禾本科psbA-trnH基因的序列分析及其在斑点野生稻鉴定中的应用

通过对稻属(Oryza L.)及其近缘种等禾本科(Gramineae)植物叶绿体psbA-trnH基因进行扩增和测序,分析其系统进化关系及序列差异,并设计鉴定斑点野生稻(O.punctata)的特异分子标记。序列分析的结果表明,栽培稻材料间psbA-trnH基因序列没有或很少存在碱基差异,野生稻相对变异丰富,其中靠近3′端下游序列碱基变异较为丰富,5′端相对保守。根据斑点野生稻psbA-trnH基因序列的特异位点设计的引物,扩增的目的片段ptBD118长118bp,退火温度在62℃时特异性最佳。在条码基因差异位点分析的基础上,开发的特异分子标记用于物种的快速鉴定,为珍贵物种的口岸鉴定提供了检测方法。     

来源于疣粒野生稻的白叶枯病新抗源的鉴定

疣粒野生稻对白叶枯病高抗甚至免疫。粳稻品种8411与疣粒野生稻体细胞杂交获得了2个高抗所有栽培稻白叶枯病抗性基因均不能抵御的国际广致病菌系P6的新种质SH5和SH76,遗传分析鉴定出新种质含有1个抗P6小种的显性基因。本研究以高感白叶枯病水稻品种IR24及携带不同抗性基因的16个材料为参照,对分蘖期、孕穗期的SH5和SH76分别接种11个白叶枯病小种,抗性分析表明SH5和SH76的抗谱广,与IRBB21(Xa21)抗谱一致,与IRBB5(xa5)、IRBB7(Xa7)和Asominori(Xa17)的较相近。用Xa21的分子标记pTA248和XA21检测,确定SH5和SH76不携带Xa21基因,前期研究结果证实新种质中不含xa5和Xa7;与Asominori的杂交试验表明其抗性基因与Xa17基因不等位。这些结果表明SH5和SH76中存在1个抗P6小种的新基因。     

疣粒野生稻金属硫蛋白基因的获得及序列分析

对SMARTTM技术构建的疣粒野生稻叶片cDNA文库克隆进行随机测序,获得了疣粒野生稻金属硫蛋白基因的cDNA序列.该序列全长412 bp,开放阅读框长186 bp,编码62个氨基酸,10个半胱氨酸集中分布在肽链的N端和C端,该蛋白的分子量为6.4 kD,理论等电点(pI)为5.14.Blastp同源性分析表明其属于金属硫蛋白基因家族.     

栽培稻与疣粒野生稻杂种F1代的基因组原位杂交鉴定

生物素标记的疣粒野生稻总DNA作探针,未标记的栽培稻总DNA封阻,对栽培稻与疣粒野生稻杂种F1体细胞染色体进行基因组原位杂交（Genomic in situ hybridization,简称GISH）分析。FITC检测表明,杂种细胞中来自瘛发粒野生稻的染色体有较多的黄色或黄绿色荧光信号,来自栽培稻的染色体只检出很少的信号。每条疣粒野生稻染色体上信号点所占的总的区域只是染色体的一小部分,表明疣粒野生稻染色体与栽培稻染色体的DNA序列大部分是同源的。     

云南疣粒野生稻稻瘟病抗性

野生稻(Oryza rufipogo)保存有许多栽培稻(O. sativa)不具备或已经消失的优异基因资源, 是扩大栽培稻遗传背景、改良产量与品质、提高抗病虫害及抗逆境能力的重要基因库。疣粒野生稻(O. meyeriana)是中国3种野生稻资源之一, 主要分布在云南。为进一步了解其稻瘟病抗性, 首先利用来自不同稻作区的稻瘟病菌株, 通过注射接种法对疣粒野生稻进行系统的稻瘟病抗性鉴定, 发现疣粒野生稻对接种的所有稻瘟病菌株都感病。进一步采用3'/5' RACE方法, 从疣粒野生稻中克隆了水稻同源基因Pid2和Pid3, 并构建过表达转基因株系对基因功能进行了研究。结果表明, Pid2和Pid3与疣粒野生稻中同源基因间在DNA和氨基酸水平上有较大的序列差异, 过表达转基因的日本晴植株对稻瘟病菌的敏感性与对照相似。推测疣粒野生稻在自然接种条件下, 表现出的抗稻瘟病表型很可能是其旱生叶片结构特征形成了对稻瘟病菌侵染的天然屏障。对控制疣粒野生稻这一类性状基因资源的挖掘和利用, 有利于优良抗性水稻品种的培育。研究结果为疣粒野生稻的研究利用提供了新信息和新思路。     

