由12S rDNA序列探讨中国狼蛛科主要类群的分子系统发育关系

将自测的我国蜘蛛目狼蛛科4属6个种和从互联网GenBank中检索到相关物种的线粒体基因组12SrDNA的序列进行同源性比较,计算核苷酸使用频率。然后据此进行分子分析,利用2个外群(漏斗蛛科的机敏漏斗蛛Agelena difficilis和缘漏斗蛛Agelena limbat)和2种建树方法(邻近法Neighbour Joining,NJ和最大简约法Maximum Parsimony,MP)分析我国狼蛛科内的亲缘关系。获得平均为291.6 bp的序列中,A T平均含量为78.13%,而G C含量只要21.87%,颠换取代(tranversion)的速度多数大于或接近转换取代(transition)的速度,其中161个核苷酸位点存在变异。研究结果表明:在蜘蛛目狼蛛科有差异的161 bp中,属内种间仅为1.08%,狼蛛科属间为6.85%~14.80%。所构建的分子系统树表明:科内的属和属内的种均优先聚在一起;狼蛛科现行分类系统中各亚科的演化关系顺序为:马蛛亚科→狼蛛亚科→豹蛛亚科;狼蛛科各属的演化关系顺序为:水狼蛛属→马蛛属(或水狼蛛属和马蛛属)→獾蛛属→狼蛛属→豹蛛属;水狼蛛属为最早分出的一支或者水狼蛛属和马蛛属...     

中国狼蛛科娲蛛属(娲蛛亚科)分类地位的探讨

采用DNA测序方法,获得了中国狼蛛科Lycosidae4亚科6属26种mtDNA-16S rRNA基因的部分序列,比较来自北美狼蛛科豹蛛属2种豹蛛的同一基因序列,并选取漏斗蛛科1种蜘蛛作为外群,采用Bayesian方法和最大简约法(MP)构建分子系统树.两种建树方法均支持娲蛛属和豹蛛属形成一大的单系;这一结果与现行狼蛛科传统分类体系中娲蛛属的分类地位有差别.据此,作者认为:娲蛛属和豹蛛属可以归为同一个分类亚单位.狼蛛科6属间的分子系统关系为(Rirata(Hippasa(Trochsa Arctosa(Pardosa Wadicosa)))).     

基于线粒体16S rRNA基因对中国狼蛛科(Lycosidae)系统发育研究

将自测的中国狼蛛科Lycosidae4亚科6属26种和从GenBank中检索到的北美2种豹蛛的mtD-NA-16S rRNA序列进行比较;以漏斗蛛科1种蜘蛛作为外群,对碱基序列的组成和遗传距离进行了分析,采用Bayesian方法和最大简约法(MP)构建分子系统树。研究结果表明:16SrRNA基因的部分序列为340bp到360bp,A T含量平均为75%,存在较强的A T含量偏向性;序列共有157个碱基存在变异,其中79个简约信息位点。狼蛛科各属间的遗传距离介于0.026￣0.200之间。2种建树方法均表明:科内的属及属内的种优先聚在一起;水狼蛛属相对马蛛属是狼蛛科中较为原始的类群,分化较早;獾蛛属作为1个单系群与熊蛛属合为1个并系,属于狼蛛亚科。狼蛛科6属间的分子系统关系为(Pirata(Hippasa(Trochsa Arctosa(Pardosa Wadicosa))))。     

