玉米花粉特异的非编码RNA基因ZM401 cDNA全长的克隆及其发育表达模式

通过差异筛选法并结合冷噬菌斑筛选,从玉米(Zea mays L.)成熟花粉cDNA文库中克隆到一个玉米花粉特异表达的cDNA片段ZM401(663bp).Northern杂交表明ZM401是一个玉米花粉特异表达的基因.本文采用5'RACE,3'RACE及重叠PCR技术获得了ZM401 cDNA的全长(1 149 bp).采用生物学软件对ZM401 cDNA的序列和结构进行分析,结果表明,该基因缺乏明显的开放阅读框架,序列中最长的开放阅读框架仅有89个氨基酸,但具有poly(A)尾部结构,符合非编码RNA基因的特点.推断ZM401基因是一个非编码基因.RT-PCR及Northern blot分析表明ZM401基因从玉米花粉小孢子四分体时期、单核期、双核期、成熟花粉开始表达,而且表达量依次增强,证明ZM401可能与玉米花粉的晚期发育过程相关.同时,Northern杂交显示ZM401基因在玉米花粉发育中有两种转录本存在.     

利用单花粉蛋白电泳技术对玉米花粉发育过程特异蛋白表达的研究

八十年代,Ｍｕｌｃａｈｙ（１９８１）与Ｃ．Ｇａ６（１９８６）成功地对单个花粉粒同工酶和蛋白质进行了等电聚集电析。而国内在这方面的工作至今尚未见报道。试验利用单花粉蛋白电泳技术结合显微镜观察对不同发育时期的单个玉米花粉进行了蛋白电泳研究,结果表明玉米花粉不同发育时期所表达的蛋白质具有明显的差异：一方面随发育时期的推移某些蛋白质含量呈递减或递增趋势;另一方面不同发育时期都有特异性蛋白合成或分解。可见,     

金黄色葡萄球菌非编码小RNA的研究进展

金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus,S.aureus)是困扰全球公共卫生及人类健康的重要病原菌,其引起的各种临床感染与该菌表达的多种毒力因子密切相关,而这些毒力因子表达受到调节性因子的精确调控,在细菌致病机制中发挥着核心作用。非编码小RNA(Small non-coding RNA,s RNA)是基因表达的一类重要调节因子,可使细菌对环境因素做出反应,调节其应激适应性及毒力因子表达。但到目前为止,仅少数金黄色葡萄球菌s RNA的生物学功能得到阐述。本文将针对这些调节性s RNA的研究进展作一综述。     

细菌非编码RNA及其分子伴侣Hfq

细菌在生存过程中要面对复杂多样的环境,在长期进化过程中,细菌逐渐形成不同的应答机制来感应环境信号的变化,并通过精确的基因表达来调控生理生化反应。基因表达调控可分为转录水平和转录后水平两个方面,对于细菌来说,非编码RNA在转录后调控上发挥着重要的作用,而大多数非编码RNA与靶标m RNA的相互作用过程又离不开Hfq蛋白的辅助。本文综述了非编码RNA的分类、调控特点,伴侣蛋白Hfq的结构、功能以及两者相互作用的机制,以期深入了解非编码RNA及其伴侣蛋白Hfq在转录后调控中发挥的作用。     

蜜蜂非编码RNA研究进展

非编码RNA(Non-coding RNA,ncRNA)是指不编码蛋白质的功能性RNA的统称,主要包括微小RNA(MicroRNA,miRNA)、长链非编码RNA(Long non-coding RNA,lncRNA)和环状RNA(Circular RNA,circRNA)等,它们在各种生命活动中发挥着重要的调控作用.蜜蜂不仅是重要经济授粉昆虫,还是人类研究动物复杂社会行为的最佳模式生物.近年来,蜜蜂ncRNA亦是该领域研究热点,成果不断涌现,本文在介绍ncRNA的特征、分类及其主要作用机制的基础上,主要针对ncRNA在蜜蜂劳动分工、级型分化、繁殖性能和免疫防御等方面调控作用的最新研究进展进行综述,以期为深入探究ncRNA提供借鉴和参考.     

