Cry1Fa对Cry1Ac抗性棉铃虫的毒力评价

为了防治多种鳞翅目害虫, 表达Cry1Fa的转基因玉米和棉花已在美国商业化种植。明确棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera对Cry1Fa与Cry1Ac的交互抗性及这两种杀虫蛋白之间的协同作用, 可以为表达 Cry1Fa+Cry1Ac的转双价抗虫棉花的合理应用提供依据。本实验测定了Cry1Fa对棉铃虫敏感品系（96S）及用Cry1Ac筛选的抗性品系（BtR, 抗性倍数2 194.15倍）的毒力, 发现Cry1Fa对敏感棉铃虫的毒力远低于Cry1Ac, LC₅₀值是Cry1Ac的504.80倍; 而且抗性品系BtR对Cry1Fa存在19.98倍的交互抗性。Cry1Fa与Cry1Ac混用可以提高Cry1Fa毒杀敏感棉铃虫的效果, 尤其是Cry1Fa浓度较低时, 加入Cry1Ac, 可以显著增加Cry1Fa的毒力; 但只有加入较高浓度的Cry1Fa时才能增加Cry1Ac的毒力。由于BtR品系已经对Cry1Ac产生抗性, Cry1Ac对抗性棉铃虫的毒力明显降低; 在较高浓度的Cry1Ac中加入Cry1Fa可以显著增加棉铃虫的死亡率（P=0.0015, F=6.88, df=6）, 但最高死亡率仅为58.33%。D-饱和最优试验的结果证实, Cry1Ac对于敏感棉铃虫的死亡率的影响达到显著水平（t₁=13.76﹥t_0.05）, Cry1Ac与Cry1Fa的交互作用对毒力的影响也达到显著水平（t₂₂=2.42﹥t_0.05; t₁₁=6.95﹥t_0.05; t₁₂=3.43﹥t_0.05）。Cry1Ac和Cry1Fa对抗性棉铃虫死亡率的影响都达到显著水平（t₁=3.03﹥t_0.05;t₂=2.59﹥t_0.05）, 但Cry1Ac是决定抗、 感棉铃虫死亡率的关键因素; Cry1Ac与Cry1Fa最佳浓度配比范围都是1.41~2.10 μg/cm2; 在抗性品系中, Cry1Ac和Cry1Fa的交互作用不显著。所以, 尽管Cry1F+Cry1A作物扩大了杀虫谱, 但棉铃虫对这两种蛋白存在交互抗性, 而且这两种蛋白混用对治理抗Cry1Ac棉铃虫的效果不理想, 因此不建议在中国种植表达Cry1F+Cry1A的棉花。关     

转Cry1Ac活性杀虫蛋白及慈菇蛋白酶抑制剂B基因的棉花

根据植物基因的结构特征。合成了Cry1Ac活性杀虫蛋白的编码序列并与内质网定位肽编码序列组成嵌合杀虫蛋白基因Bt29K。构建了含Bt29K基因及慈菇蛋白酶抑制剂B（API-B）基因表达框的双抗虫基因植物表达载体。通过根癌土壤杆菌（Agrobacterium trmefaciens(Smith et TOwnsend)ConnLBA4404)介导转化了棉花（Gossypium hirsu-tunL.)的两个生产品种（系）。根据抗棉铃虫（Heliothis armigera)试验及农艺性状的观察调查结果。经6代筛选,获得了抗棉铃虫90.0%_99.7%且农艺性状优良的9个双价抗虫棉纯合品系。分子生物学分析结果表明,两个抗虫基因在棉花基因组中的插入拷贝数为1个或2个,活性Cry1Ac和API-B蛋白在转基因抗虫棉株系中的表达量分别约占总可溶性蛋白的0.17%和0.09%。对双抗纯合系植株及仅转Bt基因的棉花纯合系抗虫性检测结果表明前者的抗虫性明显高于后者,因此推断本研究采用的双抗虫基因表达载体构建策略是合理的。     

