坝上长尾鸡pmel基因核心启动子的鉴定

为探明坝上长尾鸡的前黑素小体蛋白(Pre-melanosomal protein,Pmel)基因核心启动子区,首先构建了双荧光素酶表达载体,通过脂质体瞬时转染鸡胚成纤维细胞DF1,并利用双荧光素酶检测试剂盒进行启动活性检测。成功克隆了坝上长尾鸡pmel基因5?侧翼区片段1268bp,预测启动子区(-1200–+68)含有2个CpG岛和多种转录因子结合位点,构建了9个含有不同长度pmel基因启动子片段的表达载体及1个核心启动子区突变载体,说明鸡pmel基因启动子的核心区域为-840–+68bp,其中-840–-590bp和-525–-266bp区域为正调控区,-590–-525bp区域为负调控区,多态位点(-456、-435、-410、-374和-341)对pmel基因启动子活性有较大影响。     

NF-κB决定小鼠胎肝激酶-1基因启动子的基本活性

为克隆小鼠胎肝激酶-1（fetal liver kinase-1,FLK-1）基因上游启动子序列,并观察其不同截短片段在小鼠血管内皮细胞中的启动子活性,以小鼠全基因组为模板,通过PCR扩增方法获得-258～+299 bp、-96～+299 bp、-71～+299 bp、-36～+299 bp大小的FLK-1启动子片段,将其定向克隆入pGL3 Basic,构建荧光素酶报告基因载体,并制备NF -κB结合位点的突变或缺失体.在阳离子脂质体介导下,报告基因载体瞬时转染小鼠血管内皮细胞株SVEC 4-10.结果发现,在小鼠血管内皮细胞中,各FLK-1启动子片段均有活性;－71～－36 bp区存在FLK-1启动子的核心调控元件.针对该区域NF-κB结合位点进行突变或缺失,能导致启动子活性显著降低;凝胶电泳迁移率实验表明该区段能结合转录因子NF-κB.结果提示,成功克隆了在血管内皮细胞中具有活性的FLK-1上游启动子序列,NF-κB是决定其基本活性的重要转录因子,为进一步研究FLK-1基因的转录调控机制奠定了基础.     

人claudin-10基因启动子转录调控的初步分析

[目的]构建不同长度的人claudin-10基因上游启动子荧光素酶报告基因载体,并在LO2细胞中比较其活性。[方法]以人LO2肝细胞基因组DNA为模板,PCR扩增获得claudin-10基因5'侧翼序列,并将其插入p MD18-T载体;PCR扩增获得不同长度的claudin-10基因上游启动子区序列,构建p GL3-Basic系列荧光素酶基因报告载体。瞬时转染LO2细胞,双荧光素酶报告基因分析系统检测转录活性。[结果]成功构建6个不同长度的人claudin-10基因上游启动子区(-1 451/+100bp、-1 022/+100bp、-1 005/+100bp、-677/+100bp、-377/+100bp和-108/+100bp)的报告载体;启动子活性实验结果表明:当claudin-10启动子片段从-1 005 bp截短至-677 bp,从-108 bp截短至+100 bp时活性显著下降(P0.05);其余截短时活性无改变(P0.05)。[结论]claudin-10启动子-1 005bp~-677bp和-108bp~+100bp区是claudin-10基因的主要转录调控区。     

