Quantitative sampling of the pseudoscorpion Chthonius ischnocheles from beech litter

Samples of beech litter were taken from a site in Lambridge Wood, near Henley-on-Thames, Oxon.during the period May 1963 to November 1964. Peaks and trends in the densities of each of the stages of C. ischnocheles clarify the earlier work of Gabbutt & Vachon (1963) especially for the postwinter period. Most of the protonymphs appear during July to September and the majority overwinter as deutonymphs. Growth recommences the following spring, peak densities of tritonymphs are achieved in May to June and maturity is attained July to August. Mortality in the prewinter periodis at least 85% and about 50% occurs during the protonymphal stage. The adults in August belong toat least two different generations. about 40% have recently matured, the remainder have bred at least once before. Mention is made of the densities achieved by both N . muscorum and R. lubricus in relation to the very high overall densities recorded on the site.     

Seasonal variations in thalli and carrageenan composition of Gigartina pistillata (Gmelin) Stackhouse (Rhodophyta, Gigartinales) harvested along the Atlantic coast of Morocco

The biology and biochemistry of Gigartina pistillata (Gmelin) Stackhouse collected monthly at Nation Beach (Morocco), was studied during one year. The biological study showed one period of active growth from April to July. The thallus composition was quite stable during the major part of the year. The dry matter was maximum in May and August and minimum in January. The maximum carrageenan content occurred in June and September (about 37%) and the minimum carrageenan content occurred in February (19.0%). The total nitrogen content varied significantly, with a maximum in January (1.98%) and a minimum in August (0.7%). The ash content was significant (23–32%) with a maximum in August and a minimum in May. The carrageenan extracted from natural populations of Gigartina pistillata was a mixture of lambda‐type and kappa‐type carrageenans. The 3,6‐anhydrogalactose varied between 4.5 mol% in June to 25 mol% in February. For industrial applications the extract could be considered as a lambda‐type. The best period for harvest of G. pistillata in Morocco is between July and August when biomass and viscosity are at their maximum. A relationship between the physical characteristics of G. pistillata carrageenans and its seasonal cycle was deduced.     

贵州雷公山海南鳽繁殖记录

海南鳽(Gorsachius magnificus)隶属于鹈形目(Pelecaniformes)鹭科(Ardeidae),为我国Ⅱ级重点保护野生动物。本文报道了2019年5月至9月海南鳽在贵州雷公山自然保护区干脑村南柳河(26°16’N,108°06’E,海拔771 m)的繁殖情况。海南鳽巢址选择在常绿阔叶林中,营巢于高大、枝叶繁茂、枝桠较多并有很强隐蔽性的阔叶树上。结合发现海南鳽幼鸟在贵州雷公山自然保护区分布区的增加,我们认为在贵州雷公山地区应该至少有1或2个繁殖种群。本次记录是海南鳽在贵州省的首次繁殖记录。     

Movements and Home Sites of Timber Wolves in Algonquin Park

Ecological studies of timber wolves (Canis lupus) in a forestedenvironment have always been difficult to undertake in the past,particularly during the summer months, because of the lack ofa suitable technique. In 1960 Pimlott devised a technique whichemployed the use of broadcast wolf howls in locating wolvesin the field. This report reviews the success of this techniquein studying the movements of two packs of wolves, and theiruse of home sites in Algonquin Park, Ontario. Wolves responded by howling a total of 476 occasions or approximately13% of the occasions that broadcast howls were given. Humanimitations were more successful than tape-recordings in inducingresponses. Wolves responded at any time of day, but dusk wasthe most favorable period. They also responded more frequentlyin July and August than in May and June. Two types of home sites were found: the den site, occupied duringthe early life of the pups, and the rendezvous site, a placeoccupied by wolves during later development of pups. All ofhe home sites were adjacent to some immediate source of water.The movement of wolves appeared also to be concentrated alongthe water courses. The locations of the home sites and the evidence obtained fromhowling responses, tracks, and scats suggested that the summerrange comprised a minimum area of eight square miles. The samerange was utilized by a pack in 1961 and 1963.     