转Cry1Ac+Cry2Ab基因棉对棉蚜生命表参数及种群动态的影响

为研究新型转Cry1Ac+Cry2Ab基因棉对棉蚜Aphis gossypii Glover生命表参数及种群动态的影响。2010—2011年以常规棉中棉所49为对照,对新型转Cry1Ac+Cry2Ab基因棉在室内进行了生物测定和田间进行了系统的调查。结果表明,和常规棉相比,转Cry1Ac+Cry2Ab基因棉花上棉蚜的净增值率降低81.69%,差异达显著水平;内禀增长率和周限增长率分别降低65.00%和13.01%,但差异不显著;平均世代周期和种群加倍时间分别增加5.54%和154.19%,后者差异达显著水平。和常规棉相比,2010年转Cry1Ac+Cry2Ab基因棉花百株苗蚜、伏蚜和秋蚜的数量分别降低10.79%、37.18%和17.49%,差异均未达显著水平;2011年转Cry1Ac+Cry2Ab基因棉花百株苗蚜的数量增加2.03%,伏蚜和秋蚜的数量分别降低37.41%和64.03%,差异均未达显著水平。     

苏云金芽孢杆菌Cry1Aa和Cry1Ca结构域交换对晶体形态和杀虫活性影响

通过体外重组的方法,实现了苏云金芽孢杆菌杀虫晶体蛋白Cry1Aa和Cry1Ca的功能性结构域Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ的互换,得到了6株苏云金杆菌重组菌株BT-ACC,BT-AAC,BT-ACA,BT-CAA,BT-CCA和BT-CAC。SDS-PAGE和Westernblot分析表明,重组菌株BT-CAA和BT-CCA能表达产生135kDa左右的杂交晶体蛋白Cry1CAA和Cry1CCA,但其蛋白表达量较野生型Cry1Aa和Cry1Ca低。用牛胰蛋白酶对杂交晶体蛋白Cry1CAA、Cry1CCA及野生型Cry1Aa和Cry1Ca进行消化,证明所有晶体蛋白都能产生65kDa的活性毒素。电镜观察发现,野生菌株BT-Cry1Aa和BT-Cry1Ca形成典型的菱形晶体,而重组菌株BT-CCA和BT-CAA则形成球形或颗粒状杂交晶体。纯化晶体的生物测定显示,杂交晶体蛋白Cry1CAA和Cry1CCA对甜菜夜蛾的毒力比野生型晶体蛋白降低3~5倍,对棉铃虫的毒力比野生型晶体蛋白降低了190~260倍。研究结果表明,苏云金杆菌晶体蛋白不同结构域的相互作用会影响杂交晶体蛋白的表达、晶体形态和杀虫活性。     

Cry1Ac和Cry2Ab杀虫蛋白对粘虫幼虫生长发育的影响

【目的】为探究Bt杀虫蛋白对次要靶标害虫粘虫Mythimna separata (Walker)(鳞翅目:夜蛾科)的杀虫活性及对其生长发育的影响。【方法】本文通过浸叶法饲喂初孵及2龄末粘虫不同剂量的Cry1Ac及Cry2Ab杀虫蛋白后,观察其死亡率,称量幼虫重,并统计了幼虫历期、化蛹率、蛹重、蛹期、蛹的羽化率、畸形率等指标。【结果】初孵幼虫取食浸泡含16、64、128μg/mLCry1Ac及Cry2Ab的玉米叶片后,随着时间的延长及浓度的增加,死亡率逐渐增加,且Cry1Ac杀虫蛋白对粘虫的生物活性高于Cry2Ab蛋白,在128μg/mL浓度下,取食Cry1Ac和Cry2Ab蛋白13d时的死亡率分别达到了65%及60%。取食两种蛋白后,初孵幼虫和2龄末幼虫重量均受到显著抑制,短期取食两种蛋白对幼虫历期、化蛹率、蛹重、蛹期、蛹的羽化率、畸形率没有影响。【结论】取食Cry1Ac和Cry2Ab杀虫蛋白后,对初孵幼虫有很好的杀虫活性,且Cry1Ac杀虫活性高于Cry2Ab杀虫蛋白;短期饲喂两种杀虫蛋白时,对2龄粘虫后期生长影响不大。本文结果为转Bt基因作物更好的应用于粘虫的防治提供了理论基础。     