疣粒野生稻WRKY基因家族全基因组鉴定和分析

WRKY转录因子是高等植物中成员数量较多的转录因子之一,在植物的生长发育和衰老、非生物和生物胁迫等过程中发挥着重要的作用。疣粒野生稻是栽培稻的近缘野生种,具有耐荫、耐旱和高抗白叶枯病等特性,是改良栽培稻的重要种质资源。本研究利用HMMER、Pfam、SMART、TBtools、NCBI软件和网站,在疣粒野生稻基因组中鉴定了94个编码WRKY转录因子的基因（OgWRKYs）,不均一分布在12条染色体上,根据其所含WRKY结构域的数量和锌指结构的特征,分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ组,II组成员最多（52个）,与其他物种相似。除含有保守的WRKYGQK七肽序列外,还鉴定到6种变异类型,其中WRKYGHK、WRRYGQK、WRKYAKK和WRKYSQK是植物中首次报道的新变异类型。根据保守结构域分析,OgWRKY61、OgWRKY71和OgWRKY77a可能与植物抗病相关。KEGG pathway富集分析发现,有14个OgWRKY转录因子富集在植物-病原互作通路,其中10个同时富集在MAPK信号通路中。进一步结合顺式作用元件分析结果,推测OgWRKY30b、OgWRKY53、OgWRKY88、OgWRK...     

海南疣粒野生稻DNA导入栽培稻及其后代的SSR验证

选取抗性较好且生长旺盛的海南疣粒野生稻,提取其基因组DNA,通过穗颈注射法将其导入杂交水稻恢复系R225、R128、R15。第1代开始选择在生育期、株高、株叶型和穗粒结构等性状与群体中其他单株有明显不同的变异株,经过3代选择,筛选到15份稳定材料。利用SSR分子标记检测4份导入后代材料具有供体而受体无的DNA条带,说明本试验获得了来自疣粒野生稻的变异材料。     

云南疣粒野生稻的居群遗传结构及其在原位保护中的意义

用 1 2种酶系统 1 7个等位酶位点对采自云南思茅地区疣粒野生稻Oryzameyeriana(Zoll.etMerr.exSteud .)Baill.7个居群的 1 6 4个个体进行了遗传多样性的研究 .相对于以前报道过的具有相同生活史特性和繁育系统的种子植物和稻属中的其他种类 ,疣粒野生稻的遗传多样性水平极低 (A =1 .1 ,P =8.0 % ,H_o=0 .0 0 4和H_e=0 .0 1 5 ) ,但居群间的遗传分化较大 .F_ST高达 0 .6 4 9,表明在遗传变异总量中的6 4 .9%存在于居群间 .对这样在较小的地理区域内居群间就呈现出剧烈遗传分化的物种来说 ,大多居群均有保护的价值 .因此 ,进行原位保护时原则上应建立较大的自然保护区 ,涉及较多数目的居群 .同时 ,提出了在云南进行原位保护时应优先考虑的地点 .     

