粗柄鸡Zong菌菌丝株培养和无性繁殖过程研究初报

鸡Ｚｏｎｇ属菌物是一类具有商业前景的食物蕈菌,对Ｔｅｒｍｉｔｏｍｙｃｅｓ,ａｌｂｕｍｉｏｎｓｕｓ（Ｂｅｒｋ）Ｈｅｉｍ进行了广泛研究,其它种的研究仅见于Ｔ．ｆｕｌｇｉｎｏｓｕｓ（Ｂｅｒｋ．）Ｈｅｉｍ。笔者首次对Ｔ．ｒｏｂｕｓｔｕｓ（Ｂｅｅｌｓ）Ｈｅｉｍ粗柄鸡Ｚｏｎｇ菌进行了纯培养研究,其菌丝体生长所需的碳源以麦芽糖为佳,葡萄糖,蔗糖次之;氮源以蛋白胨,酶粉较好,天然材料的热水提取物,如松针,蚁巢辅圃     

鸡Zong菌的液体发酵与毒理研究

鸡Ｚｏｎｇ菌Ｔｅｒｍｉｔｏｍｙｃｅｓａｌｂｕｍｉｎｏｓｕｓ（Ｂｅｒｋ）．Ｈｅｉｍ采自四川西昌野生子实体,经分离,纯化,鉴定、保存于ＰＤＡ琼脂斜面培养基。报道鸡Ｚｏｎｇ菌菌丝体深层发酵在５００Ｌ发酵罐中,温度２８～３０℃,ｐＨ６．０～７．０接种量１％～１．５％,通气量为１：１～１：１．２（体积比）,可在３０ｈ获得鸡Ｚｏｎｇ菌菌丝体２４．５ｇ／Ｌ（干重）还对鸡Ｚｏｎｇ菌菌丝体的毒性进行了探讨,选用Ａｍ     

比较研究白蚁巢上生长的担子菌——鸡(土从)菌及其分生孢子阶段小白球菌的生长与其基质的生态关系

鸡(土从)菌Termitomyces albuminosus(Berk.)Heim..及其分生孢子阶段小白球菌在基础培养基上生长缓慢,而在基础培养基上分别添加乌头酸、延胡索酸、柠檬酸或者添加生物素、VB_1、VB_2等都能促进鸡(土从)菌和小白球菌菌丝体及其分生孢子的生长。实验还表明维生素混合使用效果比单一添加为好。鸡(土从)菌和小白球菌生长的合适的碳源是麦芽糖、葡萄糖、果糖、蔗糖,而淀粉、甘露醇效果不良;合适的氮源是蛋白胨、花生粉、黄豆粉、甘氨酸和铵盐,但是小白球菌生长的培养基中含氮量不宜过高,一般为0.2％左右,而鸡(土从)菌要求含氮量较高,最佳的氮源浓度范围为0.4—0.6％。鸡(土从)菌和小白球菌菌丝体生长的pH值范围为4.0—5.5之间,鸡(土从)菌最适的pH值在4.0—4.5之间,而小白球菌最适pH值随着培养基组成和CO_2浓度的不同会有所变化。小白球菌具有忍耐高浓度CO_2(15％)的特性,静置培养比摇瓶培养生长更好。鸡(土从)菌菌丝体却需要较低的CO_2浓度方能生长良好,它更适宜于摇瓶培养。目前鸡(土从)菌和小白球菌菌丝体在实验室条件下生长都非常良好,液体培养已获得成功,为人工栽培和利用鸡(土从)菌提供了一条可能的途径。     

银耳袋栽高产优质技术

银耳,学名ＴｒｅｍｅｌａｆｕｃｉｆｏｒｍｉｓＢｅｒｋ。别名白木耳、雪耳、川耳,属于层菌纲、异隔担子亚纲、银耳目、银耳属。银耳与其他菌类不同,它的菌丝体是一个混合菌丝结构,即由银耳纯菌丝和一种称为“耳友菌”或称“伴生菌”的香灰菌丝（亦称羽毛状菌丝）构成...     