不同启动子表达Cry1Ie蛋白的特性分析

苏云金芽胞杆菌启动子P1Ac与T7启动子表达的Cry1Ie蛋白对鳞翅目害虫小菜蛾(Plutella xylostella)幼虫的杀虫活性有较大差异.P1Ac启动子表达的Cry1Ie蛋白LC50为1.73 μg/mL,T7启动子表达的Cry1Ie蛋白LC50为18.18 μg/mL,后者是前者的10.5倍.主要从形态、碱溶性及抗胰蛋白酶稳定性等方面对其进行了初步的探索.结果显示,两者在形态上无显著差异,均有相对较为规则的颗粒存在;在碱溶性方面无显著差异,均有约20.0％的包涵体能溶解于pH10.5 50.0 mmol/L Na2CO3的溶液;在对抗胰蛋白酶的稳定性方面无明显差异,由此说明这三方面都不是二者活性差异的原因,推测是T7启动子表达的Cry1Ie蛋白折叠不正确导致其活性较差.     

绵羊发情周期不同组织Cry1mRNA 转录水平相对定量研究

研究表明,时钟基因Cry1在哺乳动物季节性繁殖内分泌过程中可能发挥了重要作用。文章以多浪羊(非季节性繁殖)和中国美利奴羊(季节性繁殖)为研究对象,采用实时荧光定量PCR技术对下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴主要组织Cry1在发情周期不同阶段的表达变化情况进行了跟踪检测。结果表明:绵羊Cry1在所检测组织中均有表达,其中松果体和甲状腺Cry1的表达水平较高;不同绵羊品种Cry1在发情周期不同阶段的组织表达谱基本一致,除下丘脑外,卵巢、子宫、松果体、垂体和甲状腺中Cry1的表达水平均是在发情前期达到峰值;卵巢、子宫、垂体和松果体Cry1在发情前期和发情期的表达变化幅度存在显著的品种间差异。研究结果表明:Cry1可能具有启动发情和季节性繁殖的重要作用。     

草地贪夜蛾取食Cry1Ab和Cry1Fa蛋白后中肠转录组及ABC基因表达分析

【目的】为揭示草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera furgiperda幼虫取食Bt蛋白后与中肠上相关ATP结合盒转运子(ATP-binding cassette transporter, ABC)蛋白基因的表达量变化的关系。【方法】分别使用含活化晶体蛋白Cry1Ab (LC₇₀=240.2 μg/g)和Cry1Fa (LC₇₀=270.0 μg/g)蛋白的人工饲料饲喂草地贪夜蛾4龄幼虫48 h,利用高通量测序对中肠进行转录组测序并进行生物信息学分析,筛选处理后差异表达基因;利用RT-qPCR验证差异表达ABC基因的表达量。【结果】与饲喂正常人工饲料的对照相比,饲喂含240.2 μg/g Cry1Ab和270.0 μg/g Cry1Fa的人工饲料后草地贪夜蛾4龄幼虫中肠转录组中分别检测到1 305和1 202个差异表达基因。Cry1Ab和Cry1Fa处理组与对照组之间分别有994和912个差异表达基因被GO功能注释到生物学过程、分子功能和细胞组分三大类。在最终筛选到的9个差异表达的ABC家族基因中,Cry1Ab处理组与对照组之间有4个差异表达ABC基因,3个上调,1个下调; Cry1Fa处理组与对照组之间有5个差异表达ABC基因,2个上调,3个下调;Cry1Ab和Cry1Fa处理组与对照组之间有2个ABC基因(LOC118267200和LOC118267201)表达量均显著上调。RT-qPCR验证结果表明,与对照组相比,Cry1Ab处理组有3个ABC基因表达量极显著上调,2个ABC基因表达量下调;Cry1Fa处理组有5个ABC基因表达量上调,1个ABC基因表达量下调。【结论】Cry1Ab和Cry1Fa蛋白的摄入可以影响草地贪夜蛾幼虫中肠一些ABC家族基因的表达量变化,这些基因的表达量变化与昆虫抗性产生有关。经比对后发现,ABCC家族与ABCG8基因表达量变化显著。本研究为下一步明确草地贪夜蛾体内ABC转运蛋白在Bt蛋白杀虫机制中的作用,以及合理使用Bt蛋白防治草地贪夜蛾及延缓抗性提供了理论依据。     

