cytosolic effectors or fuel Ca2+ uptake by other organelles, while the decrease in ER luminal [Ca2+] stimulates store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE). We are close to understanding the structural basis of both IP3R activation, and the interactions between the ER Ca2+-sensor, STIM, and the plasma membrane Ca2+ channel, Orai, that lead to SOCE. IP3Rs are the usual means through which extracellular stimuli, through ER Ca2+ release, stimulate SOCE. Here, we review evidence that the IP3Rs most likely to respond to IP3 are optimally placed to allow regulation of SOCE. We also consider evidence that IP3Rs may regulate SOCE downstream of their ability to deplete ER Ca2+ stores. Finally, we review evidence that IP3Rs in the plasma membrane can also directly mediate Ca2+ entry in some cells. 相似文献