People as Ecological Participants in Ecological Restoration

In 1987, Bradshaw proposed that ecological restoration is the ultimate “acid test” of our understanding the functioning of ecosystems ( Bradshaw 1987 ). Although this concept is widely supported academically, how it can be applied by restoration practitioners is still unclear. This is an issue not limited to Bradshaw’s acid test, but moreover, reflects a general difficulty associated with the polarization between conceptual restoration (restoration ecology) and practical restoration (ecological restoration), where each has functioned to certain degree in isolation of the other. Outside of the more obvious pragmatic reasons for the relative independence between ecological restoration and restoration ecology, we propose that a more contentious explanation is that the approach taken toward understanding ecosystem development in restoration ecology is tangential to what actually takes place in ecological restoration. Current paradigms assume that the process of ecosystem development in restoration should follow the developmental trajectories suggested by classical ecological succession models. However, unlike these models, ecosystem development in restoration is, at least initially, largely manipulated by people, rather than by abiotic and biotic forces alone. There has been little research undertaken to explore how restoration activities impact upon or add to the extant ecological processes operating within a restoration site. Consequently, ecological restoration may not be so much an acid test of our understanding the functioning of ecosystems, but rather, an acid test of our understanding mutually beneficial interactions between humans and ecosystems.     

集合生态系统研究15年回顾与展望

集合生态系统(meta-ecosystem)由法国的Loreau教授等于2003年提出,是指"由跨生态系统边界的物质流、能量流和生物体流所连接起来的一系列生态系统的集合",是对只关注生物体(organism)迁移交换的集合种群(meta-population)和集合群落(meta-community)概念的外推,也是为了给生态系统空间异质性研究提供一个重要的分析路径,对研究和理解生态系统的结构、过程、功能和异质性具有重要意义。通过对相关文献的梳理分析,简述了集合生态系统研究的基本状况,分析了对集合生态系统概念的狭义和广义两种理解,指出了探讨集合生态系统结构的两个方向,构建了分析集合生态系统研究的六维整体框架,综述了研究集合生态系统的两类方法,探讨了经验化的集合生态系统(empirical meta-ecosystem)的3种空间结构和两种构建路径。将集合生态系统概念和理论引入流域复合生态系统(integrated watershed ecosystem)的分析,为流域生态学研究提供新的概念框架。     

基于生态系统服务视角的山水林田湖草生态保护与修复——以洞庭湖流域为例

山水林田湖草系统保护与修复的重要目标是维护和提升区域生态系统服务。基于山水林田湖草生命共同体理念,以维护和提升人类福祉所需的重要生态系统服务为目标,提出生态系统服务视角下的山水林田湖草系统治理框架,以实现流域生态系统整体保护、质量提升和格局优化。基于该框架,以洞庭湖流域为例,通过流域生态系统格局、生态系统质量状况分析、流域生态系统服务重要性评估和生态问题识别,构建流域生态安全格局,为实现可持续的山水林田湖草生命共同体提出系统保护与修复布局建议。通过洞庭湖流域的分析案例为流域山水林田湖草生态保护与修复重要区域的识别提供了可借鉴的指标和定量分析方法,为流域尺度构建生态安全格局、实现山水林田湖草系统保护和修复提供思路和途径。     

大坝的生态效应:概念、研究热点及展望

大坝产生的生态效应涉及范围广、周期长,在对社会经济发展起到积极作用的同时,也对生态、环境造成了一定的影响。在评述国内外对大坝生态效应概念和内涵理解的基础上,提出了大坝生态效应链和生态效应网的概念。依据大坝建设和运行的特点,结合流域生态系统的特征分别论述了大坝对水文、局地生态的调节效应以及屏障效应和岛屿化、截留效应、边缘效应、水温效应等国内外研究的热点。最后,提出了今后大坝生态效应的研究方向:1)生态正效应、生态效应链和生态效应网;2)生态系统过程和状态生态效应;3)不同时空尺度下生态效应及其尺度推绎方法等3个方面的研究。     

人类文明演化的生态观

自从地球上出现生命以后 ,生命就与环境构成了复杂庞大的生态系统。人类的出现使得生态系统日益复杂化 ,纯粹的天然系统逐渐被打上了人类活动的烙印 ,人类根据自身的需要 ,不断地改变原有的纯自然的生态平衡 ,创造出更适合人类生存、生活和生产的人工生态系统 ,达到新的平衡 ,不断建造了人类文明 ,因此 ,人类文明史实际上是一部人与自然环境、社会环境及心理环境竞争与共生、改造与适应的生态史。1　农业文明的兴衰在旧石器时代末 ,地球上人口总数不到 30 0万 ,到中石器时代也只有 1 0 0 0万 ,这一时期 ,人类还仅仅是自然生态系统食物网中的…     