转Cry1Ac活性杀虫蛋白及慈菇蛋白酶抑制剂B基因的棉花

根据植物基因的结构特征,合成了CrylAc活性杀虫蛋白的编码序列并与内质网定位肽编码序列组成嵌合杀虫蛋白基因Bt29K.构建了含Bt29K基因及慈菇蛋白酶抑制剂B(API-B)基因表达框的双抗虫基因植物表达载体.通过根癌土壤杆菌(Agrobacteriumtumefaciens(Smith et Townsend)Conn LBA4404)介导转化了棉花(Gossypium hirsu-tun L.)的两个生产品种(系).根据抗棉铃虫(Heliothis armigera)试验及农艺性状的观察调查结果,经6代筛选,获得了抗棉铃虫90.0%～99.7%且农艺性状优良的9个双价抗虫棉纯合品系.分子生物学分析结果表明,两个抗虫基因在棉花基因组中的插入拷贝数为1个或2个.活性Cry1Ac和API-B蛋白在转基因抗虫棉株系中的表达量分别约占总可溶性蛋白的0.17%和0.09%.对双抗纯合系植株及仅转Bt基因的棉花纯合系抗虫性检测结果表明前者的抗虫性明显高于后者,因此推断本研究采用的双抗虫基因表达载体构建策略是合理的.     

转Cry1Ac+Cry2Ab棉对棉铃虫的控制作用及对天敌捕食烟粉虱功能反应的影响

文章以转Cry1Ac基因棉(中棉所41)和常规棉(中棉所49)为对照,研究了转Cry1Ac+Cry2Ab基因棉(639020)在棉花生长的关键时期——蕾期(二代棉铃虫发生期)、花期(三代棉铃虫发生期)和花铃期(四代棉铃虫发生期)对棉铃虫的控制作用,同时研究了639020棉田主要捕食性天敌(中华草蛉幼虫、龟纹瓢虫、小花蝽和草间小黑蛛)对烟粉虱的捕食功能,明确了639020棉花在生长的关键时期对棉铃虫的控制效果及对棉田主要捕食性天敌捕食功能反应的影响。结果表明,639020棉花对二代和三代棉铃虫具有良好的控制作用,抗虫性分别比中棉所41提高了52.85%和16.22%,其中前者差异达显著水平,后者差异不显著。在棉花蕾期、花期和花铃期,639020棉田棉铃虫落卵量都比中棉所41棉田和中棉所49棉田低(除二代棉铃虫发生期);棉铃虫幼虫数量都极显著低于常规棉,且都低于防治指标,但与中棉所41棉田无显著差异。639020棉田中华草蛉、龟纹瓢虫、小花蝽和草间小黑蛛对烟粉虱的捕食功能与中棉所41棉田和常规棉田相比无显著变化。研究结果以期为新型转基因棉花环境安全性研究及其外源基因的抗虫遗传效应和生产应用前景进行安全性评价。     

New resistance mechanism in Helicoverpa armigera threatens transgenic crops expressing Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ac toxin

In Australia, the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera, has a long history of resistance to conventional insecticides. Transgenic cotton (expressing the Bacillus thuringiensis toxin Cry1Ac) has been grown for H. armigera control since 1996. It is demonstrated here that a population of Australian H. armigera has developed resistance to Cry1Ac toxin (275-fold). Some 70% of resistant H. armigera larvae were able to survive on Cry1Ac transgenic cotton (Ingard) The resistance phenotype is inherited as an autosomal semidominant trait. Resistance was associated with elevated esterase levels, which cosegregated with resistance. In vitro studies employing surface plasmon resonance technology and other biochemical techniques demonstrated that resistant strain esterase could bind to Cry1Ac protoxin and activated toxin. In vivo studies showed that Cry1Ac-resistant larvae fed Cy1Ac transgenic cotton or Cry1Ac-treated artificial diet had lower esterase activity than non-Cry1Ac-fed larvae. A resistance mechanism in which esterase sequesters Cry1Ac is proposed.     

