酵母菌复制衰老过程中絮凝机理分析

【目的】通过对连续传代过程中酵母菌的生理性质和细胞壁蛋白的观察与检测, 分析复制衰老过程中酵母菌絮凝变化的原因。【方法】分别采用双向电泳法和红外光谱法对连续传代过程中酵母菌细胞壁蛋白进行检测。【结果】随着酵母菌传代次数的增加, 双向电泳图谱上能清晰显示的蛋白质点在增加, 同时, 红外光谱图中在指纹区890.51 cm–1和808.48 cm–1处的吸收峰在减弱。【结论】在连续传代过程中, 酵母菌细胞壁蛋白质的糖基化修饰程度在减弱, 细胞壁表面蛋白质基团发生变化, 可能引起细胞壁表面各种力的变化, 最终导致酵母菌絮凝加强。     

不同温度培养下酿酒酵母细胞壁蛋白质差异分析北大核心CSCD

生物体在其生长过程中要经受一系列非生物环境的胁迫,这些胁迫条件都将影响细胞的基因转录、蛋白质表达物等一系列的变化,以尽快适应周围变化的环境。利用双向电泳和质谱技术考察了高温胁迫对酿酒酵母细胞壁蛋白质组的影响。结果表明,高温胁迫的酿酒酵母FFC2146细胞壁蛋白质中新增Ssa2和小分子鸟苷三磷酸酶,无机焦磷酸酶上调表达,而丙酮酸激酶缺消失,同时6-磷酸葡萄糖酸脱氢酶和3-磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶下调表达。上述结果说明热休克蛋白Ssa2保护细胞壁在高温下保持完整,使细胞继续生长繁殖;高温胁迫下酿酒酵母的糖酵解途径受阻,在转酮醇酶的作用下糖酵解途径转向磷酸戊糖途径途径,获取足够的能量,维持细胞正常的新陈代谢。     

不同温度培养下酿酒酵母细胞壁蛋白质差异分析

生物体在其生长过程中要经受一系列非生物环境的胁迫,这些胁迫条件都将影响细胞的基因转录、蛋白质表达物等一系列的变化,以尽快适应周围变化的环境。利用双向电泳和质谱技术考察了高温胁迫对酿酒酵母细胞壁蛋白质组的影响。结果表明,高温胁迫的酿酒酵母FFC2146细胞壁蛋白质中新增Ssa2和小分子鸟苷三磷酸酶,无机焦磷酸酶上调表达,而丙酮酸激酶缺消失,同时6-磷酸葡萄糖酸脱氢酶和3-磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶下调表达。上述结果说明热休克蛋白Ssa2保护细胞壁在高温下保持完整,使细胞继续生长繁殖;高温胁迫下酿酒酵母的糖酵解途径受阻,在转酮醇酶的作用下糖酵解途径转向磷酸戊糖途径途径,获取足够的能量,维持细胞正常的新陈代谢。     

酿酒酵母FFC2146 胞内蛋白及胞外蛋白双向电泳条件优化及图谱建立

通过对酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)的培养基、培养条件及蛋白质提取方案的优化,建立了酿酒酵母胞外和胞内蛋白双向电泳图谱制作方法。在YNB培养基中培养20 h,经过离心取上清-超滤-冻干可得到酿酒酵母胞外蛋白质样品;用SDS缓冲液悬浮酵母细胞-煮沸-超声-增溶,得到了酿酒酵母胞内蛋白质样品。经过双向电泳分离、硝酸银染色和PDQuest图像分析可以检测到了200多种酿酒酵母胞外蛋白和500多种酿酒酵母胞内蛋白。     

糠秕马拉色菌酵母态和菌丝态蛋白差异表达的研究

目的通过双向电泳及串联质谱技术鉴定糠秕马拉色菌酵母态及菌丝态差异蛋白,在蛋白水平探讨两态转化机制及致病机理。方法分别诱导糠秕马拉色菌标准株酵母态和菌丝态菌体,利用玻璃珠研磨和超声波破碎细胞壁,三氯乙酸/丙酮沉淀获取总蛋白。双向电泳分离蛋白,PDQuest软件比对找出差异蛋白点。电喷雾串联质谱对差异点进行肽段测序,用Mascot和NCBI的Blast软件经蛋白质数据库鉴定蛋白质。结果经双向电泳分离的糠秕马拉色菌酵母态、菌丝态蛋白各有800多个蛋白点、64个蛋白点表达量有3倍以上差异,其中11个为酵母态特有,9个菌丝态特有。在选取的40个差异点中,成功鉴定出22个点,共16个蛋白。经Mascot和Blast软件检索,有明确功能的蛋白中,肌动蛋白、丝切蛋白等9个蛋白在菌丝态上调,谷胱甘肽转移酶、细胞支架信号蛋白等5个蛋白下调。结论鉴定出16个蛋白分别与细胞代谢、运动、氧化应激等功能相关,为了解糠秕马拉色菌表型转换机制和致病机理提供重要信息。     

