水鹿的舔盐活动模式呈现性别和季节差异

舔盐是部分植食性动物通过舔舐盐土或盐井补充体内盐分和矿物质的特殊行为,舔盐行为节律特征分析是有蹄类动物活动模式研究的重要组成内容,深入分析野生动物的特殊行为及活动模式,有利于了解其资源利用特征及生存规律。本研究利用远程视频监控系统对卧龙自然保护区天然盐井（臭水沟）进行24h监测,分析了水鹿的舔盐活动模式。结果表明：（1）在天然盐井区域的出现率,雌性水鹿高于雄性,成体高于亚成体（幼体）;（2）水鹿的舔盐频率在秋季最高,冬季最低,且水鹿的舔盐活动主要在夜晚进行,秋季到达盐井的时间（18:00）早于春夏季节（20:00）;（3）雌性水鹿在秋季具有明显的舔盐频率高峰,而雄性水鹿春、夏、秋季的舔盐频率都较高;（4）成体水鹿的舔盐高峰出现在秋季,而亚成体（幼体）的舔盐频率从春季到冬季呈现逐步递减的趋势,且舔 盐高峰时间先于成体水鹿。盐井是水鹿活动频繁的区域,在对具有舔盐习性的物种开展保护的同时应考虑对盐井等必需生境的保护。     

Temporal patterns of visitation of birds and mammals at mineral licks in the Peruvian Amazon

Mineral licks are key ecological resources for many species of birds and mammals in Amazonia, providing essential dietary nutrients and clays, yet little is known about which species visit and their behaviors at the mineral licks. Studying visitation and behavior at mineral licks can provide insight into the lives of otherwise secretive and elusive species. We assessed which species visited mineral licks, when they visited, and whether visits and the probability of recording groups at mineral licks were seasonal or related to the lunar cycle. We camera trapped at 52 mineral licks in the northeastern Peruvian Amazon and detected 20 mammal and 13 bird species over 6,255 camera nights. Generalized linear models assessed visitation patterns and records of groups in association with seasonality and the lunar cycle. We report nocturnal curassows (Nothocrax urumutum) visiting mineral licks for the first time. We found seasonal trends in visitation for the black agouti (Dasyprocta fuliginosa), red howler monkey (Alouatta seniculus), blue‐throated piping guan (Pipile cumanensis), red brocket deer (Mazama americana), collared peccary (Pecari tajacu), and tapir (Tapirus terrestris). Lunar trends in visitation occurred for the paca (Cuniculus paca), Brazilian porcupine (Coendou prehensilis), and red brocket deer. The probability of recording groups (>1 individual) at mineral licks was seasonal and related to lunar brightness for tapir. Overall, our results provide important context for how elusive species of birds and mammals interact with these key ecological resources on a landscape scale. The ecological importance of mineral licks for these species can provide context to seasonal changes in species occupancy and movement.

Many species of animals in the Amazon visit mineral licks, consuming soil to supplement their diet. Using camera trap data, we show that visits to mineral licks are seasonal for many species. These trends in visitation are likely due to species‐specific factors such as reproduction, predator avoidance, seasonal diet shifts, and resource use.     

Parasites, diseases and health status of sympatric populations of sambar deer and white-tailed deer in Florida

From December 1983 to December 1984 a study on parasites, diseases and health status was conducted on sympatric populations of sambar deer (Cervus unicolor) and white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) from St. Vincent Island, Franklin County, Florida. Ten sambar and six white-tailed deer were examined. White-tailed deer had antibodies to epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus and bluetongue virus. Serologic tests for antibodies to the etiologic agents of bovine virus diarrhea, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, vesicular stomatitis, parainfluenza 3, brucellosis, and leptospirosis were negative in both species of deer. White-tailed deer harbored 19 species of parasites; all were typical of the parasite fauna of this species in coastal regions of the southeastern United States. Sambar deer harbored 13 species of parasites, which apparently were derived largely from white-tailed deer. The only exception was Dermacentor variabilis which occurs frequently on wild swine on the island. The general health status of sambar deer appeared to be better than that of white-tailed deer. This was hypothesized to result from the sambar deer's utilization of food resources unavailable or unacceptable to white-tailed deer and to the absence and/or lower frequency of certain pathogens in sambar deer.     

Patterns of mineral lick visitation by spider monkeys and howler monkeys in Amazonia: are licks perceived as risky areas?