Biology of Campoletis chlorideae (Uchida) (Hym., Ichneumonidae) developing in Bt-treated, Bt-resistant Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lep., Noctuidae) larvae

Abstract:  Life history parameters in two generations of endoparasitoid Campoletis chlorideae (Uchida) were examined using Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)-resistant Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) larvae feeding on B. thuringiensis toxin Cry1Ac. In the laboratory, Bt toxin was fed to Bt-resistant host larvae continuously in case of Bt treatment and only before or after the host larvae were parasitized in Bt–P and P–Bt treatments, respectively. C. chlorideae pupae developed faster in Bt treatment than non-Bt treatment. The shortened pupal stage duration was mainly because of the feeding of host larvae on Bt-diet before being parasitized. Body length of adult male C. chlorideae developed inside Bt-treated Bt-resistant (Bt–Bt) H. armigera larvae significantly decreased, especially in host larvae feeding on Bt-diet after being parasitized. However, survival, pupal mortality and adult longevity of C. chlorideae were almost unaffected in Bt-resistant H. armigera larvae feeding on Bt-toxin. Furthermore, Bt-treated host larvae had the same effect on the F₁ progeny of C. chlorideae as the previous generation, and there was no significant difference between generations. This experiment suggests that there is very limited effect on the life history parameters in two generations of C. chlorideae parasitizing Bt–Bt H. armigera larvae. But both generations of C. chlorideae are affected when Bt-resistant H. armigera larvae fed on Bt toxin for different durations.     

Fitness of Cry1A-resistant and -susceptible Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on transgenic cotton with reduced levels of Cry1Ac

The performance of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) on 15-wk-old cotton plants was compared for a susceptible strain, a near-isogenic laboratory-selected strain, and F1 progeny of the two strains. Glasshouse experiments were conducted to test the three insect types on conventional plants and transgenic plants that produced the Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxin Cry1Ac. At the time of testing (15 wk), the Cry1Ac concentration in cotton leaves was 75% lower than at 4 wk. On these plants, < 10% of susceptible larvae reached the fifth instar, and none survived to pupation. In contrast, survival to adulthood on Cry1Ac cotton was 62% for resistant larvae and 39% for F1 larvae. These results show that inheritance of resistance to 15-wk-old Cry1Ac cotton is partially dominant, in contrast to results previously obtained on 4-wk-old Cry1Ac cotton. Growth and survival of resistant insects were similar on Cry1Ac cotton and on non-Bt cotton, but F1 insects developed more slowly on Cry1Ac cotton than on non-Bt cotton. Survival was lower and development was slower for resistant larvae than for susceptible and F1 larvae on non-Bt cotton. These results show recessive fitness costs are associated with resistance to Cry1Ac.     

Survival and development of Campoletis chlorideae on various insect and crop hosts: implications for Bt-transgenic crops

Abstract:  The parasitic wasp, Campoletis chlorideae is an important larval parasitoid of Helicoverpa armigera a serious pest of cotton, grain legumes and cereals. Large-scale deployment of Bt -transgenic crops with resistance to H. armigera may have potential consequences for the development and survival of C. chlorideae . Therefore, we studied the tritrophic interactions of C. chlorideae involving eight insect host species and six host crops under laboratory conditions. The recovery of H. armigera larvae following release was greater on pigeonpea and chickpea when compared with cotton, groundnut and pearl millet. The parasitism by C. chlorideae females was least with reduction in cocoon formation and adult emergence on H. armigera larvae released on chickpea. Host insects also had significant effect on the development and survival of C. chlorideae . The larval period of C. chlorideae was prolonged by 2–3 days on Spodoptera exigua , Mythimna separata and Achaea janata when compared with H. armigera , Helicoverpa assulta and Spodoptera litura . Maximum cocoon formation and adult emergence were recorded on H. armigera (82.4% and 70.5%, respectively) than on other insect hosts. These studies have important implications on development and survival of C. chlorideae on alternate insect hosts on non-transgenic crop plants, when there is paucity of H. armigera larvae on transgenic crops expressing Bt -toxins.     