利用多时相近地面反射波谱特征对不同退化等级草地的鉴别研究

 草地各退化等级群落反射波谱特征之间的差异性大小与草地类型和生长季节有关,羊草(Leymus chinensis)草原不同退化等级群落反射波谱特征之间的差异在6月底最为显著,在5月底的差异最不明显, 大针茅(Stipa grandis)草原不同退化等级群落反射波谱特征之间在7月底、8月底的差异最为显著,在5月底和6月底的差异最不明显。植被指数(NDVI)在5月底、6月底和9月底在各草地类型的不同退化等级群落中都无显著差异,而在7月底、8月底差异显著程度也小于各波段反射率。主分量分析(PCA)和模式识别分析结果表明：对于羊草草原退化生态系列的不同退化等级群落分类效果最佳的鉴别函数是蓝光、红光和近红外波段反射率的线性组合,最佳分类时间在6月底,平均错误概率仅为0.7%,5月底进行分类效果最差,平均错误概率为12%左右,7月底、8月底、9月底的分类效果居中;对大针茅草原退化生态系列的不同退化等级群落分类效果最佳的鉴别函数是蓝光、绿光和近红外波段3个反射率的线性组合,在7月底和8月底进行分类效果最好,分类的平均错误概率为4％左右,9月底的分类效果最差,平均错误概率达10%左右。     

Thermal stress in Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus broodstock: a 28 year case study

Temperature and egg viability data from an Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus hatchery covering a period of 28 years were analysed. During the study period, there was a significant increase in the mean water temperature in May, July, August and September of c. 2° C. Independent of year, the egg viability showed a negative correlation with the mean monthly temperatures in July, August and September as well as with the temperature difference between October and November. The negative effect of high summer temperatures was further supported by a comparison of egg viability from replicate broodstock reared at two sites differing mainly in summer water temperature. The eggs from the colder site were, on average, significantly larger (4·4 mm compared with 4·0 mm) and had higher hatching rates (57% compared with 37%). These results suggest that unfavourable temperature conditions during the summer and autumn can explain much of the excessive egg mortality experienced at the main facility used for the Swedish S. alpinus breeding programme. The main effect was supra‐optimal temperatures during the period July to September, but there also appears to have been an effect from the temperature regime before and during spawning (October to November) that was unrelated to the summer temperatures. These findings emphasize the importance of site selection and sustainable management of aquaculture hatcheries in the light of the ongoing climate change.     

The nature and causes of annual fluctuations in numbers of Aphis fabae Scop. on field beans (Vicia faba)

Experiments for nine successive years showed that Aphis fabae Scop. populations on mid-March-sown field beans were either large with peak densities between late June and mid-July or very small with peak densities in early August. It is concluded that the largest populations develop when many plants have been colonized by primary migrants from Euonymus europaeus and temperature and radiation are above average during June and early July, as in the year 1957. Cold, dull weather slows multiplication and decreases the size of the peak population even when there is a large initial colonization, as in 1954. The peak population may also be less than predicted from the initial colonization when natural enemies are exceptionally abundant in early June, as in the year 1960. Yield losses of mid-March-sown crops in years of large A. fabae populations ranged from 53 % in 1954 (peak population of 1260 aphids per plant) to 100% in 1957 (6920 aphids per plant). Small summer populations with peak densities of about 0·2–85 aphids per plant developed on mid-March-sown plots in years when fewer than about 6% of the plants were colonized by primary migrants. Yield losses ranged from 6·3–13·6%. Three years' experiments indicated that crops sown in late April or May are relatively lightly infested in years when large populations develop on mid-March-sown crops. Conversely, they may be relatively heavily infested when the populations on these crops are small, as in 1955 when temperatures and sunshine during July and early August were above average. Small and large early summer populations tend to alternate in successive years. The alternation is upset by hot, sunny weather during July and August, and perhaps September and October, which compresses the population cycle Thus the large and small populations expected from this alternation in 1956 and 1960 developed instead during exceptionally fine weather in late summer 1955 and 1959, converting 1956 and 1960 to years of small and large populations respectively.     