离壁壳属一新变种

采自衡山南岳的白粉菌一种新变种,即寄生在壳斗移多脉青冈（Ｑｕｅｒｉｃｕｓ ｍｕｌｔｉｎｅｒｖｉｓ Ｃｈｅｎｇ）上的赖氏离壁壳南岳变种（Ｃｙｓｔｏｔｈｅｃａ ｗｒｉｇｈｔｉｉ Ｂｅｒｋ ＆ Ｃｕｒｔ ｖａｒ．ｎａｎｙｕｅｎｓｉｓｐ Ｊ．Ｌ．Ｚｈｏｕ）。新变种有汉文和拉丁文描述以及建立新变种的讨论。     

香菇代料栽培研究概况及展望

香菇代料栽培研究概况及展望宋士良（上海市农业科学院食用菌研究所,上海２０１１０６）香菇是木材腐朽菌,属真菌门担子菌纲伞菌目口蘑科Ｌｅｎｔｉｎｕｓ属,学名为Ｌｅｎｔｉｎｕｓｅｄｏ－ｄｅｓ（Ｂｅｒｋ．）Ｓｉｎｇｅｒ．１９８３年英国伞菌分类学家佩格勒（Ｄ．...     

《乳酸细菌分类鉴定及实验方法》

该书是乳酸细菌分类鉴定及实验方法的一本专著。该书以全新的概念划定了乳酸细菌类群的范围,汇集了乳酸细菌分类研究的最新动态和资料,并包括这类细菌现有的对个主要属和２２０多个种的分类鉴定特征及其生境、与人类的关系等性状。现有的２３个主要属为：乳杆菌属、肉食杆菌属、链球菌属、肠球菌属、乳球菌属、漫游球菌属（Ｖａｇｏｃｏｃｃｕｓ）、明串珠菌属、片球菌属、气球菌属、双歧杆菌属、奇异菌属、利斯特氏菌属、环丝菌属（Ｂｒｏｃｈｏｔｈｒｉｘ）、丹毒丝菌属、孪生菌属、糖球菌属（Ｓａｃｈａｒｏｃｏｃｃｕｓ）、四联球菌属…     

中国锈革孔菌科三新记录种

本文报道了我国锈革孔菌科三个新记录种－－浅色小集毛菌Ｃｏｔｒｉｃｉｅｌｌａ ｓｕｂｐｉｃｔａ（Ｌｌｏｙｄ）Ｃｏｒｎｅｒ,浅苋针孔菌Ｉｎｏｎｏｔｕｓ ｆｌａｖｉｄｕｓ（Ｂｅｒｋ．）Ｒｙｖａｒｄｅｎ,颇氏针孔菌Ｉｎｏｎｏｔｕｓ ｐａｔｏｕｉｌｌａｒｄｉｉ（Ｒｉｃｋ）Ｉｍａｚｅｋｉ,根据中国的材料对这三种多孔菌形态进行了详细描述。     

金属硫蛋白产生菌的诱变育种

采用亚硝基胍和紫外线诱变,自金属硫蛋白（ＭＴ）产生菌酿酒酵母（ｄｅｃｃｈａｒｏｍｙｃｅｓｃｅｒｅｖｉｓｉａｅ）ＢＤ１０１－２５单倍体中获得遗传稳定的高Ｃｕ２＋、Ｃｄ２＋抗性突变株ＢＤ１０１－６９和ＢＤ１０１－３０。并对其重金属解毒、桔抗ｕ．ｖ．和６０Ｃｏ辐射效应、清除羟基自由基能力等生物学功能进行了研究。与出发菌株相比,上述生物学活性与酵母细胞对Ｃｉ２＋抗性、ＭＴ表达量表现出正相关性。两个突变株类ＭＴ表达量与生物学活性皆有所提高,为酿酒酵母ＭＴ的理论和应用研究打下了基础。     