哺乳动物中作用于非编码RNA的RNA编辑研究进展

RNA编辑是RNA转录过程中序列变化而引起的一种基因动态调控机制。腺苷脱氨酶（adenosine deaminases acting on RNA, ADAR）参与RNA编辑,将双链RNA中腺苷残基（A）转化为肌苷（I）,接着被转录和拼接成鸟苷（G）。由ADAR催化,作用于RNA的A-I型RNA编辑是人类最常见的转录后修饰。近年来,这种修饰不仅存在于编码RNA中,在非编码RNA（noncoding RNA, ncRNA）中也逐渐被发现,如microRNA（miRNA）、小分子干扰RNA（siRNA）、转运RNA（tRNA）和长链非编码RNA（lncRNA）。这种修饰可能通过对microRNA和mRNA之间结合位点创造或破坏,进而影响ncRNA的生物起源、稳定性和靶向识别功能。目前,对这种生物现象的机制及ADAR底物,尤其是在ncRNA中的特性仍然没有得到充分的认识。主要对哺乳动物中ncRNA上的RNA编辑进行总结,并列举一些阐明其生物学功能的计算方法。     

甘蓝型油菜小核糖核蛋白BnSmD1编码区全长cDNA 的克隆与表达分析

通过筛选野生型油菜(Pet33-10)与无花瓣油菜(Apet33-10)反向消减文库(SSH)和运用RACE-PCR技术, 获得了甘蓝型油菜小核糖核蛋白BnSmD1的全长编码区 cDNA (GenBank登陆号DQ298446)。该基因长484 bp, 含有一个长354 bp的阅读框。BnSmD1在N端拥有两个高度保守的结构域(Sm-1和Sm-2), 羧基端则含有一个RG重复序列。Northern blot表达结果显示: BnSmD1在甘蓝型油菜的各个组织均有表达, 但是它在早期花蕾中的表达明显高于同期的叶和茎。通过对BnSmD1在Apet33-10无花瓣品系与野生型有花瓣品系Pet33-10中各组织的表达差异进行比较, 发现该基因在Apet33-10的早期花蕾中表达明显下降。因此, BnSmD1可能对植物的早期花发育起到了重要的作用, 并很有可能影响花瓣的形成。     

关于非编码RNA研究的一些思考

近年来大量的新的转录组实验结果表明基因组中的非编码序列绝大部分是可以表达的,同时越来越多的事实证明转录出来的非编码RNA,从长度为21～24个核苷酸的microRNA到长度为数千核苷酸的Xist,都具有重要的生物学功能。本文主要表达了作者对未来非编码RNA研究方向与重点的一些想法。     

转座子与转座子相关的非编码小RNA

转座子是一种在真核生物基因组中大量存在的可移动DNA序列。非编码小RNA具有广泛的生物学功能,能够在不同层面影响基因的表达。在许多真核生物基因组中,转座子是非编码小RNA的重要来源。最近的一些研究发现,转座子和其衍生非编码小RNA在基因调控中发挥着重要作用,但是国内相关的综述却较少。所以该文从转座子与其衍生的非编码小RNA的关系,这些小RNA在基因组和生物进化中扮演的角色两方面,对现阶段关于转座子和非编码小RNA的相关研究成果进行综述。     

iaaM基因在烟草花粉中的表达及其在花粉发育中的作用

试验利用花粉特异表达的启动子（Lat52)和绒毡层特异表达的启动子（TA29）引导外源生长素合成代谢基因（iaaM)在烟草花粉中表达以研究生长素在花粉发育中的作用。转Lat52-iaaM基因或转TA29－iaaM基因烟草在形态上表现出变异,如从茎上形成不定根,叶呈卷曲状等典型的生长素表达的性状。另外,与对照相比,转基因烟草花药中IAA水平显著增加,且植株矮化,开花期推迟,有的转基因烟草未能开花。上述现象表明：Lat52和TA29启动子的表达并不仅限于花粉或绒毡层,或者说这两个启动子的表达有些泄漏。转基因烟草的花药形状有较大的变异,早期的每个花药中花粉数明显减少,但这些花粉可被醋酸－洋红染色。所有能开花的转基因烟草均可收到种子,但收自某些转基因株系的种子不能萌发。所有这些结果表明生长素在花粉发育过程中起重要作用,过量的生长素会导致花粉发育的异常。     