The epidemiology of the metacercariae of Diplostomum baeri and D. spathaceum in perch (Perca fluviatilis) from the warm water effluent of a nuclear power station

Thermal effects on the dynamics of infection with metacercariae of Diplostomum baeri and D. spathaceum were monitored between May and September, in a year-class of perch Perca fluviatilis, in an artificial lake receiving warm water discharges from a nuclear power station and in an unheated reference site, for a two year period. In the heated area the prevalence of infection of the retinal form, D. baeri, was always 100%, whereas in the unheated site there was an increase from 93% in May to 100% in June 1986. The relative density of D. baeri was found to increase gradually during the first summer in both areas, although the accumulation rate of metacercariae was significantly increased in the heated area. In August of the first year the relative density of D. baeri peaked in the heated area, whereas it continued to increase in the unheated control. However, in September of the following year, the relative densities were at the same level in both thermal regimes. A concomitant decline in the degree of overdispersion of metacercariae within the host population was observed in the heated area as the population density of metacercariae decreased, whereas the index of dispersion remained at the same level throughout the study in the unheated area. However, it was not possible to sample perch in the unheated area between October 1986 and May 1987 and changes in the parasite population could have occurred during this period. The prevalence and relative density of D. spathaceum, the lens form, was on the contrary low, especially in the unheated site where it was recorded only occasionally. The infection of D. baeri exhibited a convex pattern in both thermal regimens, although the peak infection was noticed earlier in the heated area. Regulation of the parasite infrapopulation may have been achieved by the combined effects of a decreased transmission rate of cercariae with increasing age of the host, the mortality of metacercariae as a natural termination of the life span and to selective predation of heavily infected hosts. However, regardless of an increased accumulation rate of metacercariae in the heated area, the relative densities of D. baeri became equal in both thermal regimes at the end of the study. The mortality rate of metacercariae in the heated area was therefore presumably increased as compared with the unheated reference site.     

The numbers, biomass and transport downstream of micro-crustaceans and Hydra from Cow Green Reservoir (Upper Teesdale)

Fluctuations in numbers and biomass of Copepoda, Cladocera and Hydra drifting out of the Cow Green reservoir via the outflow were investigated during the period August 1972-November 1973. Cladocera, chiefly Daphnia hyalina var. lacustris Sars and Copepoda, were most abundant between July and September, occurring at mean densities of 1278 and 215 m^?3 respectively. Hydra was most abundant between August and October at a mean density of 19 m^?3. Winter densities of all groups were low and 98% of the total annual output occurred between July and October. An estimated 150 kg (136 kg of Cladocera, 13kg of Copepoda and 1 kg of Hydra) dry weight was released from the reservoir during the year November 1972-October 1973. During periods of peak abundance about 1–2% of the total fauna drifting out of the reservoir was found 6·5 km below the dam. The effect of reservoir discharge and flow in tributaries of the Tees on this transport downstream is discussed. It is suggested that the micro-crustaceans and Hydra, even if not fed upon directly, will have considerable influence on the Tees benthos when they settle out and decompose to produce a nutrient-rich detritus.     

Transformations and fate of sheep urine-N applied to an upland U.K. pasture at different times during the growing season

The fate of sheep urine-N applied to an upland grass sward at four dates representing widely differing environmental conditions, was followed in soil (0–20 cm) and in herbage. Urine was poured onto 1-m² plots to simulate a single urination in August 1984 (warm and dry), May (cool), July and August 1985 (cool and wet) at rates equivalent to 40–52 g N m⁻². The transformation of urine-N (61–69% urea-N) in soil over a 6–7 week period followed the same general pattern when applied at different times during the season; rapid hydrolysis of urea, the appearance of large amounts of urine-N as ammonium in soil extracts, and the appearance of nitrate about 14 days after application. The magnitude of “apparent” nitrification however differed markedly with environmental conditions, being greatest in May 1985 when a maximum of 76% of the inorganic soil N was in the form of nitrate. At all other application dates nitrate levels were relatively low. With the August 1984 application soil inorganic N returned to control levels (given water only) after 31 days but considerable amounts remained in soil for 60–90 days with the other applications. Weekly cuts to 3-cm indicated that increases in herbage dry matter and N yields in response to urine application were greatest in absolute terms after the May 1985 application and continued for at least 70 days with all applications. Relative to control plots the May application resulted in a 3-fold increase in herbage DM compared with corresponding values of 6-, 5-, and 7-fold increases with the August 1984, July and August 1985 applications. Recovery of urine-N in herbage was poor averaging only 17% of that applied at different dates, while recovery in soil extracts was incomplete. The exact routes of loss (volatilisation, leaching, denitrification or immobilisation) were not quantified but it is evident that substantial amounts of urine-N can be lost from the soil-plant system under upland conditions.     