生态长江口的概念与构架

2004年作者提出生态长江口概念之后,并没有对其进行过严格的定义。生态长江口是一个符合国家相继提出的实施海洋开发、发展海洋产业和建设生态文明战略的新概念,具有强大的生命力。本文对生态长江口概念进行了定义,并从非原生态型、生态建设型、海洋安全型、生态经济型、生态管理型和生态城市型等6个方面对其内涵进行了诠释,提出了生态长江口的建设目标、指导原则与实施战略构想,探讨了包括建设长江口保护区体系、构建生态长江口安全保障体系和打造生态长江口海岸带经济特区的基本构架。     

资源限制与发展停滞：传统社会的生态学分析

资源限制与发展停滞：传统社会的生态学分析王建革（复旦大学历史地理研究所,上海２００４３３）ＲｅｓｏｕｒｃｅｓＬｉｍｉｔａｔｉｏｎａｎｄＳｌｏｗＤｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔ：ＡｎＥｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＡｎａｌｙｓｉｓｏｆＴｒａｄｉｔｉｏｎａｌＳｏｃｉｅｔｙ．Ｗ...     

VA菌根在植物生态学研究中的意义

植物生态学是研究植物和环境之间相互作用关系规律的科学。土壤、地形、气候、各种生物都是重要的环境因素 ,它们影响着植物群落的区系组成、结构、空间分布、物种多样性以及生态系统的稳定性、生产力等 ,因而在生态学研究中受到了充分的重视[2 0 ] 。然而植物与土壤微生物之间的关系 ,尤其是植物与ＶＡ菌根菌形成的共生体 ,即ＶＡ菌根在植物生态学研究中则很少有人注意。近 30年来的发现和研究证实 ,ＶＡ菌根菌与植物形成的ＶＡ菌根共生关系也是植物生态学研究中不可忽视的一种重要关系 ,这是因为 :①在自然生态系统中 ,80 %的维管束植物具…     

帽儿山森林生态系统蚯蚓生态分布研究

蚯蚓本研究采用大型土壤动物手拣法和器测法 ,野外调查与室内实验相结合 ,揭示了帽儿山森林生态系统蚯蚓的生态分布规律及其与环境因子的相互关系。水平分布调查表明 ,白桦林的蚯蚓生物量和个体密度远低于其它 3个林型 ;地上垂直分布调查表明 ,蚯蚓生物量与个体密度从山谷到山顶逐渐增多。地下垂直结构调查表明 ,帽儿山地区蚯蚓分布的垂直结构表聚性明显。各种调查均揭示了蚯蚓种群大小随生境条件不同而变化 ,特别是水分条件 ,适合调查地区蚯蚓生存的土壤含水量范围大致为 4 0 %～ 6 5 %。     

2003年中国省域社会－经济－自然复合生态系统生态位评价

在借鉴可持续发展和宜居城市等评价方法的基础上,建立了一套社会-经济-自然复合生态系统生态位评价的指标体系.复合生态系统综合生态位包括资源、环境、经济和社会4个子系统生态位,而各子系统的生态位又包含若干单项评价指标.介绍了如何运用全排列多边形综合指数方法计算4个子系统的生态位和复合生态系统综合生态位,并对2003年中国31个省、自治区、直辖市的复合生态系统生态位做出了定量评价.结果表明:云南、海南、广西等省的资源生态位较高;海南、福建、湖北等省的环境生态位较高;上海、北京、浙江等省的经济生态位较高;上海、北京、天津等省市的社会生态位较高.综合生态位排在前三位的区域分别为广东、福建和海南.     

我国草地生态研究的成就与展望

我国草地面积达4.0×10~6km~2,占国土总面积的41%。一方面,草地为草食动物提供食料,为人类提供肉、乳、毛、皮和多种药材。另一方面,它对保持水土、改善人民居住环境及维持区域生态平衡起着重大作用。可见,草地不但是我国主要的生态系统类型,而且是重     

You Can't Not Choose: Embracing the Role of Choice in Ecological Restoration

From the moment of its inception, human choice about how to treat the environment is a key part of ecological restoration. Because many, if not most, restoration projects require continual management once established, human choice remains a vital component of restoration projects for their entire life. But ecological restorationists often downplay the role of choice in restoration, partly because we see the choice to restore as obvious and inherently good and partly because we feel the restoration of more natural conditions for a habitat will lessen the impact of human choice over time. Some critics feel the role of human choice in restoration degrades the value of restoration. However, another response to human choice in restoration is to embrace choice, even with the problems it brings, and use choice as a way to more fully engage humans with the environment. If such choices are approached carefully, with recognition of the potential for poor choices, then restorationists can arrive at restorations that are better for both the environment and us.     