呼吸道黏蛋白5AC基因转录表达的顺式调控元件分析

目的：探讨呼吸道黏蛋白（mucin,MUC）5AC基因5'上游序列顺式调控元件在中性粒细胞弹力酶(neutrophil elastase , NE)诱导MUC5AC基因转录表达的调控机制。方法：应用DNA重组技术,构建含萤光素酶报告基因和MUC5AC启动子不同长度片段的嵌合质粒。采用定点突变技术,在嵌合质粒的基础上构建MUC5AC启动子区特殊蛋白（specificity protein）-1和核因子(nuclear factor, NF)-κB结合位点单独突变体,并测定NE刺激的转染细胞荧光素酶相对活性。结果：成功构建了4种含有不同长度MUC5AC基因启动子序列的荧光索酶报告基因质粒。含有启动子序列-1330bp、-689bp、-324bp的嵌合质粒荧光素酶相对光强度较对照组均显著增加,而含有启动子序列-64bp的嵌合质粒荧光素酶相对光强度与对照组相比差异无统计学意义。NE可诱导含有MUC5AC启动子区NF-кB结合位点单独突变体（pGL3E-MUC5AC-NF-кB-MU）荧光素酶相对光强度增加,而NE不能诱导Sp-l结合位点单独突变体（pGL3E-MUC5AC-SP-1-MU）荧光素酶表达增加。结论：MUC5AC 5'上游序列中-324～-64位点存在参与NE诱导MUC5AC基因表达的重要调控元件,位于此区域的顺式作用元件Sp-1位点在NE诱导MUC5AC基因表达机制中起重要作用,该位点可能作为靶向性基因治疗的关键调控元件。     

集胞藻6803中ndhK基因启动子结构与功能的初步分析

ndhK是蓝藻NDH-1复合体的1个亚基编码基因,其表达受低浓度CO2和高光的诱导,对于蓝藻应对低CO2胁迫起着重要的作用。为进一步阐明ndhK基因的转录调控机制,本研究利用5′-RACE(Rapid Amplification of cDNAEnds,cDNA末端快速扩增)技术鉴定了该基因的转录起始位点,利用生物信息学预测发现ndhK基因含有4个可能的启动子,构建了含增强型黄色荧光蛋白报告基因的启动子探针型载体,并利用蛋白免疫印迹的方法进行检测。结果表明:在集胞藻6803的ndhK基因上游的-374～-274bp,-438～-374bp,-604～-543bp,+1～+52bp区域具有较高的启动子活性,而-543～-440bp区域则可能存在1个抑制ndhK基因表达的转录因子。     

人NPCEDRG基因启动子的克隆及CCAAT/NFY结合位点初步分析

NPCEDRG基因是采用基因定位候选克隆策略获得的一个鼻咽癌候选抑瘤基因.NPCEDRG在鼻咽癌细胞和组织中表达下调,重新恢复NPCEDRG基因在CNE2细胞系的表达,可部分逆转CNE2的恶性表型.为揭示NPCEDRG基因在鼻咽癌细胞和组织中表达下调的分子机制,联合应用生物信息学和报告基因载体系统分析方法对NPCEDRG基因启动子区进行克隆及功能分析,系统发育进化足迹分析结果表明,NPCEDRG基因5′端调控区-180～+235 bp区间在脊椎动物中高度保守,该保守区域中存在包括CCAAT/NFY、STAT1和SP1等转录因子结合位点.构建Luc和/或EGFP报告基因表达载体并检测其启动子活性,-146～-8 bp区域有较强的启动子活性,电泳迁移阻滞分析实验(EMSA)提示,CCAAT/NFY转录因子结合位点是NPCEDRG基因的转录调控元件.因此,研究确定-146～-8 bp区域是NPCEDRG基因核心启动子区域且启动子核心元件CCAAT/NFY可能参与NPCEDRG基因的转录调控.     

斑马鱼shh启动子指导绿色荧光蛋白基因在脊索中的表达

体外实验业已证明shh基因的启动子受HNF3β蛋白直接调控。为研究斑马鱼shh启动子在体内的作用模式,构建了由538bp斑马鱼shh启动子(包含两个HNF3β结合位点)与绿色荧光蛋白EGFP组成的表达载体,命名为pShh-EGFP。将pShh-EGFP注射到斑马鱼1-细胞期内的受精卵中,定期在倒置荧光显微镜下观察GFP的表达。GFP在原肠作用期就开始表达,主要发生在中轴下胚层中;在体节形成期,GFP在脊索细胞中表达,但未发现在神经底板细胞中表达。由此可见,含两个HNF3β结合区域的538bp的斑马鱼shh启动子具有脊索表达活性。     