贵州省茶园蜘蛛区系分布特征

经10多年考查和鉴定,记述了贵州省茶区蜘蛛26科204种,其中优势类群园蛛科50种、跳蛛科25种、肖蛸科20种、蟹蛛科14种、平腹蛛科13种,占总种数60%.全省性种类角类肥蛛、黄褐新园蛛、草间小黑蛛、食虫瘤胸蛛、三突花蛛、鞍形花蟹蛛、机敏蝇豹、纵条蝇狮、悦目金蛛、棒络新妇蛛、八斑鞘腹蛛、星豹蛛、棕管巢蛛、斜纹猫蛛、机敏漏斗蛛、浙江豹蛛、兰翠蛛、黑色蝇虎、茶色新园蛛和锥腹肖蛸等64种,占总种数31%.在我国动物区划中,贵州大部属于华中区的西部山地高原亚区,西部少数地区属于西南区的西南山地亚区.结合茶树适生格局,把茶园蜘蛛区系划分为:黔中山地丘陵区(Ⅰ)、黔东低山丘陵盆地区(Ⅱ)、黔南低山河谷区(Ⅲ)、黔北中山峡谷区(Ⅳ)、黔西高原中山区(Ⅴ).Ⅰ区发现蜘蛛21科137种,占全省总种数67%;常见的优势种有角类肥蛛、黄褐新园蛛、灌木新园蛛、青新园蛛和悦目金蛛等37种,占该区蜘蛛总种数27%;特有种为山地艾蛛、畸形艾蛛、对称曲腹蛛、西山新园蛛、小青新园蛛、四点亮腹蛛、桐庐指蛛、锯胸微蛛、黑底狼蛛、中华刺足蛛、裂额银斑蛛、贵州花蟹蛛和三斑花蟹蛛等13种.Ⅱ区发现蜘蛛26科185种,占全省总种数91%;优势种有角类肥蛛、棕管巢蛛、毁坏管巢蛛、斜纹猫蛛和三突花蛛等31种,占该区蜘蛛总种数17%;特有种有中华蟱蛛、棒络新妇蛛、四斑粗螯蛛、风雅丽蛛和江安七纺蛛等58种.Ⅲ区发现蜘蛛15科92种,占总种数45%;优势种为角类肥蛛、草间小黑蛛、食虫瘤胸蛛、驼背额角蛛和八斑鞘腹蛛等18种,占该区蜘蛛总种数20%.特有种为圆腹艾蛛、椭圆新园蛛、横带隆背蛛和凤振粗螯蛛等4种.Ⅳ区发现蜘蛛15科76种,占全省总种数37%;优势种为角类肥蛛、机敏漏斗蛛、机敏蝇豹、纵条蝇狮和黑色蝇虎等18种,占该区蜘蛛总种数24%.Ⅴ区发现蜘蛛14科64种,占总种数31%;优势种为角类肥蛛、黄褐新园蛛、机敏漏斗蛛、机敏蝇豹、黄斑菲蛛等15种,占该区蜘蛛总种数23%;Ⅳ和Ⅴ区无特有种类.Ⅲ区雨、热和光照条件较优越,但其为新辟茶区,蜘蛛种数少于Ⅰ和Ⅱ区.从西北部高寒山区向东部低丘,海拔明显降低,气候从北亚热带过渡到中亚热带,雨量、光照和积温加大,茶树等农林作物增多,茶园蜘蛛种类增多.     

神农架林区6种盖蛛体内Wolbachia的感染检测

采用Wolbachiawsp基因的1对通用引物81F和691R检测了神农架林区6种盖蛛的Wolbachia感染情况。检测结果表明,只有1头双线盖蛛（Neriene limbatinella）感染了Wolbachia,且对检测到的Wolbachia品系进行系统发育分析结果表明,双线盖蛛感染的Wolbachia品系属于Wolbachia品系分类的B组。     

花和田蜘蛛群落的研究

在花生田共采集到蜘蛛４１种,隶属于１２科、２７属。游猎型蜘蛛主要是狼蛛科、跳蛛科、猫蛛科和管巢蛛科的种类,所占比例较高,在春花生田为６０．９１～８６．２１％,秋药生田为５０．４０～９０．３６％。结网蜘蛛主要是皿蛛、珠蛛、肖蛸和小型园蛛。在花生的不同生长季节有不同的优势科和优势种。春花生男的优势科是狼蛛科、皿蛛科和猫蛛科,优势种是类水狼蛛、拟环纹豹蛛、脉蜗蛛、食虫沟瘤蛛和斜纹猫蛛;狼蛛科、猫蛛科和球     

花生田蜘蛛群落的研究

在花生田共采集到蜘蛛41种,隶属于12科、27属。游猎型蜘蛛主要是狼蛛科、跳蛛科、猫蛛科和管巢蛛科的种类,所占比例较高,在春花生田为60.91％～86.21％,秋花生田为50.40％～90.36％。结网蜘蛛主要是皿蛛、球蛛、肖蛸和小型园蛛。在花生的不同生长季节有不同的优势科和优势种。春花生田的优势科是狼蛛科、皿蛛科和猫蛛科,优势种是类水狼蛛、拟环纹豹蛛、脉娲蛛、食虫沟瘤蛛和斜纹猫蛛;狼蛛科、猫蛛科和球蛛科是秋花生田的优势科、脉娲蛛、斜纹猫蛛和八斑鞘蛛为优势种。     