疣粒野生稻胚性悬浮细胞系的建立及其原生质体的培养和植株再生

云南疣粒野生稻的成熟种子经55℃温度处理3d打破休眠后,在诱导培养基上诱导出愈伤组织。挑选胚性愈伤组织置于液体培养基中振荡培养,经3个月的继代培养,建立胚性细胞悬浮系。悬浮细胞经酶解、去壁后获得大量原生质体,固体包埋后添加液体培养基进行原生质体培养。在培养过程中调节培养体系的渗透压,获得小愈伤组织;经增殖后在分化培养基上诱导产生胚状体,成功得到疣粒野生稻的原生质体再生植株。     

单拷贝核基因在昆虫分子系统学中的应用

单拷贝核基因(single-copy nuclear gene,scnDNA)是指基因组中拷贝数目少,只有1个或几个拷贝的核基因,大多数是属于生物体内组成型表达的持家基因。单拷贝核基因是分子系统学中的一种极有价值的分子标记,在构建生命树的主干及主干和末梢之间的中间分枝中将起极其重要的作用。文章主要介绍了单拷贝核基因在昆虫分子系统学中的应用情况、一些单拷贝核基因的特点以及应用单拷贝核基因研究昆虫分子系统学时存在的问题及注意事项。     

六个核基因片段在中国颗粒野生稻中的单核苷酸多态性及其在群体遗传学研究中的应用

为了筛选可用于亚洲栽培稻的重要野生近缘物种颗粒野生稻群体遗传结构研究的有效SNPs标记,本研究共选取Osgstf3、OsNAC6、BADH、XCP2、EMF2和ERCC4 6个重要水稻功能基因,检测了来自中国云南和海南12份颗粒野生稻代表样品中的单核苷酸多态性,结果发现Osgstf3、OsNAC6、BADH和XCP2的单核苷酸多态性接近于零,但在EMF2和ERCC4内含子区中检测到较低的核苷酸变异。利用EMF2和ERCC4片段对来自云南的3个天然群体和来自海南的2个天然群体共52个个体进行了群体遗传学研究,发现该物种具有高水平的遗传分化和低水平的遗传变异的独特群体遗传结构;这种剧烈的遗传分化不仅来自云南和海南两个地区之间,而且还来自地区内居群间,说明该野生稻生长的热带、亚热带森林生境的破坏导致了碎裂的居群间基因流强烈受阻。     

根据核DNA的ITS序列的RFLP分析鉴定稻属CD染色体组物种

稻属物种的染色体组类型有10种,其中具CD染色体组的物种有3种(Oryza alta Swallen,O.grandiglumis(Doell) Prod．和O.latifolia Desv．),仅分布在美洲中部和南部。这3个种在形态上和稻属其他染色体组的种比较容易区别,但它们彼此之间鉴别比较困难。近年来的研究表明,O.alta和O.grandiglumis应归并为1个种(O．gandiglumis),而O．latifolia应保持不变。本文基于代表不同分布区11个样品的核糖体转录间隔区(ITs)的77个克隆序列数据,利用DNA striderl.2软件进行了限制性酶切位点分析,提出了一个鉴别CD染色体组物种的方法。方法的具体步骤是：(1)用通用引物扩增ITS片段;(2)用特异性的限制性内切酶Fok I 和／或Dra III消化PCR扩增产物;(3)用1％的琼脂糖电泳并根据消化产物的多态性特征来鉴别不同物种。基于本文提出的核糖体ITS限制性片段多态性(RLFP)分析,可以快速和可靠地将稻属CD染色体组物种区别开来。     

根据核DNA的ITS序列的RFLP分析鉴定稻属CD染色体组物种

稻属物种的染色体组类型有10种,其中具CD染色体组的物种有3种(Oryza alta Swallen,O.grandiglumis(Doell)Prod.和O.latifolia Desv.),仅分布在美洲中部和南部.这3个种在形态上和稻属其他染色体组的种比较容易区别,但它们彼此之间鉴别比较困难.近年来的研究表明,O.alta和O.grandiglumis应归并为1个种(O.grandiglumis),而O.latifolia应保持不变.本文基于代表不同分布区11个样品的核糖体转录间隔区(ITS)的77个克隆序列数据,利用DNA Striderl.2软件进行了限制性酶切位点分析,提出了一个鉴别CD染色体组物种的方法.方法的具体步骤是:(1)用通用引物扩增ITS片段;(2)用特异性的限制性内切酶Fok Ⅰ和/或Dra Ⅲ消化PCR扩增产物;(3)用1%的琼脂糖电泳并根据消化产物的多态性特征来鉴别不同物种.基于本文提出的核糖体ITS限制性片段多态性(RLFP)分析,可以快速和可靠地将稻属CD染色体组物种区别开来.     