小鼠精胺氧化酶基因启动子结构和功能研究

目的:克隆和鉴定小鼠精胺氧化酶(mSMO)启动子DNA序列.方法:用Trizol试剂法从小鼠成纤维细胞中提取总RNA,应用5'-RACE法获得mSMO的转录起始位点;巢式PCR方法克隆含有mSMO启动子的DNA序列,并由此构建5'端系列截短的mSMO启动子荧光素酶报告质粒;将报告质粒瞬时转染Cos7细胞后,用荧光素酶分析法测定启动子活性.结果:确定mSMO基因至少有6个转录起始位点(+1,+4,+27,+31,+51,和+63),且均定位于外显子1中.克隆获得mSMO基因转录起始位点上游大约2.1kb的DNA片断,以此片段为基础构建了11个5'端系列截短的启动子报告质粒.报告基因分析证实,该上游DNA片段具有启动子活性,截短至-615和-176bp时,获得2个启动子活性峰值,截短至-373bp时启动子活性最低.结论:mSMO基因含有多个转录起始位点,其上游-176～+124bp为mSMO核心启动子区,-615～-176bp区为重要的转录调控区.     

猪CuZnSOD基因启动子的克隆鉴定及分析

猪铜锌超氧化物歧化酶(CuZnSOD)是一种重要的抗氧化酶,其功能已被广泛研究,但CuZnSOD基因的转录调控尚不明确。为了研究猪CuZnSOD基因的核心启动子区域,并对其转录调控机制进行探讨,运用PCR方法从猪基因组克隆CuZnSOD基因5′上游调控区853 bp的片段,然后通过巢式PCR方法获得5′末端逐渐缺失的启动子系列片段,并将这些片段定向插入到荧光素酶报告基因表达载体(pGL3-Basic)中。瞬时转染小鼠胚胎细胞(NIH/3T3),利用双荧光素酶报告基因检测不同长度启动子活性。检测结果显示,在CuZnSOD基因5′上游调控区-87 bp和-266 bp处分别存在2个潜在转录起始位点,-383 bp~+67 bp启动区活性最强,进一步缺失分析发现-75 bp~-32 bp区域内含有猪CuZnSOD基因转录所必需的基础启动子序列,其中存在多个潜在的转录因子结合位点,研究结果提示这些转录因子结合位点可能是参与CuZnSOD基因转录的重要调控序列。     

Investigation of the mechanism of temperature sensitivity of the electroreceptors of ampullae of lorenzini

In experiments on Black Sea skates (Raja clavata), the potential of the receptor epithelium of the ampullae of Lorenzini and spike activity of single nerve fibers connected to them were investigated during electrical and temperature stimulation. Usually the potential within the canal was between 0 and –2 mV, and the input resistance of the ampulla 250–400 k. Heating of the region of the receptor epithelium was accompanied by a negative wave of potential, an increase in input resistance, and inhibition of spike activity. With worsening of the animal's condition the transepithelial potential became positive (up to +10 mV) but the input resistance of the ampulla during stimulation with a positive current was nonlinear in some cases: a regenerative spike of positive polarity appeared in the channel. During heating, the spike response was sometimes reversed in sign. It is suggested that fluctuations of the transepithelial potential and spike responses to temperature stimulation reflect changes in the potential difference on the basal membrane of the receptor cells, which is described by a relationship of the Nernst's or Goldman's equation type.I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. I. M. Sechenov, Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. Pacific Institute of Oceanology, Far Eastern Scientific Center, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Vladivostok. Translated from Neirofiziologiya, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 67–74, January–February, 1980.     

Principles of organization and evolution of systems of regulation of functions

Evolution of living organisms is closely connected with evolution of structure of the system of regulations and its mechanisms. The functional ground of regulations is chemical signalization. As early as in unicellular organisms there is a set of signal mechanisms providing their life activity and orientation in space and time. Subsequent evolution of ways of chemical signalization followed the way of development of delivery pathways of chemical signal and development of mechanisms of its regulation. The mechanism of chemical regulation of the signal interaction is discussed by the example of the specialized system of transduction of signal from neuron to neuron, of effect of hormone on the epithelial cell and modulation of this effect. These mechanisms are considered as the most important ways of the fine and precise adaptation of chemical signalization underlying functioning of physiological systems and organs of the living organism