蜘蛛抗逆能力的研究

本文对隐蛛科的白斑隐蛛;狼蛛科的拟环纹豹蛛、星豹蛛、真水狼蛛、细毛水狼蛛;卷叶蛛科的猫卷叶蛛;栅蛛科的栓栅蛛;球蛛科的温室希蛛;皿蛛科的草间钻头蛛、难波小黑蛛、隆背微蛛、花腹盖蛛;园蛛科的黄斑园蛛;管巢蛛科的棕管巢蛛;蟹蛛科的三突花蛛;跳蛛科的吉蚁蛛等10科共16种蜘蛛做了在30 ℃恒温条件下的抗逆能力测定.结果表明,蜘蛛是一类抗逆能力较强的动物,只要供给水分,其雌蛛的平均寿命在25 d以上;水在蜘蛛生命活动中具有非常重要的作用,在相同的条件下,如果断食断水,蜘蛛的平均寿命显著缩短,只有6 d左右;由于蜘蛛种类和生活环境的不同,其耐饥饿的能力也表现出很大的差异,一般地面活动的蜘蛛或靠水边活动的蜘蛛耐饥、耐水能力较差,而游猎性蜘蛛,尤其是结网的蜘蛛抗逆能力较强;雌蛛的抗逆能力大于雄蛛;三突花蛛的耐饥能力随着龄期的增加而加强.     

江西水浆自然保护区蜘蛛多样性研究

本文报道了江西水浆自然保护区蜘蛛14科48属111种,并利用Margalef物种丰富度指数、Simpson物种多样性指数、Shannon-Wiencr指数及Pielou均匀度指数对园蛛科进行了多样性分析.保护区内蜘蛛分布具有水平和垂直地带性特点.在14科中,物种丰富度指数高低依次为:园蛛科、跳蛛科、狼蛛科等.该保护区有17种汀西新记录种和25种未确定种蜘蛛.     

中国蜘蛛地理区划和东洋界区系特点

根据业已系统研究过的园蛛科、狼蛛科和跳蛛科 5 5 0种中国蜘蛛的地理分布 ,讨论了在我国境内古北界和东洋界东段分界线的划分问题并提出了作者的主张 ;阐明了中国东洋界蜘蛛区系的特点 ,认为该界的西南区 (包括云、贵、川、湘西和鄂西 )是中国蜘蛛起源演化的中心     

Investigation of the mechanism of temperature sensitivity of the electroreceptors of ampullae of lorenzini

In experiments on Black Sea skates (Raja clavata), the potential of the receptor epithelium of the ampullae of Lorenzini and spike activity of single nerve fibers connected to them were investigated during electrical and temperature stimulation. Usually the potential within the canal was between 0 and –2 mV, and the input resistance of the ampulla 250–400 k. Heating of the region of the receptor epithelium was accompanied by a negative wave of potential, an increase in input resistance, and inhibition of spike activity. With worsening of the animal's condition the transepithelial potential became positive (up to +10 mV) but the input resistance of the ampulla during stimulation with a positive current was nonlinear in some cases: a regenerative spike of positive polarity appeared in the channel. During heating, the spike response was sometimes reversed in sign. It is suggested that fluctuations of the transepithelial potential and spike responses to temperature stimulation reflect changes in the potential difference on the basal membrane of the receptor cells, which is described by a relationship of the Nernst's or Goldman's equation type.I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. I. M. Sechenov, Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. Pacific Institute of Oceanology, Far Eastern Scientific Center, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Vladivostok. Translated from Neirofiziologiya, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 67–74, January–February, 1980.     

Principles of organization and evolution of systems of regulation of functions

Evolution of living organisms is closely connected with evolution of structure of the system of regulations and its mechanisms. The functional ground of regulations is chemical signalization. As early as in unicellular organisms there is a set of signal mechanisms providing their life activity and orientation in space and time. Subsequent evolution of ways of chemical signalization followed the way of development of delivery pathways of chemical signal and development of mechanisms of its regulation. The mechanism of chemical regulation of the signal interaction is discussed by the example of the specialized system of transduction of signal from neuron to neuron, of effect of hormone on the epithelial cell and modulation of this effect. These mechanisms are considered as the most important ways of the fine and precise adaptation of chemical signalization underlying functioning of physiological systems and organs of the living organism