Phylogeny of the Genus Chrysanthemum L.: Evidence from Single-Copy Nuclear Gene and Chloroplast DNA Sequences

Chrysanthemum L. (Asteraceae-Anthemideae) is a genus with rapid speciation. It comprises about 40 species, most of which are distributed in East Asia. Many of these are narrowly distributed and habitat-specific. Considerable variations in morphology and ploidy are found in this genus. Some species have been the subjects of many studies, but the relationships between Chrysanthemum and its allies and the phylogeny of this genus remain poorly understood. In the present study, 32 species/varieties from Chrysanthemum and 11 from the allied genera were analyzed using DNA sequences of the single-copy nuclear CDS gene and seven cpDNA loci (psbA-trnH, trnC-ycf6, ycf6-psbM, trnY-rpoB, rpS4-trnT, trnL-F, and rpL16). The cpDNA and nuclear CDS gene trees both suggest that 1) Chrysanthemum is not a monophyletic taxon, and the affinity between Chrysanthemum and Ajania is so close that these two genera should be incorporated taxonomically; 2) Phaeostigma is more closely related to the Chrysanthemum+Ajania than other generic allies. According to pollen morphology and to the present cpDNA and CDS data, Ajania purpurea is a member of Phaeostigma. Species differentiation in Chrysanthemum appears to be correlated with geographic and environmental conditions. The Chinese Chrysanthemum species can be divided into two groups, the C. zawadskii group and the C. indicum group. The former is distributed in northern China and the latter in southern China. Many polyploid species, such as C. argyrophyllum, may have originated from allopolyploidization involving divergent progenitors. Considering all the evidence from present and previous studies, we conclude that geographic and ecological factors as well as hybridization and polyploidy play important roles in the divergence and speciation of the genus Chrysanthemum.     

Nuclear DNA amplification in cultured cells of Oryza sativa L.

Summary Highly repeated nuclear DNA sequences from suspension cultured cells of Oryza sativa L. cv. Roncarolo have been cloned in pBR322. Ten clones with specific digestion patterns have been randomly selected. Nine sequences appear to be organized in a clustered tandem array while one is interpersed in the rice genome. The clones have been used to gather information on: (a) their modulation in cultured cells as compared to whole plant and (b) their distribution in different rice cultivars belonging to the Japonica or Indica subspecies of Oryza sativa L. Hybridization with nuclear DNA isolated either from suspension or from seedlings of the Roncarolo cultivar revealed extensive quantitative variations, with most cloned sequences showing amplification (up to 75-fold) in cultured cells. Hybridization with nuclear DNA isolated from seedlings or suspension cultured cells from different cultivars belonging to the Japonica or to the Indica sub-species of O. sativa have shown that (a) amplification also occurs in a similar pattern in the case of DNA from the other tested suspension cultured cell types but not in the case of DNA from seedlings; (b) in some cases the tested sequences show minor but significant variations in different rice accessions.On leave from China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China     

