瘤棘砂壳虫(肉足亚门:根足总纲)壳体元素组成

利用X射线能谱仪对采自中国湖北省木兰湖的瘤棘砂壳虫(Diffugia tuberspinifera)壳体元素组成进行分析,结果发现：构成壳体的化学元素主要为Si,其次是Ca和Al,还有微量K、Na、Cl、Fe、Mg、S和P。分析表明瘤棘砂壳虫壳体化学元素的构成介于海洋和土壤有壳肉足虫之间。     

蚕豆有絲分裂在X射綫照射后初期的变动分析

五、摘要本文对500伦X射綫照射后初期蚕豆根端細胞有絲分裂各期比例的变化进行了分析,所得結果总結如下: 1.照射后30分钟內有絲分裂指数(分裂細胞占全部細胞的9％)与对照组无明显差別。自照射后1小时分裂指数开始表現出下降的趋势,照射后3小时下降才很明显,降为对照組的66％。 2.照射后3分钟看到前期占分裂細胞的比例減少,而中期比例增加。前期比例的减少可能是由于射綫的作用使間期末細胞不能进入前期,而一部分晚前期細胞轉入中期的結果。中期比例的增加是由于一方面有前期细胞进入中期,另方面中期过程受到阻抑。虽然中期过程受阻,但后、末期細胞占分裂細胞的比例并未減少,因此說明几乎沒有末期細胞轉入間期。 3.照射后3分钟看到中期比例增加,30分钟看到早后期比例增加,照射后30分钟至3小时带桥的后、末期細胞数不断增加。这一系列变化是由于輻射对染色体作用的“生理学”效应,即由于射綫作用使染色体表面的粘着性升高,从而中期和早后期过程变慢,并产生染色体桥。 4.照射后30分钟看到中期比例比照射后3分钟減少,而后期比例增加。这說明前期細胞未进入中期,而一部分中期細胞已轉入后期,另外后期过程遭到了阻抑。这时看到末期比例比照射后3分钟減少,可能有一小部分末期細胞完成分裂过程轉入了間期。 5.照射后1小时后期比例比照射后30分钟减少很多,說明在照射后30分钟至1小时期間已有一部分后期細胞进入末期。虽然如此,末期比例并未增加。因此,說明末期細胞也有一部分进入了間期。 6.照射后3小时前期占全部細胞的％与照射后1小时并无差別,但占分裂細胞的％大大增加。中期比例略有減少,而后期和末期減少甚多,并且这时看到的后、末期細胞大多具染色体桥。說明这时后、末期細胞大多数已进入間期,而那些不正常的剩下未动。前期过程遭受阻抑而未进入中期,中期細胞只有一部分进入了后期。过去有些作者对照射后2、3小时前期比例增加現象的原因提出过各种推测意見,本文对这些意見进行了分析討論。     

根际中硅、铁、锰和铝的状况与水稻生长

本文以根盒试验与盆栽试验相结合的方法,研究了红壤性水稻土、淀浆白土、第四纪红土和赤红壤植稻后根际微生态系统中Si、Fe、Mn和Al等元素的状况及其与水稻生长的关系。结果表明,新垦红壤植稻后根际中活性Fe和Al富集;活性Mn量降低,但亏缺率小;活性Si则亏缺不明显,有时甚至富集。而熟化水稻土植稻后根际中活性Fe和Al则出现亏缺;Mn的亏缺较大,且差值明显;活性Si的亏缺现象更为显著。由于新垦红壤植稻后Fe和Al在根际微生态系统中富集,根茎叶中累积量较高,从而使Si、P和Mn等元素的吸收受阻,导致新垦红壤上水稻生长明显比熟化水稻土上的水稻要差。     

根际中硅,铁,锰和铝的状况与水稻生长

本文以根盒试验与盆栽试验相结合的方法,研究了红壤性水稻土、淀浆白土、第四纪红土和赤红壤植稻后根际微生态系统中Si、Fe、Mn和Al等元素的状况及其与水稻生长的关系。结果表明,新垦红壤植稻后根际中活性Fe和Al富集;活性Mn量降低,但亏缺率小;活性Si则亏缺不明显,有时甚至富集。而熟化水稻土植稻后根际中活性Fe和Al则出现亏缺;Mn的亏缺较大,且差值明显;活性Si的亏缺现象更为显著。由于新垦红壤植稻后Fe和Al在根际微生态系统中富集,根茎叶中累积量较高,从而使Si、P和Mn等元素的吸收受阻,导致新垦红壤上水稻生长明显比熟化水稻土上的水稻要差。     

