笼养和半散放东北虎行为时间分配及活动规律差异的比较

1998年 3月～ 2 0 0 1年 4月 ,在哈尔滨动物园和黑龙江东北虎林园采用全事件取样法、扫描取样法和目标取样法 ,对笼养和半散放东北虎的行为时间分配和活动规律进行了比较研究。结果表明 ,在时间分配方面 ,笼养东北虎的休息远远高于半散放东北虎 ,而摄食、站立和其它行为则明显低于半散放东北虎 ,笼养和半散放东北虎的运动较为接近。在活动规律方面 ,虽然笼养和半散放东北虎均有 2个运动的高峰期 ,但笼养东北虎的相对集中且变化幅度较大 ;半散放东北虎的休息有 1个明显的高峰期和 2个不明显的高峰期 ,与笼养东北虎的 1个高峰期有很大不同 ;笼养东北虎的摄食仅出现在 16∶0 0～ 17∶0 0 ,而半散放东北虎则在 1d中均有发生 ,且在 9∶0 0～ 11∶0 0和 14∶0 0～ 16∶0 0有 2个高峰期 ;笼养和半散放东北虎的站立和其它行为变化规律较为相似 ,但半散放东北虎的发生强度要远远高于笼养东北虎。通过对笼养和半散放东北虎各种行为进行的配对T检验 ,发现二者的休息、摄食、站立和其它行为存在极显著差异 (P<0 0 0 1)。     

半散放东北虎行为活动时间的分配

1998年5年－2001年4月在黑龙江东北虎林园,采用焦点动物取样法对10只半散放东北虎（5雌5雄）全年的昼间行为活动时间分配进行了研究。结果表明：（1）半散放东北虎的运动（37．53％）和休息（32．45％）行为较多,站立（6．24％）,摄食（10．13％）,社会（8．36％）和其他（5．29％,包括饮水,排遗,修饰等）行为较少;（2）不同季节的活动规律相似,运动,摄食,站立和社会行为在上午和下午各有1个高峰期,休息在中午有1个高峰期,运动和行为在存,冬季明显比春,秋季增多。将上述结果与笼养和野生东北虎的进行了比较,并提出了在今后的野化训练中应采取的措施。     

非笼养雌雄东北虎的行为时间分配和活动节律的比较

1998 年4 月至2001 年4 月, 采用随机取样法、目标取样法和扫描取样法对黑龙江东北虎林园的10 只(5 雌5 雄) 非笼养东北虎的昼间行为时间分配及活动节律进行了研究。结果表明, 雌雄东北虎的行为时间分配和活动节律均存在一定的差异。在时间分配方面, 雌性每天用于休息、社会和其它(包括饮水、排遗和修饰) 行为的时间多于雄性, 雌性每天用于活动和取食的时间少于雄性, 只有站立比较接近。对雌雄各种行为的单因素方差分析表明, 雌雄的休息、活动和其它行为存在极显著差异, 取食存在显著差异, 站立和社会行为不存在显著差异。在活动节律方面, 雌雄的活动变化规律相似, 仅在出现和持续时间及强度上存在差异。用单因素方差分析法对不同季节东北虎的各种行为进行检验, 发现季节因素对取食和社会行为影响极显著, 对休息、活动和站立影响显著。     

半圈养条件下东北虎繁殖期的行为时间分配

1998年 10月～ 2 0 0 0年 10月在黑龙江东北虎林园 ,采用随机取样法和瞬时扫描取样法对繁殖期东北虎的行为进行了研究。结果表明 ,在繁殖期的不同阶段东北虎的行为发生较大的变化。在发情交配期雌雄虎的时间分配相似 (P >0 0 5 ) ,均将最多的时间用于运动 ,用于休息的时间较少 ,用于发情交配和其它行为的时间较多。雌虎在妊娠期较多的时间用于休息和运动 ,取食、站立、社会和其它行为的时间均较少 ;产仔期最多的时间用于休息 ,其次是运动 ,用于产仔和其它行为的时间较多 ,用于取食的时间最少 ;哺乳期最多的时间用于休息 ,其次是哺乳和运动 ,用于取食和其它行为的时间较少。活动规律方面 ,各种行为在强度、出现和持续的时间上存在较大差异。单因素方差分析表明 ,在繁殖期的不同阶段雌性东北虎的休息和运动存在极显著差异 (P <0 0 0 1) ,取食存在显著差异 (P <0 0 5 ) ,只有其它行为不存在显著差异(P >0 0 5 )。 10 0日龄内幼虎用于休息的时间最多 ,其次是运动和取食 ,其它行为的时间最少。     