Mineral licks--also known as "salados," "saladeros," or "collpas"--are specific sites in tropical and temperate ecosystems where a large diversity of mammals and birds come regularly to feed on soil. Although the reasons for vertebrate geophagy are not completely understood, animals are argued to obtain a variety of nutritional and health benefits from the ingestion of soil at mineral licks. We studied the temporal patterns of mineral lick use by white-bellied spider monkey (Ateles belzebuth) and red howler monkey (Alouatta seniculus) in a lowland rain forest in Amazonian Ecuador. Using camera and video traps at four different mineral licks, combined with behavioral follows of one group of spider monkeys, we documented rates of mineral lick visitation by both primate species and the relative frequency and intensity of mineral lick use by spider monkeys. On the basis of 1,612 days and 888 nights of mineral lick monitoring, we found that A. belzebuth and A. seniculus both visit mineral licks frequently throughout the year (on average ～14% of days for both species), and mineral lick visitation was influenced by short-term environmental conditions (e.g. sunny and dry weather). For spider monkeys, the area surrounding the lick was also the most frequently and most intensively used region within the group's home range. The fact that spider monkeys spent long periods at the lick area before coming to the ground to obtain soil, and the fact that both species visited the lick preferentially during dry sunny conditions (when predator detectability is presumed to be relatively high) and visited simultaneously more often than expected by chance, together suggest that licks are indeed perceived as risky areas by these primates. We suggest that howler and spider monkeys employ behavioral strategies aimed at minimizing the probability of predation while visiting the forest floor at risky mineral lick sites.     

Collpas: Activity Hotspots for Frugivorous Bats (Phyllostomidae) in the Peruvian Amazon

In the SE Peruvian Amazon, large numbers of frugivorous bats regularly visit natural forest clearings known locally as collpas (which are also referred to as clay licks or mineral licks). Bats arrive at collpas to drink water that has accumulated in depressions created by larger geophagous mammals that consume exposed soil. Although collpa visitation is common, little is known about its causes and its ecological implications for the bat community. We compared patterns of use of collpas and non- collpa forest sites by bats in SE Peru. We mist netted bats at collpas and non- collpa sites during the dry season and compared abundance, species richness, species composition, sex ratio, and reproductive condition. More species were captured at collpas than at non- collpa sites, and collpas were visited almost exclusively by frugivores. Overall, bat-capture frequency and combined frugivorous bat-capture frequency were higher at collpas than at non- collpa sites, although some species of frugivorous bats were captured more frequently at non- collpa sites than at collpas ( e.g ., Carollia spp.). Irrespective of capture site, more female bats were pregnant or lactating than not, but there was a distinct female sex bias in bats that visited collpas : 70 percent of bats captured at collpas were female, whereas 44 percent of bats captured away from collpas were female. These patterns suggest that collpas may provide important resources for frugivorous bats in SE Peru, just as they are thought to provide important resources to the vertebrates that consume collpa soils. Accordingly, collpas are important conservation targets in the region.     

Differentiation in mineral constituents in elephant selected versus unselected water and soil resources at Central African bais (forest clearings)

Natural forest clearings (bais) in the Central African rain forest attract large numbers of mammals. Little is known about the factors influencing bai use by forest species, though geophagy and hydro-mineral resources are assumed to be important attractants. In the present study, clay and mineral concentrations in water and soil were examined at 15 bais. Water samples from elephant excavated pits showed significantly higher concentrations of most minerals sampled relative to surface waters. But mineral portfolios varied markedly between bais. Geophagy sites were less differentiated from control soil samples, leading to the interpretation that geophagy may not structure bai visitation. Monthly sampling of pit water at one bai suggested higher dry season mineral concentrations, which may relate to seasonal wildlife visitation patterns. The complexity and variability in bai-specific mineral resources suggest there is not a single determining factor (or mineral) driving bai use. The protection of bai mosaics should be a conservation priority in order to ensure access to the portfolio of minerals likely required by endangered species such as the African forest elephant Loxodonta africana cyclotis.     