Toxicity and characterization of cotton expressing Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab2 proteins for control of lepidopteran pests

Cry1Ac protoxin (the active insecticidal toxin in both Bollgard and Bollgard II cotton [Gossypium hirsutum L.]), and Cry2Ab2 toxin (the second insecticidal toxin in Bollgard II cotton) were bioassayed against five of the primary lepidopteran pests of cotton by using diet incorporation. Cry1Ac was the most toxic to Heliothis virescens (F.) and Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), demonstrated good activity against Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), and had negligible toxicity against Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) and Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith). Cry2Ab2 was the most toxic to P. gossypiella and least toxic to S. frugiperda. Cry2Ab2 was more toxic to S. exigua and S. frugiperda than Cry1Ac. Of the three insect species most sensitive to both Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) proteins (including H. zea), P. gossypiella was only three-fold less sensitive to Cry2Ab2 than Cry1Ac, whereas H. virescens was 40-fold less sensitive to Cry2Ab2 compared with CrylAc. Cotton plants expressing Cry1Ac only and both Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab2 proteins were characterized for toxicity against H. zea and S.frugiperda larvae in the laboratory and H. zea larvae in an environmental chamber. In no-choice assays on excised squares from plants of different ages, second instar H. zea larvae were controlled by Cry1Ac/Cry2Ab2 cotton with mortality levels of 90% and greater at 5 d compared with 30-80% mortality for Cry1Ac-only cotton, depending on plant age. Similarly, feeding on leaf discs from Cry1Ac/Cry2Ab2 cotton resulted in mortality of second instars of S.frugiperda ranging from 69 to 93%, whereas exposure to Cry1Ac-only cotton yielded 20-69% mortality, depending on plant age. When cotton blooms were infested in situ in an environmental chamber with neonate H. zea larvae previously fed on synthetic diet for 0, 24, or 48 h, 7-d flower abortion levels for Cry1Ac-only cotton were 15, 41, and 63%, respectively, whereas for Cry1Ac/Cry2Ab2 cotton, flower abortion levels were 0, 0, and 5%, respectively. Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab2 concentrations were measured within various cotton tissues of Cry1Ac-only and Cry1Ac/Cry2Ab2 plants, respectively, by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Terminal leaves significantly expressed the highest, and large leaves, calyx, and bracts expressed significantly the lowest concentrations of Cry1Ac, respectively. Ovules expressed significantly the highest, and terminal leaves, large leaves, bracts, and calyx expressed significantly (P < 0.05) the lowest concentrations of Cry2Ab2. These results help explain the observed differences between Bollgard and Bollgard II mortality against the primary lepidopteran cotton pests, and they may lead to improved scouting and resistance management practices, and to more effective control of these pests with Bt transgenic crops in the future.     

Effects of the Cry1Ac toxin of Bacillus thuringiensis on Microplitis mediator, a parasitoid of the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera

Interactions between the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), its larval parasitoid Microplitis mediator (Haliday) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), and the Cry1Ac toxin of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner were evaluated under laboratory conditions. The growth of H. armigera larvae was delayed and its pupal rate and pupal weight decreased when they were fed on a diet containing Cry1Ac toxin. Due to the lowered growth rate of the host larvae, the time available for parasitization of H. armigera by M. mediator increased when the host larvae were reared on a diet containing Cry1Ac toxin at concentrations of 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 µg g^?1. The longevity of female and male parasitoids was not significantly affected when newly emerging wasps fed on honey solutions containing three different concentrations of Cry1Ac toxin (125, 250, and 500 µg ml^?1). When female parasitoids were fed on honey solutions containing Cry1Ac, their offsprings’ egg and larval development period, pupal weight, length of pupation, adult weight, and adult longevity did not change significantly in most of the treatments compared with controls. When the female parasitoids parasitized host larvae that had been fed on a diet containing 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 8 µg g^?1 Cry1Ac toxin, their offsprings’ eggs and larvae were significantly delayed. Their pupal weight, adult weight, and adult longevity were also significantly less than controls.     

转基因抗虫棉对棉铃虫及其内寄生蜂的双重效应

以含1%转基因（Cry1A+CpTI）抗虫棉“中抗310”棉叶粉的人工饲料为基础,建立一套抗虫棉 棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera 棉铃虫幼虫内寄生蜂中红侧沟茧蜂Microplitis mediator和棉铃虫齿唇姬蜂Campoletis chlorideae的三级营养关系的研究系统,研究了转基因抗虫棉对棉铃虫及内寄生蜂的双重效应,分析比较了6种状态的棉铃虫生长发育动态,以及寄生蜂的生长状况。结果表明,无论是否被寄生,抗虫棉对棉铃虫生长发育的抑制作用都非常显著;寄生取食抗虫棉饲料的棉铃虫的寄生蜂,其出茧率和茧重都显著下降,对于中红侧沟茧蜂,出茧率和茧重分别下降了26.1%和1.0 mg;对于棉铃虫齿唇姬蜂,分别下降了17.9%和5.1 mg。解剖寄主发现,两种寄生蜂在取食抗虫棉饲料的寄主体内发育缓慢并出现部分畸形幼蜂。棉铃虫幼虫血淋巴总蛋白含量和血淋巴蛋白SDS-PAGE电泳分析表明,取食抗虫棉饲料后,棉铃虫血淋巴总蛋白含量低于相应的对照,推测寄主血淋巴蛋白含量降低是导致寄生蜂生长缓慢、发育不正常的一个重要原因。     