Linking Freshwater Flows and Ecosystem Services Appropriated by People: The Case of the Baltic Sea Drainage Basin

Humanity's dependence on ecosystem support is “mentally hidden” to large segments of society; it has no price in the market and is seldom accounted for in decision making. Similarly, the needs of ecosystems for fresh water for generation of nature's services are largely invisible. Freshwater assessments predominantly have focused on human uses of liquid water in rivers, lakes, and reservoirs. We estimated the spatial appropriation of terrestrial and marine ecosystems—the ecological footprint—of the 85 million inhabitants in the Baltic Sea drainage basin with regard to consumption of food and timber and waste assimilation of nutrients and carbon dioxide. We also estimated the amount of fresh water—the water vapor flow—that the inhabitants depend upon for their appropriation of these ecosystem services. The ecological footprint estimate corresponds to an area as large as 8.5–9.5 times the Baltic Sea and its drainage basin with a per capita ecosystem appropriation of 220,000–250,000 m². This large estimate is mainly attributed to carbon sequestering by marine ecosystems and forests. The water vapor flow of the ecological footprint of forests, wetlands, agriculture, and inland water bodies for making the human appropriation of ecosystem services possible is estimated at 1175–2875 km³ y⁻¹. Human dependence on water vapor flows for ecosystem services is as great as 54 times the amount of freshwater runoff that is assessed and managed in society. Decision making on an increasingly human-dominated planet will have to address explicitly the critical interdependencies between freshwater flows and the capacity of ecosystems to generate services. We advocate a dynamic ecohydrological landscape-management approach upstream and downstream in watersheds to reduce unintentional impacts, irreversible change, and further loss of freshwater resources, ecosystem services, and resilience. Received 6 October 1998; accepted 30 March 1999.     

流域生态服务价值供给的补偿标准评估——以渭河流域上游为例

十九大报告明确提出,健全河流湖泊休养生息制度,建立多元化的生态补偿机制,而准确核算流域生态服务价值供给的补偿标准是建立科学的流域生态补偿机制的关键要素。对于补偿标准的核算,鲜有学者从公平的视角出发,考虑补偿标准应在生态服务价值供给的基础上剔除本地区的自身消费。首先对流域生态服务供给方的供给行为与流域生态补偿标准的评估依据进行理论探讨,提出流域生态补偿标准应以生态环境价值为依据,对生态保护行为的生态外溢环境价值进行补偿;其次,在理论分析的基础上以渭河流域为例,构建当量因子模型测算渭河上游2006—2015年供给的生态服务价值,并结合水足迹法测算并剔除2006—2015年渭河上游自身消费的生态服务价值;最后,测得渭河上游应获得的补偿标准由2006年的12.82亿元上升至2015年的44.09亿元,总体呈增长趋势,说明上游为保护流域生态环境不断付出努力,不断增加对下游的剩余生态服务价值供给。     

A world of possibilities: six restoration strategies to support the United Nation's Decade on Ecosystem Restoration

Ecological restoration is practiced worldwide as a direct response to the degradation and destruction of ecosystems. In addition to its ecological impact it has enormous potential to improve population health, socioeconomic well‐being, and the integrity of diverse national and ethnic cultures. In recognition of the critical role of restoration in ecosystem health, the United Nations (UN) declared 2021–2030 as the Decade on Ecosystem Restoration. We propose six practical strategies to strengthen the effectiveness and amplify the work of ecological restoration to meet the aspirations of the Decade: (1) incorporate holistic actions, including working at effective scale; (2) include traditional ecological knowledge (TEK); (3) collaborate with allied movements and organizations; (4) advance and apply soil microbiome science and technology; (5) provide training and capacity‐building opportunities for communities and practitioners; and (6) study and show the relationships between ecosystem health and human health. We offer these in the hope of identifying possible leverage points and pathways for collaborative action among interdisciplinary groups already committed to act and support the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration. Collectively, these six strategies work synergistically to improve human health and also the health of the ecosystems on which we all depend, and can be the basis for a global restorative culture.     