Seasonal shifts in large mammal activity relative to fruit availability and hunting risk along a protected area boundary in Borneo

Understanding wildlife spatiotemporal dynamics at protected area boundaries is critical to conservation. In SE Asia, protected areas are often bordered by indigenous communities whose traditional practices result in increased landscape heterogeneity within their community managed forests (CF). Because SE Asian forests exhibit supra-annual mast fruiting (3–7 yrs) and sustained fruit scarcity, wildlife using CF may benefit from greater availability of fruits and seeds encouraged by traditional management, but incur greater risk of being hunted. We examined shifts in wildlife activity in forests within and adjacent to Lanjak Entimau Wildlife Sanctuary (LEWS), in Sarawak, Malaysia. Using camera traps and surveys of fruiting phenology, we related presence of fruits and seeds to shifts in large mammal activity over 3 years (October 2016–2019). We first compared relative frequency of five focal species (sun bear, bearded pig, muntjac, mouse deer, and sambar) by forest type for a given survey year and season (rainy vs. dry). We then modeled activity to assess how fruit availability, landscape features, and proxies for hunting risk, influence seasonal shifts in habitat use. Our results suggested seasonal variation in concert with increased landscape heterogeneity influenced patterns of activity. We found no evidence that CF excluded any detected mammal species, suggesting CF contribute important habitat to wildlife, particularly during periods of fruit scarcity in primary forest. However, our findings also imply increased hunting risk for wildlife attracted to resources near human settlements, emphasizing the need to consider the influence of both annual and supra-annual seasonality when developing best practices for the sustainable management.     

利用红外相机建立野生水鹿行为谱及PAE编码系统

动物行为谱是动物行为学研究的基础。2015年1月至2016年6月,在四川卧龙自然保护区,利用PAE编码分类系统并结合红外相机所获得的照片和视频数据开展水鹿(Rusa unicolor)行为谱的研究,建立了野生水鹿行为谱及其PAE编码系统。本研究共分辨并记录了野生水鹿的7种姿势,63种动作和74种行为,基本涵盖了水鹿的主要行为,并区别了各种行为在成年雄性、成年雌性和亚成体之间的相对发生频次,分析水鹿的具体行为与环境之间的关联。通过建立野生水鹿的行为谱,能为更深入地开展水鹿行为生态学研究提供基础信息,也为水鹿的保护与管理提供依据。该研究可以推广到其他不易直接观测的野生动物的行为学研究中。     

Bed site selection of red muntjac (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Muntiacus muntjak</Emphasis>) and sambar (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Rusa unicolor</Emphasis>) in a tropical seasonal forest

The selection of bedding sites is important for the ecology of ruminants, but has mainly been described for temperate species. Here we assessed the bed site selection of two Southeast Asian tropical deer, red muntjac and sambar, in Khao Yai National Park, Thailand. We surveyed transects weekly for 10 weeks each in 2003 and 2004 to locate bed sites, and compared the slope, aspect, and forest canopy cover of bed site locations between the two species and with available habitat. As with most temperate deer, muntjac and sambar both avoided sites with low levels of cover for their bed site locations; this could be for concealment or thermoregulation. Sambar also selected flatter sites than would be expected by the availability of topographic slopes; this could be to reduce the energy associated with getting to and from bed sites, or to increase long-range visibility from sites. Muntjac and sambar differed in their choice of aspects for bed sites; muntjac disproportionately chose west-facing areas, while sambar chose east-facing locations. This could represent a strategy by which one species avoids the other, or else differential resource requirements between the two species.     

Aspects of breeding biology of chital (Axis axis) and sambar (Rusa unicolor) in the Western Ghats

Antler cycles are convenient external signs indicating internal changes in reproductive status of male deer. Antler phenology of chital (Axis axis) and sambar (Rusa unicolor) were studied in a deciduous habitat of Mudumalai Tiger Reserve, Western Ghats, using vehicle transects for 2 successive years. Apparent breeding seasonality occurred with the majority of adult stags in hard antlers from May to mid October in chital (>87 %), and October to May in sambar (>68 %). Adult hard antler in chital correlated with mean group size, while sambar showed a weak correlation between adult hard antler and group size. Chitals prefer forming large groups at forest edges and open habitats while sambars prefer dense vegetation cover. Adult hard antlers in chital and sambar showed a weak relation to fawning since most adult females were in oestrus during the peak rutting season. Adult hard antlers in chital associated positively with rainfall and day length while sambar responded weakly to rainfall. We conclude that environmental variables determined species-specific mating strategies in the two deer species.     