玉米DEAD-box RNA解旋酶基因的克隆及分析

DEAD-box RNA解旋酶参与RNA转录、前体mRNA剪切、核糖体发生、核质运输、蛋白质翻译、RNA降解等重要的生命活动.根据本室在S-Mo17Rf3Rf3cDNA芯片研究中,检测到花粉发育后期RNA解旋酶上调表达的结果,应用RACE技术从S-Mo17Rf3Rf3花粉中克隆得到该RNA解旋酶基因全长cDNA,命名为ZmRH2并在GenBank注册登记 (DQ327709).序列分析表明：该cDNA全长1 652bp,从第163 bp开始到1 386bp含有一个开放阅读框,编码407个氨基酸.其编码的蛋白质具有DEAD-box RNA解旋酶特有的9个保守模体,与水稻、拟南芥和豌豆中的DEAD-box RNA解旋酶的氨基酸序列存在着很高的同源性.RT-PCR分析表明,该基因在近等基因系S-Mo17Rf3Rf3和S-Mo17rf3rf3的叶、根、和雌穗中的表达没有差异,但在花丝和花粉中有明显差异.     

Interaction of the plant glycine-rich RNA-binding protein MA16 with a novel nucleolar DEAD box RNA helicase protein from Zea mays

The maize RNA-binding MA16 protein is a developmentally and environmentally regulated nucleolar protein that interacts with RNAs through complex association with several proteins. By using yeast two-hybrid screening, we identified a DEAD box RNA helicase protein from Zea mays that interacted with MA16, which we named Z. maysDEAD box RNA helicase 1 (ZmDRH1). The sequence of ZmDRH1 includes the eight RNA helicase motifs and two glycine-rich regions with arginine-glycine-rich (RGG) boxes at the amino (N)- and carboxy (C)-termini of the protein. Both MA16 and ZmDRH1 were located in the nucleus and nucleolus, and analysis of the sequence determinants for their cellular localization revealed that the region containing the RGG motifs in both proteins was necessary for nuclear/nucleolar localization The two domains of MA16, the RNA recognition motif (RRM) and the RGG, were tested for molecular interaction with ZmDRH1. MA16 specifically interacted with ZmDRH1 through the RRM domain. A number of plant proteins and vertebrate p68/p72 RNA helicases showed evolutionary proximity to ZmDRH1. In addition, like p68, ZmDRH1 was able to interact with fibrillarin. Our data suggest that MA16, fibrillarin, and ZmDRH1 may be part of a ribonucleoprotein complex involved in ribosomal RNA (rRNA) metabolism.     

玉米化感物质异羟肟酸的研究进展

介绍了异羟肟酸在玉米植株中的分布和玉米根系分泌物中异羟肟酸的分析方法．丁布(DIM-BOA)是玉米植株中含量最大的异羟肟酸．不同玉米品种之间异羟肟酸含量的差异很大．种子不含异羟肟酸;但萌发后其含量迅速增加,在萌芽几天后的幼苗植株其含量达最大值,随后逐渐下降;在玉米生长发育的不同时期,幼嫩叶片内异羟肟酸含量始终较高;地上部分异羟肟酸的浓度高于根系．植株异羟肟酸的浓度受生长环境条件影响显著,在紫外辐射、黑暗条件或水分胁迫下其含量明显增加．在各种禾谷类作物中,玉米根系分泌物内含异羟肟酸较高;铁的存在能显著增加玉米根系分泌物中异羟肟酸的含量．     

Root-specific expression of a Zea mays gene encoding a novel glycine-rich protein,zmGRP3

The isolation and characterization of a cDNA clone from Zea mays coding for a novel glycine-rich protein (GRP) is described. The corresponding 1.4 kb mRNA accumulates exclusively in roots (primary, lateral seminal and crown roots) of young maize seedlings, following developmentally specific patterns. In agreement with previously described GRPs from other plant species the derived protein sequence exhibits a hydrophobic domain at the N-terminal region followed by repeated glycine-rich motifs. Genomic Southern analysis indicates that the zmGRP3 gene is present in the maize genome as one or two copies or at a low copy number.     