Exploring the generality of associations between plant functional traits: evidence within ecological groups along an altitudinal gradient in Hyrcanian forest

We hypothesized that associations among plant functional traits may differ within different ecological assemblages and plant communities. Association among plant traits including plant maximum height, seed weight, fruit type, pollination mode, mean leaf area, and leaf type were explored within life forms, plant strategy groups along with lowland and montane forest vegetation. In total, 83 sampling plots of 400 m² were placed along a 2400 m altitudinal gradient in Hyrcanian forest. Importance‐values of species within vegetation types were used for weighting data and trait associations were explored using categorical principal component analysis. A G‐test and Fisher's exact test of independence were used to retest significance of the correlations. Different paired trait associations (association lines) including height–leaf, height–seed, height–pollination, leaf–seed, seed–fruit and fruit–pollination were observed and their ecological or physiological basis was discussed. Life forms, strategy types and vegetation types differed based on association lines. Some of the well‐known trade‐offs appear by increasing scale from ecological groups to vegetation types in Hyrcanian forest. The observed patterns of trait associations in Hyrcanian forest and several other ecosystems of the world call the generality of previously accepted trait correlations into question.     

土地整治的生态环境效应:作用机制及应用路径

随着生态文明理念的不断落实和土地多功能管理的转型,土地整治的生态化发展开始进入全面创新与实践探索的关键时期.系统梳理土地整治的生态环境效应理论研究与实践探索的发展过程,明确“新时代”下学科研究的服务方向和实施路径,对于实施“生态化”土地整治战略非常重要.本文以2000年以来国内外有关土地整治生态环境效应的文献为分析对象,采用Citespace 1.0软件的文献计量分析及文献归纳方法,对土地整治的生态环境效应研究热点进行识别,并从生态环境要素、生态景观、生态系统服务3个方面总结并提炼了土地整治生态环境影响的作用机制.在此基础上,从区域生态系统服务水平测度及障碍因子诊断、土地整治对区域生态系统服务的影响效应及其机制、基于生态系统服务提升的生态化土地整治模式构建等方面提出未来“生态化”土地整治的应用路径,旨在为我国“山水林田湖草”生命共同体的修复与建设提供科学依据.     

Exploring the Use of Ecological Footprint in Life Cycle Impact Assessment

Ecological footprint (EF) is a metric that estimates human consumption of biological resources and products, along with generation of waste greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in terms of appropriated productive land. There is an opportunity to better characterize land occupation and effects on the carbon cycle in life cycle assessment (LCA) models using EF concepts. Both LCA and EF may benefit from the merging of approaches commonly used separately by practitioners of these two methods. However, few studies have compared or integrated EF with LCA. The focus of this research was to explore methods for improving the characterization of land occupation within LCA by considering the EF method, either as a complementary tool or impact assessment method. Biofuels provide an interesting subject for application of EF in the LCA context because two of the most important issues surrounding biofuels are land occupation (changes, availability, and so on) and GHG balances, two of the impacts that EF is able to capture. We apply EF to existing fuel LCA land occupation and emissions data and project EF for future scenarios for U.S. transportation fuels. We find that LCA studies can benefit from lessons learned in EF about appropriately modeling productive land occupation and facilitating clear communication of meaningful results, but find limitations to the EF in the LCA context that demand refinement and recommend that EF always be used along with other indicators and metrics in product‐level assessments.     

蛭弧菌及生态防治概述

对噬菌蛭弧菌和蛭弧菌的主要生物学特性—寄生性,进行了一些探讨,并对其生态特性和在水产养殖等生态防治中的应用,以及对生态防治的认识进行了阐释和探讨。     

湖北省三峡地区山水林田湖草系统原理及生态保护修复研究

“统筹山水林田湖草系统治理”是习近平生态文明思想的重要组成部分,对于山水林田湖草生态保护修复工作具有重要指导意义。在阐述山水林田湖草系统原理的基础上,以湖北省三峡地区为例,针对该区域主要的生态环境问题,从生态系统整体性和流域系统性着眼,探讨了试点区山水林田湖草生态保护修复的总体思路及目标,并提出应从水环境、水土流失综合治理,长江岸线、污染土地、废弃矿山、江河湖库生态修复,三峡地区濒危动植物保护,江河沿线生态农业示范区建设,机制体制创新等方面入手实施具体修复措施,探索构建“整体保护、系统修复、综合治理、区域联动、部门协同”的生态保护修复体系。研究结果可为试点地区山水林田湖草生态保护修复实践提供科学依据,对其他区域的相关工作也具有借鉴和示范意义。