疏棉状嗜热丝孢菌脂肪酶基因在毕赤酵母工程菌中的遗传稳定性

【背景】重组工程菌的传代稳定性是保证外源蛋白高效稳定表达的前提,是决定工业化生产能力的关键因素之一。【目的】对异源的疏棉状嗜热丝孢菌脂肪酶基因在毕赤酵母重组工程菌中的遗传稳定性进行研究。【方法】将工程菌连续传代15次,取第1、5、10、15代作为受检代次,结合重组菌的菌落及菌体形态、水解酶活、目的基因片段、外源基因拷贝数等指标综合评价其遗传稳定性。【结果】传代过程中重组菌的菌落和菌体形态、目的蛋白分子量、目的基因序列均保持一致。目的基因的整合拷贝数经5次传代后发生一定损失,但随后稳定为7左右,而脂肪酶的相对酶活则提高至90%以上。【结论】适量的整合拷贝数更有利于该脂肪酶基因在毕赤酵母重组菌中的表达,经综合评价此工程菌的遗传稳定性良好,应用于工业化大规模生产是可行的。     

破坏细胞壁蛋白CWP2基因提高重组酿酒酵母β-葡萄糖苷酶胞外酶活

【背景】重组酿酒酵母广泛应用于生产工业酶和药用蛋白,但是目前仍旧存在异源蛋白产量低、分泌效率差的问题,限制了生产应用。【目的】提高重组酿酒酵母异源分泌蛋白的能力,构建高效的异源蛋白生产细胞工厂。【方法】采用基于CRISPR/Cas9的基因组编辑技术,以生产β-葡萄糖苷酶的重组酿酒酵母Y294-BGL为出发菌株,构建细胞壁蛋白基因CWP2破坏菌株。【结果】与出发菌株相比,破坏CWP2的破坏菌株在发酵96 h时胞外β-葡萄糖苷酶酶活可提高53%,胞内酶活提高了208%。此外,破坏菌生长未受到影响,对弱酸等环境胁迫的耐性没有下降,未造成过多内质网胁迫。进一步检测发现,破坏菌株胞内活性氧水平下降,同时蛋白胞内运输和分泌途径相关的关键基因表达转录及多个细胞壁生物合成相关基因表达下降。【结论】破坏细胞壁蛋白基因CWP2能够提高异源蛋白β-葡萄糖苷酶的胞外酶活,可作为促进酿酒酵母生产异源蛋白的靶点基因。     

适于双向电泳分析的酵母胞外蛋白提取方法

采用了无蛋白酵母培养基培养FFC2144酵母细胞,用硫铵沉淀法、超滤法、冻干酚提等方法提取酵母胞外蛋白,计算3种方法的提取率并分别用双向电泳的方法对提取到的蛋白样品进行分离,同时运用质谱鉴定分离后蛋白。其中冻干-平衡酚法提取后得到114个蛋白点,提取率为73.67%,图谱识别的蛋白点最多图谱最清晰,是研究分泌类蛋白质组学理想的分离方法。     

酿酒酵母荧光定位报告菌株的开发

【目的】为了给外源蛋白在酿酒酵母细胞中的定位提供参考,构建酿酒酵母荧光定位报告菌株。【方法】运用染色体同源重组的方法,将突变的、已进行酵母表达优化的红色荧光蛋白RedStar分别整合到12个酵母细胞器标记蛋白的C端,与之进行融合表达,用特异性引物对每一个酵母荧光定位报告菌株进行PCR扩增和测序验证,用激光共聚焦显微镜进行荧光检测,对线粒体和细胞核进行特异性染料染色,用EGFP标记沙门氏菌已知定位蛋白SipA,与构建的相应荧光定位报告菌株进行共定位。【结果】构建的酿酒酵母荧光定位报告菌株可分别标示酵母细胞的肌动蛋白、晚期胞内体、细胞核、核周质、纺锤体、线粒体、过氧化物酶体、脂滴、初级内吞体、次级内吞体、高尔基体顺面及高尔基体反面。PCR扩增及测序验证、荧光检测、染料与相应报告菌株的共定位、已知定位蛋白SipA与相应报告菌株的共定位均提示报告菌株构建成功。【结论】这些报告菌株的构建,为日后在酵母中观察细胞器动态变化,以及未知蛋白在酵母中的定位提供了基础性工具。     