The olfactory subgenome and specific odor recognition in forest musk deer

Olfactory receptors (ORs) are encoded by OR genes. The OR genes in forest musk deer (Moschus berezovskii), which rely on olfaction for reproductive and social communication, are poorly understood. In this study, we analyzed the genome sequence of the forest musk deer to obtain its olfactory subgenome and compared it to other species. A total of 1378 OR‐related sequences were detected in the forest musk deer genome including 864 functional genes, 366 pseudogenes and 148 partial genes. These OR genes were classified into Class I and Class II and were further classified into 18 families and 244 subfamilies through sequence identity. Comparative analyses of the OR genes’ protein sequences in species from different orders (forest musk deer, human, mouse and dog) showed that 12 clusters were specific to forest musk deer. However, when compared to other Artiodactyl species (i.e. cattle, yak and pig) only two clusters were specific to forest musk deer. The odor identification potential of the OR genes in the forest musk deer was focused mainly on floral, woody, lemon, sweet and fatty odors. We also found that OR genes specific to forest musk deer were involved in the identification of spearmint and caraway. Our work is the first genome‐wide analysis of OR genes in forest musk deer. These findings will assist with better understanding the relationship between behavior and olfaction in the forest musk deer and the characteristics of the olfactory subgenome in Artiodactyl mammals.     

Breaking Dawn: Factors influencing mammalian habitat usage in western Assam following socio-political instability

The impacts of conflict on nature are devastatingly adverse but differ widely in different socio-economic-political regimes. Armed conflict often facilitates illegal plunder and unsustainable use of natural resources. We studied the response of mammals in Ripu (605.27 sq.km, westernmost part of Manas Tiger Reserve) Reserved Forest (RF) in Assam, India that suffers prolonged anthropogenic pressures due to armed conflict instigated by social unrest. We used standard single-season occupancy models using sign survey to assess factors affecting the space use of mammals. Our study revealed that Ripu RF has a high proportion of area occupied by prey species of large carnivores. Asian elephant, barking deer, and wild pig occupied most of the habitat, whereas gaur, sambar and spotted deer restricted themselves to selected patches. The probability of a site being occupied by the majority of ungulates declines with an increase in anthropogenic activities, including distance to human settlement (measure of prolonged disturbance) and an increase in the proportion of secondary degraded forest. Common leopard was found to be positively associated with prey occupancy and increase in semievergreen and moist-mixed deciduous forest. Our ground efforts to strengthen community patrolling and operational execution of various alternative livelihoods has helped to improve the economic condition of patrolling staff. Strategic implementation of law enforcement could support dispersal of tigers from Phibsoo Wildlife Sanctuary (Bhutan), potentially linked to the larger tiger and elephant landscape far west (Buxa Tiger Reserve in West Bengal) in the Terai region of India. Various community-based conservation initiatives and strategies with sustained support from various agencies, including national, international, and local bodies, is required to restore this critical habitat.     

Tree visitation and seed dispersal of wild cherries by terrestrial mammals along a human land-use gradient

The role of terrestrial mammals as seed dispersers of fleshy-fruited plants has only rarely been investigated in temperate regions although recent studies underline the importance of these animals for long-distance seed dispersal. Here we examine the potential role of mammals as seed dispersers of wild cherry (Prunus avium L.) along a gradient of human land-use intensity. We placed camera traps at 21 wild cherry trees to identify the mammal species that visited the trees. We conducted feeding trials to test if the recorded species were legitimate seed dispersers or seed predators and to assess gut passage times. We tested the influence of human land-use intensity by quantifying habitat and landscape structure around the study trees at different spatial scales and analyzing its influence on visitation rates of tree visitors. Red fox (Vulpes vulpes), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), wild boar (Sus scrofa), marten (Martes spp.) and badger (Meles meles) were identified as seed dispersers of wild cherry, of which wild boar was largely a seed predator. Habitat and landscape structure at local spatial scales (70 m, 500 m radius) had no effect on the total visitation rates of mammals. At larger spatial scales (1.0–10.0 km radius) total visitation rates increased with increasing proportion of extensively used farmland and seminatural habitat in the area. The proportion of forest had no influence on visitation rates. The results suggest that high proportions of extensively used farmland and seminatural habitat increase the visitation and seed dispersal rates of large mammals. Comparing gut passage times with home range sizes and daily travel distances suggests that these mammals have the potential to disperse seeds over long distances and can provide gene flow in fragmented agricultural landscapes.     

Salt licks do not increase local densities of the deer ked,Lipoptena cervi,an abundant ectoparasite of cervids

The deer ked, Lipoptena cervi (Diptera: Hippoboscidae), is a common ectoparasite of the moose, Alces alces (Artiodactyla: Cervidae). Salt licks are widely used to manipulate moose movements to prevent damage to saplings and traffic accidents. They may cause moose to gather in small areas, which could create aggregates of deer ked pupae as the parasite is a short‐distance flyer and its dispersion depends on its hosts. We investigated whether the population density of flying deer keds could be influenced by manipulating salt licks and how environmental variables affect parasite density. Densities were estimated in 40 experimental sites with four treatments (no salt licks, introduced salt licks, removed salt licks, permanent salt licks) in September during 2007–2010. Forest edges, mixed forests on mineral soil and coniferous forests on peat soil were the habitats with high numbers of parasites. The manipulation of salt licks seemed to be ineffective in reducing the density of deer keds as the only factor to show statistical significance with parasite numbers in the mixed‐model analysis was year of determination. Annual deer ked densities correlated with the abundance of moose in the region. Moreover, high spring and summer temperatures seemed to increase the numbers of flying imagos.     