Forecasting yield of corn,Zea mays infested with corn leaf aphid,Rhopalosiphum maidis

Abstract: Corn leaf aphid, Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch) is one of the most serious corn pests in Egypt. The aim of the present study is to assess the corn yield losses and to build forecasting models of yield related with aphid infestation. Number of aphids/plant were determined during corn growth stages 10 leaves (V10); tasseling (VT); ripening 2 (R2) and ripening 4 (R4). At the end of growing season, yield losses were estimated. Results revealed that infestation with aphids through V10–VT caused 28.14% yield losses at average aphid density 818 aphid/plant. Infestation through R2–R4 caused 16.28% yield losses at average aphid density 1038 aphids/plant. Percentages of yield losses of corn ears through V10–R4 were 14.66, 22.9, 35.28 and 36.03% at average aphid density of 100, 1000, 2000 and 3000 aphids/plant. As ear yield negatively correlated with aphid density, regression analysis was used to construct forecasting yield models. Statistical analysis showed that simple linear and logarithmic models provided a good fit to the data and also indicated that the two models are similar in prediction of ear yield. These constructed models were diagnostic checked using new data. The checking revealed that the linear model is stable and valid where insignificant difference was observed between predicted and actual yield.     

一个与玉米基因表达沉默有关的cDNA片段的克隆及序列分析

利用cDNA-AFLP技术分离了一个与玉米基因表达沉默有关的cDNA片段,Northern杂交分析表明,该基因在Mo17的苗期和雄穗生长锥伸长期都表达,但在Mo17与其亲缘关系较近的另一亲本杂交的F1代中却表现沉默,即表现单亲沉默。同源性分析表明,该克隆片段与GenBank中玉米通用调控因子(GRF)部分区段有98．6％的同源性,与玉米通用调控因子编码的mRNA部分序列有83％的同源性。以上结果表明,基因沉默可能是亲本GRF在F     

一个肝癌相关长链非编码RNA的克隆及序列分析

最近我们利用新一代测序(next generation sequencing,NGS)技术对肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)患者活检标本及正常对照肝组织样品进行高通量RNA测序(RNA-sequencing,RNA-Seq),在肝癌样品中染色体11q13.1区域检测到几个相邻的RNA-Seq信号峰,而在正常对照组织中没有检测到,且该染色体区域目前尚无已知基因登录,提示这几个RNA-Seq峰可能代表一个或多个未知的新基因.以此为线索,证实这几个RNA-Seq峰来自同一个新基因,并克隆了该基因全长序列,在克隆该基因全长序列时,发现该基因编码的RNA存在多种剪接形式,最长的转录本为3 562 bp.将该基因编码的12条代表性RNA转录本序列递交到美国国立生物技术信息中心(National Center for Biotechnology Information,NCBI)的GenBank数据库中,GenBank ID号分别为KC136297~KC136308.该基因编码的RNA没有发现明显的开放阅读框(open reading fragment,ORF),提示该基因可能编码长链非编码RNA(long non-coding RNA,lncRNA).为了探讨该lncRNA基因可能的转录调控机制,我们用生物信息学方法预测了该lncRNA基因潜在启动子区域,发现在其转录起始位点上游-719~-469 bp处有一个潜在的启动子,其中包含7个Sp1、1个STAT5和1个EGR1转录因子结合位点.该lncRNA在肝细胞癌发生发展过程中的作用机制值得进一步深入研究.     

Colchicine, an efficient genome-doubling agent for maize (Zea mays L.) microspores cultured in anthero

The construction of maize genotypes with high haploid induction capacity made it possible to study the effect of colchicine on maize androgenesis in vitro. Anther cultures of three hybrids were treated with 0.02% and 0.03% colchicine for 3 days at the beginning of microspore induction. Colchicine added to the induction medium had no negative influence on the androgenic responses (anther induction, induction of structures of microspore origin and their regeneration ability) of the genotypes examined. However, significantly higher fertility was observed in plants originating from colchicine-treated microspores, especially at 0.03%. Cytological examinations showed that colchicine treatment before the first microspore division efficiently arrested mitosis and resulted in homozygous doubled-haploid microspores. Under the experimental conditions, the antimitotic drug had no later effect on the division symmetry of the microspore nucleus, and unequal divisions remained dominant. Callus formation from the induced microspores seemed to be more typical (ranging between 60–70%), but embryo frequency was increased by approximately 10%, especially at the higher colchicine concentration. These results suggest that the mechanism of colchicine action in premitotic maize microspores may differ from that previously observed in wheat. Received: 15 June 1998 / Revision received: 17 September 1998 / Accepted: 3 December 1998