莲草直胸跳甲释放量对其种群构建的影响

【背景】莲草直胸跳甲是外来入侵杂草空心莲子草的专一性天敌,其田间种群密度直接影响对空心莲子草的控制效果。研究莲草直胸跳甲的种群动态和扩散速度对于适时和适量投放莲草直胸跳甲防治空心莲子草具有重要意义。【方法】2008年5月底,在湿地环境的空心莲子草上释放不同密度的莲草直胸跳甲后,对其进行了持续至12月的种群动态调查。【结果】莲草直胸跳甲种群在6～7月和10～11月分别出现2个明显的高峰期。在湿地、旱地和水田3种生境的空心莲子草上释放莲草直胸跳甲后的扩散动态调查表明,莲草直胸跳甲在旱地的扩散能力强于湿地和水田,放虫后18d,距释放中心点6m处,旱地生境的种群数目大于湿地生境和水田生境。【结论与意义】应用莲草直胸跳甲防治空心莲子草的释放适期为早春5～6月,在不同生境进行释放时,需根据其扩散能力确定适宜的释放点密度和释放量。     

Impact of Chaoborus predation upon the structure and dynamics of a crustacean zooplankton community

Summary During ice-free seasons of 1975, 1977 and 1978, replicated experimental alteration of spring densities of predatory Chaoborus larvae inside 20–27 m³ enclosures in a fishless oligotrophic lake had relatively small, but significant, short-term effects upon prey species abundances. Enhancement of predator densities generally had greater numerical effects relative to controls than did complete removal of predators. With the exceptions Diaphanosoma and Bosmina under artificially elevated Chaoborus densities, numerical effects on prey species did not persist for more than a few weeks after midsummer in these 3 years. During cooler 1976, however, much larger Chaoborus effects in May and June persisted into September. Low temperatures and small initial population densities slowed population growth and tended to increase the proportion of each species' recruitment lost to Chaoborus predation. As water temperatures increased during 3 of 4 summers, rapid juvenile development and compensating increase in adult fertility generally permitted most prey species to escape regulation by these large, univoltine and semivoltine predators. With growing prey population size, declining food levels suppressed crustacean fecundity in July and August, thereby permitting predatory losses to climb again to substantial fractions of the reduced prey recruitment. Nevertheless, prey densities in predator-free and control or predator-enhanced enclosures differed little from July through September (except in 1976). Thus, summer population growth of most prey species seemed more limited by food shortages than by predators per se. Growth of individual zooplankters was affected by food availability during critical periods in July and August in all years, and Chaoborus predation seemed to influence the timing of this food limitation in at least 2 of the 4 years     

截头堆砂白蚁的分飞期研究

对不同群体、不同年份截头堆砂白蚁Cryptotermesdomesticus(Haviland)的分飞期进行了 3年的观察研究。结果表明 :该种白蚁的分飞期长 ,且 3年的分飞期基本相同。在广州 ,该种白蚁的分飞期一般在每年的 4月中旬至 8月下旬 ,分飞始期的第 1次分飞日最早为 4月 1 5日 ,分飞末期的最后 1次分飞日在 9月 1 6日。 1年中该种白蚁的分飞日数为 5 5～ 80日。其中 ,分飞日数较多的月份为 5～ 7月。其飞出时间一般在傍晚 1 8:3 0～ 1 9:3 0 ,以 1 9:0 0～ 1 9:3 0分飞次数最多 ,占分飞总数的 66 66%。     