Beyond the browse line: complex cascade effects mediated by white‐tailed deer

In many ecosystems, browsing of large mammals can affect plant species compositions. However, much less is known about potential above‐ and below‐ground trophic interactions of large browsing mammals. This study focused on the direct and indirect effects of browsing on trophic and abiotic interactions within forest ecosystems. To quantify above‐ and below‐ground cascade effects, white‐tailed deer have been excluded for over 18 years from three 4‐ha plots, which were paired with same sized deer access plots. Our results demonstrate complex direct and indirect cascade effects on forest food webs. Deer exclusion directly altered woody species composition and significantly increased shrub and sapling density. Above‐ground cascade effects include greater leaf litter accumulation and higher arthropod density and biomass within the exclosures. Below‐ground indirect effects include significant decrease in soil nutrients, and higher arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal inoculum potential in the exclosures. Because ecosystems have finite resource availability, high deer density may imbalance the system by redirecting resources toward maintaining deer biomass at the expense of multiple trophic levels throughout the forest community. Both complex bottom up and top down trophic cascade effects demonstrated largely unidirectional negative responses suggesting that high deer density has reduced the biodiversity of the forest community.     

水鹿的群体结构和活动节律分析

水鹿是我国二级重点保护野生动物。2016年5月到2017年5月,利用红外相机技术在四川鞍子河自然保护区的非盐井生境和盐井生境(盐场)对水鹿的群体结构、日活动节律及舔盐活动节律进行了研究。基于设置的108个红外相机,共收集到水鹿在非盐井区域的独立照片620张,盐井区域的独立照片401张。水鹿日活动节律在不同季节具有较大差异：春季日活动高峰出现在17:00~20:00;夏季无明显日活动高峰;秋季日活动高峰出现在17:00~19:00;冬季日活动高峰分别出现在08:00~10:00、17:00~19:00、23:00~02:00。舔盐活动高峰出现在22:00~04:00,雌雄个体舔盐活动节律大致相同(重叠指数Δ=0.738)。水鹿有单独舔盐和集群舔盐两种方式,其中单独舔盐出现频率较高(占总访问频次的57.6%);舔盐的群体一般大小为2~7只,但以2只的群体居多(占总访问频次的21.5%)。在非盐井区域和盐井区域独立照片中水鹿的雌雄出现比例分别为2.05:1和2.66:1,表明雌鹿可能更需要补充盐分。本研究结果为保护区内水鹿的保护管理提供了基础的科学依据。     

Survey of the terrestrial and freshwater molluscan fauna of the Pilliga forest area in northern inland New South Wales,Australia

The Pilliga forest in northern inland New South Wales, Australia, is one of the largest surviving remnants of native forest on the western slopes of the Great Dividing Range. The Pilliga landscape is a challenging environment for molluscs, dominated by dry sclerophyll forest and with limited and largely ephemeral aquatic habitats. A field survey of the area in 2006–2012 identified a surprisingly rich and relatively intact aquatic native molluscan fauna with five species of bivalves in three families and nine species of freshwater gastropods (four families), including some rare species and range extensions. The native land snail fauna comprised 18 species (six families), including an unusually rich pupillid fauna with nine species. Some range extensions are recorded and some species are narrow-range endemics. The distributions of many aquatic and terrestrial species were correlated with geology or soil type. Introduced molluscs were predominantly found in anthropogenic habitats and include two freshwater gastropods (two families) and nine terrestrial snails and slugs (eight families). This study provides insight into the original molluscan fauna of the western slopes prior to landscape-scale agricultural development and provides a benchmark for future reference.     