利用RFLP揭示普通小麦与野生二粒小麦间A和B组染色体的遗传分化

普通小麦是栽培二粒小麦（Ｔｒｉｔｉｃｕｍ ｔｕｒｇｉｄｕｍ ｖａｒ．ｄｉｃｏｃｃｕｍ Ｓｈｒａｎｋ ｅｘ Ｓｅｈｕｂｌｅｒ）与粗山羊草（Ｔ．ｔｏｕｓｃｈｉｉ Ｃｕｓｓ,）天然杂交并自然加倍的产物,而栽培二粒泪科是由野生二粒小麦（Ｔ．ｔｕｒｇｉｄｕｍ ｖａｒ．ｄｉｃｏｃｃｏｉｄｅｓ（Ｋｏｅｒｎ？）Ｂｏｗｄｅｎ）进行而来,从野生二粒注麦到普通泪科的进化过程中其遗传物质可能发生了许多变。以普通小麦－野生     

通光藤甙元甲、乙和丙的结构——悼念蔡希陶教授

通光藤〔Marsdenia tenacissima（Roxb.）Wight et Arn.〕系云南民间治疗气管炎和抗癌药用植物。前报我们报告了通光藤甙元甲的结构的部分研究工作。自分离甙元甲的母液中我们又分得了两个少量新甙元——通光藤甙元乙和丙（tenacigenin B and C）。本文报告它们的结构研究,并在此基础上对前报所推定的通光藤甙元甲的六元氧环的立体构型提出修正。     

大白口蘑菌丝的培养优化

从大白口蘑子实体中分离得到菌种,并进行不同营养条件对大白口蘑菌丝生长的影响实验。结果表明,最佳氮源为酵母粉;最佳碳源为果糖;能明显促进菌丝生长的矿质元素为磷酸二氢钾;最佳生长调节因子为吲哚乙酸;最适温度为28－32℃;最适pH4.0－5.0。     

水葫芦黑斑病菌Alternaria alternata的生物学特性研究

在不同试验条件下培养水葫芦黑斑病菌Alternaria alternata菌株,探讨其主要的生物学特性,结果表明：该菌株生长的最佳培养基为PSA,最佳C源为葡萄糖,弱碱性和中性N源对该菌菌丝生长具有明显的促进作用,而酸性N源对其具有抑制作用。菌株生长的最佳pH值为pH7,最适温度为27℃。湿度越大,对菌株生长越有利。     

鸡菌的液体培养及其多糖物质研究

采用不同的液体培养基,探索了鸡堆放(土从)菌(Termitomyces albuminosus)人工培养的最适条件,多糖形成的动态变化,并对鸡(土从)多糖进行了分离、纯化,及其免疫活性测定。结果表明:鸡(土从)菌从碳源玉米淀粉,氮源花生蛋白,生长因子麸皮浸汁,pH4.7,25℃为最适生长条件;Sephadex-G100分离多糖出现两个峰;鸡(土从)多糖作为刺激原对人淋巴细胞转化有促进作用。     

Trichoderma harzianum metabolites pre-adapt mushrooms to Trichoderma aggressivum antagonism

Trichoderma spp. is the cause of green mold, a disorder that affects cultivated mushrooms. The aims of the study were to establish whether improvement of mushroom resistance to Trichoderma aggressivum could be obtained by inducing reaction mechanisms before contact with the pathogen and whether this ability was species or strain dependent. Twenty nine isolates of Agaricus bisporus, 29 isolates of Lentinula edodes and 18 isolates of Pleurotus spp. were studied. The effect of T. harzianum metabolites on mycelial growth of these isolates was evaluated on YMEA (yeast, malt extract and agar), supplemented or not with Lysing Enzymes from T. harzianum (Sigma?, L1412). Mycelial growth generally was affected by Lysing Enzymes, but some L. edodes and Pleurotus spp. adapted to Lysing Enzymes. When mycelium was taken from a first culture with Lysing Enzymes and placed on YMEA with Lysing Enzymes for a second culture, their growth rate was not different from those of the controls. In the case of A. bisporus, only partial adaptation was obtained with a few isolates. The effect of adaptation to Lysing Enzymes on resistance to T. aggressivum was assayed for one strain of each group. Trichoderma aggressivum was exposed to the margin of 5- to 9-day-old mushroom colonies. Agaricus bisporus produced brown droplets, and T. aggressivum overgrew its mycelium. Lentinula edodes and P. ostreatus produced brown lines blocking the progression of T. harzianum, both on YMEA and YMEA plus Lysing Enzymes. The line was visible after 3 d on YMEA and after only 2 d on YMEA plus Lysing Enzymes. Improvement in the resistance to antagonists by introduction of some of their metabolites to the culture medium is a method for mushroom protection.     