浑善达克沙地三趾跳鼠的食性与繁殖特征的初步分析

采用夹捕取样法对内蒙古浑善达克沙地三趾跳鼠(Dipus sagitta)种群进行逐月调查,根据捕获样本的繁殖器官特征及胃内容物组成分析三趾跳鼠的食性与繁殖的季节动态。结果表明,本地区三趾跳鼠主要取食植物茎叶,4、5、6、9、10月植物茎叶占其食物组成的95%以上,7～8月达60%～75%;三趾跳鼠还取食少量的植物种子;7～8月,嫩绿的植物种子占35%,但很少取食成熟种子。此外,也捕食少量昆虫。在浑善达克沙地,三趾跳鼠每年只繁殖1胎,繁殖期为5～7月,5月下旬至6月中旬为交配期,6下旬至7月中旬为幼鼠出生期。三趾跳鼠的胎仔数稳定,每胎产仔2～3只,平均胎仔数为2·8。6月份成体雌鼠的妊娠率为43%;7月份雌鼠的妊娠率为48%;其他月份妊娠率为0%。雄鼠睾丸下降时间为5～8月,6月雄性成体睾丸下降率达到最高峰,为100%。     

菹草的生活史、生物量和断枝的无性繁殖

菹草是一种比较典型的秋季发芽、越冬生长的沉水植物。在夏季,多数植株衰败死亡,殖芽则落入水底进入夏季休眠期。春季是菹草群落生物量和生产力的高峰期。植株生物量的垂直分布属表层分布型。植株含水量从根部向枝顶逐渐减少,全株干物质含量的周年测定值平均为风干重=湿重×0.625。水温和植物发育阶段是影响断枝的生根、生长速度和殖芽形成的重要因素。在营养生长阶段,水温3—25℃范围内,断枝均能生根,断枝的相对生长速度为5.49—30.25毫克/克/天。断枝在殖芽形成期均能生长殖芽,但个体较小。       

Interaction of the tick (Haemaphysalis leporispalustris) with a cyclic snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus) population

Prevalence and intensity of the tick, Haemaphysalis leporispalustris, were monitored during 1963 to 1976 in a cyclic snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus) population near Rochester, Alberta, Canada. Prevalence was near zero from December through March, and near 100% among adult hares from May through September. Prevalence among juvenile hares approached 100% by age 2 mo. Intensity peaked for both adults and juveniles during May-June and again in August. Mean intensities were significantly higher among adult males than adult females in 5 of 13 yr, and almost significant in two others. Tick intensities were lowest during 3 yr, 1969 to 1971, when hare densities were highest. Tick intensities in spring were correlated with intensities the previous fall. Survival of marked adult and juvenile hares was unrelated to intensities of infestation. Mean numbers of corpora lutea and embryos tended to be lower among adult females with heavy tick infestations, and intra-uterine losses rose steadily from about 3 to 13% as tick intensities increased from none to heavy. Comparison of average tick intensities on adults 1-, 2-, and greater than or equal to 3-yr-old yielded no evidence of increased immunity with age.     

The biology of the ground beetle Harpalus rufipes in a strawberry field in Northumberland

Harpalus rufipes (Degeer) was studied in a strawberry plot in Northumberland from 1973 to 1978 by pitfall trapping, and in the laboratory. Adults were active from April until November. Overwintered male beetles predominated at the beginning of each season until May, followed by overwintered females in June and July. Newly emerged, mainly female, beetles were active from August onwards. Overwintered females matured during early summer and laid eggs in August with a fecundity of 10–15 eggs/female. In the laboratory about 30% of beetles survived from one breeding season to the next. First- and second-instar larvae were caught in pitfall traps in autumn; in the laboratory they made approximately vertical burrows in which they stored seeds taken from the soil surface. Third-instar larvae fed on these seeds and were not active on the surface. Preferred seeds were those of grasses and Chenopodium album L. Larvae were usually aggregated in the soil at densities of 3–20/m².     