低盐度围隔调控环境浮游纤毛虫群落结构与动态

为了解施肥与水质调控对养殖水体中原生动物的影响,2008年6-10月,对低盐度围隔调控环境中浮游纤毛虫种群结构及动态变化进行了研究.通过活体观察和标本固定染色法共检测到浮游纤毛虫48种,分属于3纲11目37属,其中寡毛目纤毛虫种类8种;缘毛目7种,腹毛目和盾纤目均为6种;优势种多为富营养化水体中或耐污性种类,如圆筒状拟铃壳虫(Tintinnopsis cylindrata)、球形急游虫(Stranbidium globosaneum)、海洋帆口虫(Pleuronema marinum)、蚤状中缢虫(Mesodinium pulex)、毛板壳虫(Coleps hirtus)、瓜形膜袋虫(Cyclidium citrullus)等.围隔不同施肥处理,对纤毛虫的群落组成与动态变化影响显著,试验期间,围隔中纤毛虫种类平均值最高为9种,最低为4种;密度平均值最高为112.30cells·ml-1,最低为19.50 cells·ml-1;10个围隔中纤毛虫种类平均分别为6～7种,密度平均为52.56 cells·ml-1;施有机肥培藻的围隔,优势种始终是嗜污性较强的纤毛虫.纤毛虫动态与浮游藻类动态变化密切相关,二者的密度变化特点为前期和后期低,中期较高;但多样性的变化规律相反,纤毛虫的多样性表现为前期和后期低,中期较高,藻类的多样性表现为前期和后期高,中期较低.     

不同竹龄雷竹中硅及其他营养元素吸收和积累特征

在浙江省临安市的雷竹主产区,分别采集不同竹龄(1～4 a)和不同器官(叶、枝、秆)的雷竹样品,分析了Si和其他营养元素含量、吸收和积累特征,以及Si和其他营养元素之间的相互关系.结果表明： 雷竹各器官中C含量的大小顺序为竹秆>竹枝>竹叶,Si、N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Al、Fe和Mn含量的大小顺序为竹叶>竹枝>竹秆.除Mn主要积累在竹叶中外,其他9种营养元素主要积累在1年生雷竹的秆中.3～4年生雷竹竹叶的Si平均含量为13.66 g · kg^-1. 雷竹属于Si积累植物.随竹龄的增加,雷竹叶中的N、P、K和Mg含量减少,C、Al和Mn含量增加.雷竹对Si的吸收主要集中在第2年(57.1%),对N和K的吸收主要集中在前两年(67.7%～93.7%),此后N和K从植株体内流出,其流失量分别占总积累量的19.1%～39.1%.雷竹中Si与Ca、Al、Mn呈显著正相关,与N、P、K、Mg呈显著负相关.     

稻草还田对晚稻土微生物及酶活性的影响

通过早稻秸秆翻耕还田对晚稻土微生物数量与活度、秸秆腐解酶活性和氨化、硝化作用强度的动态影响试验研究表明：稻草翻耕还田的条件下,在晚稻生长发育过程中,除土壤放线菌数量一直呈下降态势之外,土壤好气性细菌、厌气性细菌和真菌数量均呈现前期急剧增加、中期缓慢减少、后期迅速减少的变化特征,土壤微生物活度则呈现前期迅速增强、达到最大值,中期迅速下降,后期缓慢回升的变化趋势;土壤木聚糖酶活性与土壤微生物数量变化趋势基本相同,而土壤纤维素酶活性则呈前期增加、中期最高、后期迅速下降的特点;土壤氨化作用强度一直呈下降态势,而土壤硝化作用强度则呈前期增强、中期最高、后期下降的变化趋势.随着稻草还田量的增加,上述土壤微生物数量与活度、秸秆腐解酶活性和氨化和硝化作用强度的动态变化趋势更加明显.土壤微生物及酶活性分析评价发现,在晚稻栽培时,配合水稻专用复混肥一次性施用,以早稻秸秆2500～5000kg/hm^2翻耕还田较为适宜.     