高氨氮利用酵母菌的筛选及相关酶活性

【背景】蛋白饲料的缺乏,促进了蛋白含量高、安全性能好的酵母类单细胞蛋白的研究与应用。【目的】筛选氨氮利用能力强的菌株,为单细胞蛋白的发酵提供优良菌株。【方法】从土壤、奶制品、水果采集样品分离酵母菌,根据形态学和分子生物学鉴定菌株,然后以硫酸铵为唯一氮源培养基,测定菌落大小、菌体干重、蛋白质含量,复筛氨氮利用率高的酵母菌,并对复筛菌株氨同化相关酶活性进行测定。【结果】经过形态学、分子生物学鉴定和氨氮利用能力评价,获得3株高氨氮利用的酵母菌,分别是胶红酵母(Rhodotorula mucilaginosa)、酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)和戴尔有孢圆酵母(Torulaspora delbrueckii)。通过比较3株酵母菌的谷氨酸脱氢酶、谷氨酸合成酶、谷氨酰胺合成酶活性,酿酒酵母的3种酶活性最高,其次是胶红酵母。【结论】从奶酪和西瓜中分离的胶红酵母N5和酿酒酵母J1具有较强的氨氮利用能力以及酶活性,可为单细胞蛋白发酵提供优良菌株。     

Two-dimensional protein patterns during growth and sporulation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Proteins synthesized by Saccharomyces cerevisiae in presporulation and sporulation media were compared by using sporulating (a/alpha) and nonsporulating (a/a and alpha/alpha) yeast strains. Total cellular proteins were labeled with [35S]methionine and analyzed by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Autoradiograms and/or fluorograms showed some 700 spots per gel. Nine proteins were synthesized by a/alpha cells which were specific to vegetative, log-phase conditions. During incubation in sporulation medium, sporulating (a/alpha) cells synthesized 11 proteins not present in vegetatively growing cell. These same 11 proteins, however, were synthesized by nonsporulating (a/a and alpha/alpha) cells on sporulation medium as well. Nonsporulating diploids (a/a and alpha/alpha) were also examined with the electron microscope at various times during their incubation in sporulation medium. Certain cellular responses found to be unique to meiotic yeast cells in previous studies were exhibited by the nonsporulating controls. The degree to which all cell types (a/alpha, a/a, and alpha/alpha) were committed to sporulation was also determined by shifting cells from sporulation medium to vegetative medium. Some commitment to the meiotic pathway was observed in both the a/alpha and the a/a, alpha/alpha cells.     

Barley pathogenesis-related proteins with fungal cell wall lytic activity inhibit the growth of yeasts.

Proteins from intercellular fluid extracts of chemically stressed barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) leaves were separated by native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at alkaline or acid pH. Polyacrylamide gels contained Saccharomyces cerevisiae (bakers' yeast) or Schizosaccharomyces pombe (fission yeast) crude cell walls for assaying yeast wall lysis. In parallel, gels were overlaid with a suspension of yeasts for assaying growth inhibition by pathogenesis-related proteins. The same assays were also performed with proteins separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under nonreducing conditions. In alkaline native polyacrylamide gels, only one band corresponding to yeast cell wall lytic activity was found to be inhibitory to bakers' yeast growth, whereas in acidic native polyacrylamide gels one band inhibited the growth of both yeasts. Under denaturing nonreducing conditions, one band of 19 kD inhibited the growth of both fungi. The 19-kD band corresponded to a basic protein after two-dimensional gel analysis. The 19-kD protein with yeast cell wall lytic activity and inhibitory to both yeasts was found to be different from previously reported barley chitosanases that were lytic to fungal spores. It could be different from other previously reported lytic antifungal activities related to pathogenesis-related proteins.     

Changes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae ascospore proteins during early germination

Abstract Proteins present in Saccharomyces cerevisiae ascospores and in germinating ascospores were compared using two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Yeast ascospores incorporated labeled methionine efficiently facilitating the electrophoretic analysis. Proteins synthesized in the yeast ascospores differed significantly from those proteins found 15 min after the initiation of germination in the ascospores. An immediate transition from ascospore proteins to proteins required for ascospore germination appears likely.     