BRD7核定位信号的结构分析和功能鉴定

目的:对BRD7的核定位信号进行预测、结构分析和功能鉴定,并考察其对BRD7亚细胞定位的影响。方法:通过生物信息学对BRD7的核定位信号进行预测和结构分析,然后利用绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)介导的直接荧光和间接免疫荧光定位方法分别对核定位信号的功能进行鉴定,并考察其对BRD7亚细胞定位的影响。结果:BRD7的65～96位氨基酸残基具有潜在核定位信号(NLS)的结构特征,该核定位信号包含3簇碱性氨基酸残基,可视为由2个紧密相邻、部分重叠的双向核靶序列NLS1和NLS2组成;并发现NLS及其构成上的NLS1和NLS2均具有介导异源蛋白GFP胞核定位的功能,从而证实BRD7的65～96位残基为BRD7功能性核定位信号所在区域,且单簇碱性氨基酸残基的缺失不足以破坏其核定位信号的功能;同时发现野生型BRD7呈胞核分布,而核定位信号缺失型BRD7主要呈胞浆分布。结论:BRD7的65～96位氨基酸残基为BRD7功能性核定位信号所在区域,在BRD7胞核分布模式中发挥了十分重要的作用。     

Genome-Wide Identification, Classification, and Expression Analysis of Autophagy-Associated Gene Homologues in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Autophagy is an intracellular degradation process for recycling macromolecules and organelles. It plays important roles in plant development and in response to nutritional demand, stress, and senescence. Organisms from yeast to plants contain many autophagy-associated genes (ATG). In this study, we found that a total of 33 ATG homologues exist in the rice [Oryza sativa L. (Os)] genome, which were classified into 13 ATG subfamilies. Six of them are alternatively spliced genes. Evolutional analysis showed that expansion of 10 OsATG homologues occurred via segmental duplication events and that the occurrence of these OsATG homologues within each subfamily was asynchronous. The Ka/Ks ratios suggested purifying selection for four duplicated OsATG homologues and positive selection for two. Calculating the dates of the duplication events indicated that all duplication events might have occurred after the origin of the grasses, from 21.43 to 66.77 million years ago. Semi-quantitative RT–PCR analysis and mining the digital expression database of rice showed that all 33 OsATG homologues could be detected in at least one cell type of the various tissues under normal or stress growth conditions, but their expression was tightly regulated. The 10 duplicated genes showed expression divergence. The expression of most OsATG homologues was regulated by at least one treatment, including hormones, abiotic and biotic stresses, and nutrient limitation. The identification of OsATG homologues showing constitutive expression or responses to environmental stimuli provides new insights for in-depth characterization of selected genes of importance in rice.     

Utility of Low-Copy Nuclear Gene Sequences in Plant Phylogenetics

Low-copy nuclear genes in plants are a rich source of phylogenetic information. They hold a great potential to improve the robustness of phylogenetic reconstruction at all taxonomic levels, especially where universal markers such as cpDNA and nrDNA are unable to generate strong phylogenetic hypotheses. Low-copy nuclear genes, however, remain underused in plant phylogenetic studies due to practical and theoretical complications in unraveling the evolutionary dynamics of nuclear gene families. The lack of the universal markers or universal PCR primers of low-copy nuclear genes has also hampered their phylogenetic utility. It has recently become clear that low-copy nuclear genes are particularly helpful in resolving close interspecific relationships and in reconstructing allopolyploidization in plants. Gene markers that are widely, if not universally, useful have begun to emerge. Although utilizing low-copy nuclear genes usually requires extra lab work such as designing PCR primers, PCR-cloning, and/or Southern blotting, rapid accumulation of gene sequences in the databases and advances in cloning techniques have continued to make such studies more feasible. With the growing number of theoretical studies devoted to the gene tree and species tree problem, a solid foundation for reconstructing complex plant phylogenies based on multiple gene trees began to build. It is also realized increasingly that fast evolving introns of the low-copy nuclear genes will provide much needed phylogenetic information around the species boundary and allow us to address fundamental questions concerning processes of plant speciation. Phylogenetic and molecular evolutionary analyses of developmentally important genes will add a new dimension to systematic and evolutionary studies of plant diversity.     

人单拷贝及重复DNA序列的原位PCR

在培养的人小肠癌转移腹水细胞系细胞中进行了Y染色体特异的重复序列及单拷贝序列的原位扩增与检测.结果显示原位PCR法的灵敏度比直接的原位杂交法明显提高.