采自祁连山的冷杉侧耳生物学特性及栽培条件探索

以采自甘肃省祁连山国家级自然保护区菌物保育区的野生侧耳作为试验材料,通过形态学及系统发育分析方法将其鉴定为冷杉侧耳Pleurotus abieticola。对该菌株生物学特性及栽培条件进行初步研究,结果表明：菌丝体最适生长温度为25℃;最适pH为7.0;最适碳源为玉米粉;最适氮源为豆粉;在以棉籽壳、木屑和麸皮为栽培料时,可获得子实体。     

8个毒蘑菇菌株培养特性及生理学习性

通过对8个毒蘑菇菌株的培养特性及生理学习性的研究,描述了其培养特性,确定其生长所需最适温度、最适碳源、最适氮源以及最适pH值。8菌株为:鳞柄白鹅膏(Amanita virosa)、细鳞环柄菇(Lepiota clypelo-laria)、绒白乳菇(Lactarius vellereus)、鹅膏菌(Amanitasp.)、厚环鹅膏(Amanita pachycolea)、珊瑚菌(Ramariaephemeroderma)、白霜杯伞(Clitocybe dealbata)、冠状环柄菇(Lepiota cristata)。     

Comparative mycelial and spore yield by Trichoderma viride in batch and fed-batch cultures

The effects of cultural parameters such as carbon and nitrogen source and environmental factors including temperature and pH were investigated on spore and mycelial yield of Trichoderma viride, which has potential as a biocontrol agent against species of Fusarium in batch culture and fed-batch culture where there was limiting nutrient. The results obtained indicated that growth and sporulation of T. viride were greatly influenced by various carbon and nitrogen sources, and by environmental factors such as pH and temperature. Mannitol, wheat bran and rice bran as sole carbon sources appear to stimulate high mycelial growth and spore yield in fed-batch culture. Growth and sporulation were also favoured by NaNO₃, peptone and NH₄SO₄ as the nitrogen sources in fed-batch and batch cultures_. Maximum growth and sporulation was between pH 4.5 and 6.0. Temperatures between 30 and 37 °C were good for mycelium growth of T. viride while temperatures between 30 to 45 °C were good for sporulation. The amount of spore and mycelium produced and the time required for attainment of maximum spore yield increased with increasing carbon and nitrogen source in batch culture. The final spore yield obtained in fed-batch culture was two times higher than the apparent spore-carrying capacity of batch culture. These results show that T. viride is capable of growing and sporulating with varied nutritional and environmental conditions, and, therefore, this strain of T. viride may be useful as a biocontrol agent under diverse physiological and environmental conditions.     

STUDIES IN THE ANTAGONISM BETWEEN BLASTOMYCES LUTEUS AND SPECIES OF VERTICILLIUM

Blastomyces luteus has been shown to be antagonistic in culture to both Verticillium albo-atrum and V. dahliae over a wide range of temperature and irrespective of the pH value of the medium. When B. luteus is grown on Dox's and potato-dextrose solutions it produces an exudate which, added to agar media, has an inhibiting effect upon the growth of these two species of Verticillium. The effectiveness of this inhibiting material is slightly reduced by boiling for 15 min.
When 'spent' Dox's liquid medium, which has supported the growth of B. luteus , is injected into tomato and antirrhinum seedlings inoculated with Verticillium no control of the disease is effected, but when B. luteus mycelium is added to soil infected with Verticillium , marked reduction in the incidence of disease results when the antagonistic organism and the pathogens have co-existed in the soil a sufficient length of time for the exudate of the former to be effective upon the development of the latter.