Descriptive phenology and seasonality of a Canadian brown-water stream

A phenological-type synthesis was attempted for 10 years of limnological data of a brown-water stream of Alberta, Canada. The objectives were to predict the normal occurrence of seasonal events in the stream and to formulate indices upon which to base general stream management strategies. The stream supports a diverse chironomid fauna (109 species); and four taxa, chironomids, ostracods and the ephemeropteransLeptophlebia cupida andBaetis tricaudatus, account for 61% of the total yearly fauna by numbers. There are two obvious major seasons: a 7 month ice-free season (ca 15 April–15 November) and a 5 month winter season. Based on numerical classification of physical and chemical parameters, the ice-free season is separated into spring (April and May), summer (June, July and August) and autumn (September and October) seasons; and these four seasons can serve as the basis for describing biological seasonality. There are few detectable periodic events during the long, 5-month winter season: flow and water temperature are relatively constant and at minimum values. There are no reproductive periods for species studied; no new generations appear; drift densities are at minimum values; and for most taxa, little growth takes place in winter. Some of the important phenological events of the three ice-free seasons include: (1) a total emergence, hence reproductive, period of 6 months (April–September) for aquatic insects studied, with the largest number of taxa reproducing in late June and early July; (2) a 31/2 month period (late April–early August) when water temperatures are on the rise (log phase of total degree days curve), with maximum rate increase in May, maximum rate decrease in October, and maximum water temperature values in early August; (3) a completely green (trees and marsh grasses) watershed of less than 2 months (late June–early August); (4) a leaf-drop period of 11/2 months (September–mid October), with maximum litter-fall rate in early September; (5) maximum discharge in April; (6) minimum standing crop by numbers in April and maximum numbers in September; (7) maximum daily drift and drift densities (all taxa) in August; (8) maximum impounding effect of beaver dams in September; (9) maximum aquatic macrophyte standing crop in September; and (10) maximum ‘potential’ food resources (detritus of aquatic macrophyte and terrestrial leaf origin) in mid October.     

降水时间对内蒙古温带草原地上净初级生产力的影响

全球气候变化下降水时间的改变将深刻影响草原生态系统地上净初级生产力(ANPP),而草原生态系统ANPP是区域碳循环的重要过程.利用1998-2007年的SPOT-VEG NDVI数据并结合111个样点的ANPP地面样方调查数据,获得了内蒙古温带草原1998-2007年的ANPP区域数据,依此分析了中国内蒙古温带草原以及区域内的3种植被类型(荒漠草原、典型草原、草甸草原)降水时间对ANPP的影响.研究结果表明,对于整个内蒙古温带草原来说,一个水分年内(从上一年9月份到当年地上生物量达最大值时的8月份)影响ANPP较为重要的降水月份为2-7月份,其中,5-7月份降水尤为重要.具体到每个月降水的影响,研究发现,7月份降水最重要,而仍处于生长季的8月份降水相对于其他生长季降水作用最小;影响不同草地类型最重要的降水时期存在一定差异,对荒漠草原和典型草原地区来说,ANPP达最大值前3个月(5-7月份)的生长季降水最重要,而8月份降水影响较小,而草甸草原地区8月份和非生长季的3、4月份降水最重要,但各个降水时期降水对ANPP的影响都较荒漠草原和典型草原小,大部分地区降水对ANPP的影响不显著.     

Dermacentor albipictus on moose (Alces alces) in Ontario.

Fifty-five moose (Alces alces) collected from 1963 to 1965 in the Chapleau Crown Game Preserve of northern Ontario were examined for ectoparasites. Dermacentor albipictus was the only parasite recovered. D. albipictus was absent from 15 moose examined during June, July and August; first observed on 1 or 2 moose examined in September; and present on all 38 moose collected from October to May. Ticks were not evenly distributed on the body. Infestations varied from 32 to 13,490 ticks/moose for 14 individuals. Levels of infestation observed did not have an obvious adverse effect on the health of the moose.