Phenotype analysis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants with deletions in Pir cell wall glycoproteins

Proteins with internal repeats (Pir) belong to a minor group of covalently linked yeast cell wall proteins. They are not essential for viability but important for cell wall strength, reduced permeability against plant antifungal enzymes and maintenance of osmotic stability. Here we show the importance of Pir proteins of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for growth at low pH and in presence of various inhibitors. Cell wall analysis of Deltapir1,2,3,4 deletion strain revealed slightly increased chitin content and changes in relative proportion of alkali-soluble and insoluble glucan and chitin fractions. Activation of the cell wall integrity pathway was indicated by increased levels of double phosphorylated Mpk1p/Slt2p in the pir deletants.     

Yeast proteome map (update 2006)

To improve the potential of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis for proteomic investigations in yeast we have undertaken the systematic identification of Saccharomyces cerevisiae proteins separated on 2-D gels. We report here the identification of 187 novel protein spots. They were identified by two methods, mass spectrometry and gene inactivation. These identifications extend the number of protein spots identified on our yeast 2-D proteome map to 602, i.e. nearly half the detectable spots of the proteome map. These spots correspond to 417 different proteins. The reference map and the list of identified proteins can be accessed on the Yeast Protein Map server (www.ibgc.u-bordeaux2.fr/YPM).     

Comparative study between prokaryotes and eukaryotes by chemical iodination of ribosomal proteins.

Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae ribosomal proteins were chemically iodinated with 125I by chloramine T under conditions in which the proteins were denatured. The labelled proteins were subsequently separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis with an excess of untreated ribosomal proteins from the same species. The iodination did not change the electrophoretic mobility of the proteins as shown by the pattern of spots in the stained gel slabs and their autoradiography. The 125I radioactivity incorporated in the proteins was estimated by cutting out the gel spots from the two-dimensional electrophoresis gel slabs. The highest content of 125I was found in the ribosomal proteins L2, L11, L13, L20/S12, S4 and S9 from E. coli, and L2/L3, L4/L6/S7, L5, L19/L20, L22/S17, L29/S27, L35/L37 and S14/S15 from S. cerevisiae. Comparisons between the electrophoretic patterns of E. coli and S. cerevisiae ribosomal proteins were carried out by coelectrophoresis of labelled and unlabelled proteins from both species. E. coli ribosomal proteins L5, L11, L20, S2, S3 and S15/S16 were found to overlap with L15, L11/L16, L36/L37, S3, S10 and S33 from S. cerevisiae, respectively. Similar coelectrophoresis of E. coli 125I-labelled proteins with unlabelled rat liver and wheat germ ribosomal proteins showed the former to overlap with proteins L1, L11, L14, L16, L19, L20 and the latter with L2, L5, L6, L15, L17 from E. coli.     

A rapid and preparative method for the separation of yeast ribosomal proteins by using high-performance liquid chromatography.

Ribosomal proteins from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae were separated, on a preparative scale, by ion-exchange h.p.l.c. Proteins from the small and large ribosomal subunits were resolved, respectively, into 33 and 23 peaks, and most of the proteins present in these peaks were identified by using one- and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Several of the peaks appeared to contain a single protein uncontaminated by other species. Ribosomal proteins were also separated by using reverse-phase h.p.l.c. Analysis of the peaks resolved indicated that the order of elution for the proteins of both ribosomal subunits is, in certain cases, different for each of the two h.p.l.c. techniques used. Thus a combination of the two chromatographic methods employed here has the potential to facilitate the rapid and preparative separation of each of the proteins present in yeast ribosomes.     

Proteins Induced by Physical Stimuli in Root Tips of Arabidopsis thaliana Seedling

Proteins newly synthesized in cells of root tips of Arabidopsisseedlings after gravistimulation and photo-induced tactile stimulationwere analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Intensitiesof two out of about 600 protein spots were observed to increasetransiently when culture flasks in which seedlings has beengrown were kept on their sides. When the flasks were kept verticalon a rocking table and rocked continuously for 24 hours, intensitiesof ten protein spots increased, and four spots appeared forthe first time. Analysis of [³²P]-labeled proteins revealedthat the continuous rocking treatment enhanced the phosphorylationof proteins in two spots. When the seedlings in flasks wereilluminated from the front, and the roots bent towards the backwall of the flasks, three spots appeared for the first timeand intensities of nine spots were enhanced. Three of the twelvespots whose intensities were enhanced by the photo-induced tactilestimulation were also affected by continuous rocking treatment.The roles of protein synthesis and phosphorylation in the pathwaysbetween the stimuli and the responses are discussed. (Received June 18, 1992; Accepted December 16, 1992)