Weather and Prey Predict Mammals’ Visitation to Water

Throughout many arid lands of Africa, Australia and the United States, wildlife agencies provide water year-round for increasing game populations and enhancing biodiversity, despite concerns that water provisioning may favor species more dependent on water, increase predation, and reduce biodiversity. In part, understanding the effects of water provisioning requires identifying why and when animals visit water. Employing this information, by matching water provisioning with use by target species, could assist wildlife management objectives while mitigating unintended consequences of year-round watering regimes. Therefore, we examined if weather variables (maximum temperature, relative humidity [RH], vapor pressure deficit [VPD], long and short-term precipitation) and predator-prey relationships (i.e., prey presence) predicted water visitation by 9 mammals. We modeled visitation as recorded by trail cameras at Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge, New Mexico, USA (June 2009 to September 2014) using generalized linear modeling. For 3 native ungulates, elk (Cervus Canadensis), mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), and pronghorn (Antilocapra americana), less long-term precipitation and higher maximum temperatures increased visitation, including RH for mule deer. Less long-term precipitation and higher VPD increased oryx (Oryx gazella) and desert cottontail rabbits (Sylvilagus audubonii) visitation. Long-term precipitation, with RH or VPD, predicted visitation for black-tailed jackrabbits (Lepus californicus). Standardized model coefficients demonstrated that the amount of long-term precipitation influenced herbivore visitation most. Weather (especially maximum temperature) and prey (cottontails and jackrabbits) predicted bobcat (Lynx rufus) visitation. Mule deer visitation had the largest influence on coyote (Canis latrans) visitation. Puma (Puma concolor) visitation was solely predicted by prey visitation (elk, mule deer, oryx). Most ungulate visitation peaked during May and June. Coyote, elk and puma visitation was relatively consistent throughout the year. Within the diel-period, activity patterns for predators corresponded with prey. Year-round water management may favor species with consistent use throughout the year, and facilitate predation. Providing water only during periods of high use by target species may moderate unwanted biological costs.     

利用红外相机对湖南壶瓶山国家级自然保护区兽类和鸟类多样性的初步调查

2012年8月至2015年8月,在壶瓶山国家级自然保护区布设了20个红外相机监测公里网格,对保护区的兽类和鸟类多样性进行了初步调查。经过19,592个有效相机工作日的调查,共记录到兽类4目11科21种和鸟类4目8科33种,其中有国家Ⅰ级重点保护野生动物1种（林麝 Moschus berezovskii）、国家Ⅱ级重点保护野生动物8种和保护区新纪录兽类1种（红腿长吻松鼠Dremomys pyrrhomerus）。兽类以食肉目种类最多（9种）,其次为鲸偶蹄目（6种）和啮齿目（5种）。毛冠鹿（Elaphodus cephalophus）、野猪（Sus scrofa）、红腿长吻松鼠、小麂（Muntiacus reevesi）和猪獾（Arctonyx collaris）的相对丰富度居于兽类的前5位。鸟类以雀形目的种类最多（25种）,其次是鸡形目（5种）和鴷形目（2种）。红腹锦鸡（Chrysolophus pictus）、红腹角雉（Tragopan temminckii）和眼纹噪鹛（Garrulax ocellatus）的相对丰富度指数居于鸟类的前3位。此外,本文对红腹锦鸡、红腹角雉、红腿长吻松鼠、毛冠鹿、野猪和小麂等常见物种的日活动节律和年活动节律进行了初步分析。本次调查初步了解了保护区内地栖大中型兽类和鸟类的本底信息,为保护区今后开展野生动物长期监测提供了重要依据。     

Use of Fruiting Trees by Birds in Continuous Forest and Riparian Forest Remnants in Los Tuxtlas,Veracruz, Mexico1

The composition of plant species in fragmented landscapes may be influenced by the pattern of visitation by birds to fruiting trees and by the movement of seeds among and within fragments. We compared bird visitation patterns to two tree species (Dendropanax arboreus, Araliaceae; Bursera simaruba, Burseraceae) in continuous forest and remnants of riparian vegetation in a region dominated by pasture in Los Tuxtlas, Veracruz, Mexico. We quantified frequency of visitation, fruit consumption, consistency of visitation (percentage of total tree observation periods during which a given bird species was recorded), and species composition of birds at individuals of both tree species in continuous forest and riparian remnants. Bird visitation rate, species richness, and fruit consumption rates were similar within both tree species in the two habitats. Species assemblages at D. arboreus were different between continuous forest and remnants. Species assemblages at B. simaruba did not differ by habitat. Our results demonstrate that habitat disturbance may influence avian visitation patterns, which may in turn affect subsequent recruitment patterns in some tree species. Our results, however, were not consistent between the tree species, suggesting that it is difficult to generalize concerning the effects of forest disturbance on avian species assemblages in fruiting trees.