中国有壳肉足虫(原生动物)五新纪录描述

描述了采自云南、湖北和广东的5种有壳肉足虫,隶属原生动物亚界,肉鞭门,叶足纲,表壳目,均为国内新纪录种:非游巧装表壳虫Arcella artocrtea aplanata Grospietsch,1954;具角肋表壳虫A.costata angulosa (Perty) Playfair,1918;拟普通盘状表壳虫A.discoides pseudovulgaris Deflandre ,1928;光滑弯凸表壳虫A.gibbosa laevis Deflandre ,1928;球形叉口砂壳虫Difflugia gramen globulosa Stěpánek et Jirí,1958.     

重庆秀山褐飞虱田间种群动态及其应用

分析23年(1984~2006)重庆市秀山县褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens(Stal)观测圃与田间的系统调查资料,揭示出该虫年度间和年度内的田间种群发生动态规律。褐飞虱在观测圃条件下,2000年前常是大发生以上,2000年以来发生程度变轻,常是中等偏重以下,但近3年来又有回升的势头,各年均呈比大田发生偏重的趋势。年度间主害期呈推迟的趋势。年度内,稻苗移栽后即可见虫,一直到收获;前期虫量较小,中期增多,后期较大,主害期在后期。观测圃的褐飞虱发生高峰期比大田早5d左右。观测圃虫量在水稻前期与大田相当,中、后期有差异,特别是后期差异较大,是大田的2~10倍。观测圃的天敌种类主要是蜘蛛、黑肩绿肓蝽、螯蜂、隐翅虫和稻红瓢虫;天敌数量在水稻中期和后期分别比大田多30%和40%以上,对褐飞虱有一定的控制作用。还讨论褐飞虱田间种群动态研究在生产上的应用。     

我国一些高肌虫化石壳质成分和显微结构的研究及其地球化学特征的探讨

一、前言寒武纪高肌虫类化石按照其壳体的相对大小,可以分为三类:第一类壳体很大,多在5mm以上;第二类壳体大小中等,多在1—5mm 之间,是一类常见的高肌虫;第三类壳体很小,常在1mm 以下,有些甚至小于0.1mm。这三类高肌虫不仅在壳体形态、构造上差别较大,而且在壳质成分及其性质上也很不相同。第一类壳大,壳体以几丁质成分为主,而磷酸盐成分较少,因而壳质柔软,不易保存化石,保存化石者多揉皱变形,它们大多归于具腹亚目高肌虫(Abdomina)。第二类壳大小中等,其磷酸盐成分增多,因而壳质较硬、较易保存化石,且多不揉皱,它们大多属缺腹亚目高肌虫(Lipabdo-mina)。最后一类壳体很小,主要由磷酸盐构成,因而壳体坚硬,易于保存化石,由于其壳体     

有色稻米Fe、Zn、Cu和Mn含量及与种皮颜色相关分析

用AAS方法测定了弥勒县相同生态条件下种植的27份有色稻和34份普通稻糙米4种矿质元素含量,并对有色米和普通米Fe、Zn、Cu和Mn含量进行了比较研究。结果表明,有色稻米4种矿质元素含量明显高于无色稻米,其差异均达显著水平,其含量高低依次为Zn>Fe>Cu>Mn;对黑、褐、红、黄、绿5种不同种皮颜色的稻米4种矿质元素含量进行比较研究,发现稻米Fe含量(mg/kg)依次为黑>绿>褐>红>黄,Zn含量(mg/kg)依次为绿>红>黑>褐>黄,Cu含量(mg/kg)依次为黑>褐>红>黄>绿,Mn含量(mg/kg)依次为褐>黑>红>黄>绿;并且Fe和Mn含量在不同颜色稻米间差异均达显著水平,与有色米种皮颜色密切相关,而Zn和Cu差异不显著,与有色米种皮颜色关系不大。黑米和褐米富Fe、Zn、Cu和Mn,绿米富Fe和Zn,红米富Zn和Cu,黄米4种矿质元素含量较低,Fe、Cu和Mn均低于普通稻米。     