散养塞加羚羊两个主要繁殖时段的昼间时间分配

对散养在30hm^2场地内的塞加羚羊（Saiga tatarica）一个敏殖群体在2000年12月（酱期及其前、后）和2001年5-7月（哺乳期）的昼间时间分配做了观察研究。数据用个体扫描-瞬时取样法收集。结果表明：①雌性塞加羚羊在交配期结束后,躺卧时间减少,进食时间增加;从前期到后期,站立时间连续递减;母羊分娩后2周内离群单独活动,往返于觅食地和幼仔隐藏地之间;第3周起,母仔合群。②雄性在交配期的移动多于交配前,交配后躺卧时间增加。③塞加羚羊时间分配的性别差异始于交配期;这时,雄性个体忙于追逐圈赶雌性,导致移动时间增加,躺卧减少;交配期后,雌性觅食时间突增,而雄性不变;雌性进入哺乳期后,各月觅食时间均多于雄性。以上时间分配的性别差异反映了它们的繁殖投资差异。上述结果暗示,对此类散养动物,应在其能量需求高峰期增加投食量,以提高繁殖成功率。     

甘南则岔林区蓝马鸡配对期行为观察

2007年和2008年采用瞬时扫描取样法在甘肃省甘南州则岔林区对蓝马鸡配对期行为做了观察.在配对期行为中雄性蓝马鸡的取食行为(34.39%±1.83%)和警戒行为(29.62%±1.93%)比例较高,其次为移动、休息、站立、其他行为、驱逐.而雌性取食行为比例最高(53.23%±2.19%),其次为移动、警戒、休息、其他行为、站立.在共有行为中,雄性警戒行为时间显著高于雌性(P＜0.01),而取食(P＜0.05)和其他行为(P＜0.01)时间显著低于雌性.在配对期雌、雄个体始终保持较近距离(2.59 m±0.07 m,n=535),雌性觅食效率显著高于雄性.     

秦岭川金丝猴一个投食群等级关系的研究

2002年7月至2003年6月,采用焦点动物取样法和全事件记录法对秦岭山脉周至国家级自然保护区玉皇庙西梁川金丝猴投食群一雄多雌社会单元内部和社会单元间的攻击和屈服行为的指向和次数进行记录,应用计算优势指数的方法对社会单元内不同性别年龄组和社会单元间的等级进行排列。结果表明,在每一个社会单元内部成年雄性居最高地位,所有成年雌性占有第二阶层,亚成体处于第三阶层,青少年个体处于最低层。每个社会单元内成年雌性在一年内的等级序列并不是固定不变的,一般是雌性在产仔后顺位明显上升。八个社会单元在交配阶段和产仔阶段等级结构不同,等级最高的社会单元以及等级最低的社会单元的等级顺序没有发生变化,等级接近的社会单元间的等级顺序发生变化,其变化的原因可能主要与社会单元内部成员相互协作进行攻击有关。     

黄山短尾猴繁殖的季节性和雌性性活动方式

1987年开始,我们对中国黄山的短尾猴(Macaca thibetana)的性和繁殖行为进行了研究。本文根据1992年全年野外观察,对黄山短尾猴的繁殖季节性和雌性性活动方式进行深入研究,以揭示短尾猴繁殖方式和雌性性行为如何影响雄性性行为。研究采用全事件取样和目标动物取样法。结果表明,短尾猴黄山种群的交配和产仔是季节性的：交配季节发生在7月至12月,其特征是交配频率高并伴有射精;产仔季节为1月至4月。交配季节之外的交配虽有少量发生．但交配频率很低且几乎不射精。成年雌性的会阴部有轻微肿胀的性皮,但性皮的大小和颜色既不随猴群繁殖季节变化,也不随雌性个体生理周期变化。同时,雌性缺乏典型的性要求的行为——发情。因此,我们认为雌性短尾猴倾向于隐蔽自己的排卵。对46个连续观察日中成年雄性对雌性的性行为分析还表明：雄性能够区别潜在繁殖和不繁殖的雌性但不能对同一雌性的生理状况做出准确判断。隐蔽排卵是雌性在性接受期间接受大量交配的主要原因。本研究否定了短尾猴的交配是非季节性的假设(Wadaand Xicmg,1996)[动物学报51(3)：365—375,2005]。     