New Resistance Mechanism in Helicoverpa armigera Threatens Transgenic Crops Expressing Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ac Toxin

In Australia, the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera, has a long history of resistance to conventional insecticides. Transgenic cotton (expressing the Bacillus thuringiensis toxin Cry1Ac) has been grown for H. armigera control since 1996. It is demonstrated here that a population of Australian H. armigera has developed resistance to Cry1Ac toxin (275-fold). Some 70% of resistant H. armigera larvae were able to survive on Cry1Ac transgenic cotton (Ingard) The resistance phenotype is inherited as an autosomal semidominant trait. Resistance was associated with elevated esterase levels, which cosegregated with resistance. In vitro studies employing surface plasmon resonance technology and other biochemical techniques demonstrated that resistant strain esterase could bind to Cry1Ac protoxin and activated toxin. In vivo studies showed that Cry1Ac-resistant larvae fed Cy1Ac transgenic cotton or Cry1Ac-treated artificial diet had lower esterase activity than non-Cry1Ac-fed larvae. A resistance mechanism in which esterase sequesters Cry1Ac is proposed.     

Transgenic cotton co-expressing chimeric Vip3AcAa and Cry1Ac confers effective protection against Cry1Ac-resistant cotton bollworm

Wide planting of transgenic Bt cotton in China since 1997 to control cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera) has increased yields and decreased insecticide use, but the evolution of resistance to Bt cotton by H. armigera remains a challenge. Toward developing a new generation of insect-resistant transgenic crops, a chimeric protein of Vip3Aa1 and Vip3Ac1, named Vip3AcAa, having a broader insecticidal spectrum, was specifically created previously in our laboratory. In this study, we investigated cross resistance and interactions between Vip3AcAa and Cry1Ac with three H. armigera strains, one that is susceptible and two that are Cry1Ac-resistant, to determine if Vip3AcAa is a good candidate for development the pyramid cotton with Cry1Ac toxin. Our results showed that evolution of insect resistance to Cry1Ac toxin did not influence the sensitivity of Cry1Ac-resistant strains to Vip3AcAa. For the strains examined, observed mortality was equivalent to the expected mortality for all the combinations of Vip3AcAa and Cry1Ac tested, reflecting independent activity between these two toxins. When this chimeric vip3AcAa gene and the cry1Ac gene were introduced into cotton, mortality rates of Cry1Ac resistant H. armigera larvae strains that fed on this new cotton increased significantly compared with larvae fed on non-Bt cotton and cotton producing only Cry1Ac. These results suggest that the Vip3AcAa protein is an excellent option for a “pyramid” strategy for pest resistance management in China.     

Effects of Bt-toxin Cry1Ac on Propylaea japonica Thunberg (Col., Coccinellidae) by feeding on Bt-treated Bt-resistant Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lep., Noctuidae) larvae

Abstract:  Propylaea japonica is an important predatory insect of common cotton pests. To assess the ecological effects of transgenic Bt cotton, expressing Cry1Ac toxin, on this predator, we examined the life history parameters of P. japonica for two generations by feeding them with Bt-resistant Helicoverpa armigera . After ingesting Bt-treated Bt-resistant H. armigera larvae in the third and fourth instar, the body mass and body length of adult P. japonica decreased, a combined effect of poor prey quality and Cry1Ac Bt-toxin may account for these effects. However, larval survivorship and development in these two instars, pupal mortality, fecundity and adult longevity of P. japonica were not affected in both the generations. These results suggest that ingesting Bt-toxin Cry1Ac-treated pests in advanced larval stage might have no significant effect on the fitness of predator P. japonica .