不同土壤和微量元素对车桑子幼苗生长的影响

为了解微量元素对车桑子(Dodonaea viscosa)生长的作用,研究添加微量元素(硼B、铁Fe、锰Mn、锌Zn)对车桑子生长和叶绿素荧光特性的影响。结果表明,除Mn外,B、Zn和Fe均对车桑子的生长和叶绿素荧光参数有显著促进作用(P<0.05);且添加B的车桑子具有更高的生物量积累,比对照显著提高了133.61%。微量元素与土壤类型对叶片磷(P)含量和叶片氮磷比(N/P)具有显著的交互作用(P<0.05),紫色土添加Zn、黄棕壤添加Fe均显著降低了叶片N/P。燥红土和黄棕壤上车桑子的株高、叶面积和生物量积累均高于紫色土,但紫色土和黄棕壤上车桑子的根冠比和叶片N/P显著高于燥红土(P<0.001)。这表明微量元素对干热河谷车桑子生长具有重要作用,在植被恢复过程中可通过添加B、Fe、Zn尤其是B来促进植物生长。     

Rice Resistance to Brown Spot Mediated by Silicon and its Interaction with Manganese

Brown spot is one of the most devasting and prevalent disease of rice and its control is mainly dependent on fungicide application. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the effects of Si and Mn on the development of brown spot on rice plants grown in hydroponic culture. Rice plants (cv. ‘Metica‐1’) were grown in plastic pots containing 0 or 2 mm Si (?Si and +Si treatments, respectively) with three Mn rates (0.5, 2.5 and 10 μm ). Plants were inoculated with B. oryzae 39 days after emergence. The following components of resistance were evaluated: incubation period (IP), number of lesions (NL) per cm² of leaf area, real disease severity (RDS) and area under brown spot progress curve (AUBSPC). The content of Si and Mn in the plant tissues was also determined. Si content was significantly higher in rice tissue of plants of the +Si treatment than of the ?Si treatment regardless of the Mn rates used. The Mn rates did not affect the Si content of the rice plants. The Mn content of the rice tissues was significantly higher in the ?Si treatment than on +Si treatment, regardless of the Mn rate used. The Mn content was significantly lower at 0.5 μm Mn in comparison to the other rates for both ?Si and +Si treatments. The IP of brown spot on rice leaves significantly increased in the +Si treatment; but the Mn rates in the presence of Si had no effect on IP. In the ?Si treatment, the IP was significantly higher only at the rate of 2.5 μm . The NL, RDS and AUBSPC were significantly reduced in the +Si treatment regardless of the Mn rates. The Mn rates in the presence of Si had no effect on these components of resistance. Overall, Si dramatically impacted the development of brown spot regardless of the presence of Mn at either low or high rates. This may be useful in regions where the soil has either toxic or deficient levels of Mn and cultivars with brown spot resistance are not commercially available.     

Spectroscopic studies for identifying the chemical states of the periostracum of the Corbicula species in Lake Biwa

Corbicula clam shells consist of thin periostracum and calcareous layers made of calcium carbonate (CaCO₃). Depending on habitat conditions, the shell exhibits various colorations, such as yellow, brown, and black. The chemical state of the periostracum of the Corbicula species in Lake Biwa was studied by X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) and Raman scattering spectroscopies. Fe K-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) revealed that the Fe³⁺ intensity increases as the color of the shell changes from yellow to black. Raman spectra suggested that quinone-based polymers cover the yellow shell, and the black shell is further covered by dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) rings of amino acid derivatives. From Fe K-edge extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS), it was found that Fe³⁺ in the periostracum was surrounded by five to six oxygen atoms with an average Fe-O ligand distance of 2.0 Å. Accordingly, a tris-DOPA-Fe³⁺ complex is formed, which is responsible for the periostracum’s black color.     

Amorphous Calcium Carbonate Precipitation by Cellular Biomineralization in Mantle Cell Cultures of Pinctada fucata

The growth of molluscan shell crystals is generally thought to be initiated from the extrapallial fluid by matrix proteins, however, the cellular mechanisms of shell formation pathway remain unknown. Here, we first report amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) precipitation by cellular biomineralization in primary mantle cell cultures of Pinctada fucata. Through real-time PCR and western blot analyses, we demonstrate that mantle cells retain the ability to synthesize and secrete ACCBP, Pif80 and nacrein in vitro. In addition, the cells also maintained high levels of alkaline phosphatase and carbonic anhydrase activity, enzymes responsible for shell formation. On the basis of polarized light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, we observed intracellular crystals production by mantle cells in vitro. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analyses revealed the crystals to be ACC, and de novo biomineralization was confirmed by following the incorporation of Sr into calcium carbonate. Our results demonstrate the ability of mantle cells to perform fundamental biomineralization processes via amorphous calcium carbonate, and these cells may be directly involved in pearl oyster shell formation.     

Mn(II)-oxidizing Bacteria are Abundant and Environmentally Relevant Members of Ferromanganese Deposits in Caves of the Upper Tennessee River Basin

The upper Tennessee River Basin contains the highest density of our nation's caves; yet, little is known regarding speleogenesis or Fe and Mn biomineralization in these predominantly epigenic systems. Mn:Fe ratios of Mn and Fe oxide-rich biofilms, coatings, and mineral crusts that were abundant in several different caves ranged from ca. 0.1 to 1.0 as measured using ICP-OES. At sites where the Mn:Fe ratio approached 1.0 this represented an order of magnitude increase above the bulk bedrock ratio, suggesting that biomineralization processes play an important role in the formation of these cave ferromanganese deposits. Estimates of total bacterial SSU rRNA genes in ferromanganese biofilms, coatings, and crusts measured approximately 7×10⁷–9×10⁹ cells/g wet weight sample. A SSU-rRNA based molecular survey of biofilm material revealed that 21% of the 34 recovered dominant (non-singleton) OTUs were closely related to known metal-oxidizing bacteria or clones isolated from oxidized metal deposits. Several different isolates that promote the oxidation of Mn(II) compounds were obtained in this study, some from high dilutions (10^–8–10^–10) of deposit material. In contrast to studies of caves in other regions, SSU rRNA sequences of Mn-oxidizing bacterial isolates in this study most closely matched those of Pseudomonas, Leptothrix, Flavobacterium, and Janthinobacterium. Combined data from geochemical analyses, molecular surveys, and culture-based experiments suggest that a unique consortia of Mn(II)-oxidizing bacteria are abundant and promoting biomineralization processes within the caves of the upper Tennessee River Basin.     

北亚热带森林土壤有效微量元素状况研究

研究了北亚热带25a生栓皮栎林,杉木林,火炬松林,毛竹林和5年生2代杉木萌芽林土壤中B,Mo,Cu,Zn,Fe,Mn的有效含量,在土壤剖面中的分布规律,影响其有效性的土壤因子以及不同林分对土壤微量养分含量的影响。结果表明,在该地区的森林土壤中,有效B,Mo,Cu的平均含量均低于各自临界值,有效Zn平均含量接近临界值,Fe,Mn含量丰富;有效微量养分在土壤剖面中的分布园林分和元素种类而异影响微量元素有效性的主要土壤因子为有机质和有效磷含量;不同林分对土壤有效微量元素含量有显著影响,栓皮栎林土壤中有效微量养分含量最高,2代杉木萌芽林最低,其余林分居中且基本接近。     

Effects of Slag-Based Silicon Fertilizer on Rice Growth and Brown-Spot Resistance

It is well documented that slag-based silicon fertilizers have beneficial effects on the growth and disease resistance of rice. However, their effects vary greatly with sources of slag and are closely related to availability of silicon (Si) in these materials. To date, few researches have been done to compare the differences in plant performance and disease resistance between different slag-based silicon fertilizers applied at the same rate of plant-available Si. In the present study both steel and iron slags were chosen to investigate their effects on rice growth and disease resistance under greenhouse conditions. Both scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to examine the effects of slags on ultrastructural changes in leaves of rice naturally infected by Bipolaris oryaze, the causal agent of brown spot. The results showed that both slag-based Si fertilizers tested significantly increased rice growth and yield, but decreased brown spot incidence, with steel slag showing a stronger effect than iron slag. The results of SEM analysis showed that application of slags led to more pronounced cell silicification in rice leaves, more silica cells, and more pronounced and larger papilla as well. The results of TEM analysis showed that mesophyll cells of slag-untreated rice leaf were disorganized, with colonization of the fungus (Bipolaris oryzae), including chloroplast degradation and cell wall alterations. The application of slag maintained mesophyll cells relatively intact and increased the thickness of silicon layer. It can be concluded that applying slag-based fertilizer to Si-deficient paddy soil is necessary for improving both rice productivity and brown spot resistance. The immobile silicon deposited in host cell walls and papillae sites is the first physical barrier for fungal penetration, while the soluble Si in the cytoplasm enhances physiological or induced resistance to fungal colonization.