圈养獐春夏季昼间行为时间分配及活动节律

2008 年3 ～7 月,在上海市浦东新区华夏公园进行獐重引入试点,采用瞬时扫描取样法和全事件记录法,对圈养条件下24 只獐(12 雌,12 雄)春夏季昼间行为时间分配及活动节律进行了观察。结果表明:休息是春夏季最主要的行为方式,其次是摄食和运动。獐的昼间行为具有明显的节律性,以晨昏活动为主,主要活动时间集中在06:00 ～08:00 和16:00 ～18:00。单因素方差分析(One-way ANOVA analysis)和Mann-Whitney U 检验表明,在时间分配上,春、夏季休息、站立、排遗、梳理和运动行为差异极显著;雌雄间休息、站立、反刍、梳理和警戒行为差异极显著。雌性春、夏季站立、排遗、梳理、运动和社会行为差异极显著,摄食差异显著;雄性春、夏季休息、摄食、梳理、警戒和社会行为差异极显著,站立、反刍、排遗和运动行为差异显著。本研究结果表明重引入獐的行为时间分配和活动节律与野生种群相似,动物福利得到较好满足,对下一步在上海地区的种群复壮和迁地野放等具有重要意义。     

东北虎再生障碍性贫血一例报道

(一)病例 东北虎,雌性,约15岁。1971年1月到北京动物园。繁殖过数胎,幼仔发育正常。于1979年12月底合笼交配,可能受孕。1980年2月3日此虎突然呕吐,不吃,躺卧不动,精神萎糜,次日拉稀便,并带有血丝及粘液。服消炎、止血、保胎等药物,因患兽拒食,均未服下。捕捉检查时,发现右鼻孔有少量出血,肛门红肿,大便失禁,带少量脓血,呼吸15次/分,肛温40.5℃,心率130次/分。血液检查:血色素6.5克％;红细胞187万/立方毫米;白细胞总数     

Early pregnancy diagnosis of captive Amur tigers (Panthera tigris altaica)

From January 2015 to February 2017, urine samples was collected from twelve captive female Amur tigers during both their mating (or receptive) periods and the first four weeks after mating at the Hengdaohezi Feline Breeding Center (FBC) in China. A radioimmunoassay was applied to determine the progesterone levels in the urine samples. The relationship between progesterone levels and pregnancy in Amur tigers was assessed according to whether the tigers gave birth in the end. Results showed that average progesterone levels increased significantly (P < .05) after mating for all female tigers having parturition. And the minimum value of progesterone levels of them during the fourth week after mating was consistently higher than 0.21 ng/mL, the maximum value in mating period of all female tigers. However, there were no significant differences in progesterone levels between mating period and the first four weeks after mating of the female tigers having no parturition. Therefore, early pregnancy in captive Amur tigers can be diagnosed when urine progesterone concentrations attain a level higher than 0.21 ng/mL for seven days in a row after mating.     

笼养东北虎行为的时间分配

1998 年4 月至2001 年3 月, 采用瞬时扫描取样法和全事件取样法对哈尔滨动物园的4 只笼养东北虎的活动规律进行了研究。结果表明, 笼养东北虎在全年的昼夜行为时间分配表现为睡眠所占比值最多; 其次是卧息和活动; 摄食和其它行为(包括饮水、排尿、排粪、修饰、嗅闻、嬉戏、站立、直立、发声等) 最少。在不同季节笼养东北虎的活动变化规律基本相似, 一昼夜的睡眠、运动和卧息均有两个高峰期, 但高峰期出现和持续的时间有所差异。睡眠的高峰期在10 : 00～14 : 00 和20 : 00 至次日06 : 00 , 活动的高峰期在05 : 00～10 : 00 和14 : 00～17 : 00 , 卧息的高峰期在05 : 00～10 : 00 和13 : 00～20 : 00 , 摄食仅在16 : 00～20 : 00 有一个高峰期。冬季(12～2 月) 与春(3～5 月) 、夏(6～8 月) 、秋季(9～11 月) 相比, 东北虎在白昼睡眠的时间显著减少,夜晚则显著增多。     

Night-time behavior of stabled and pastured peri-parturient ponies

Pregnant and lactating pony mares were observed in two environments, stable and pasture. Twenty-six pony mares were observed on pasture for 2 weeks before and after parturition. The behavior of each mare was recorded every 30 min from 18.00 to 06.00 h. The mutually exclusive behaviors were standing (either standing alert or standing at rest with a hindlimb flexed), grazing (prehending or masticating grass), walking, lying in sternal recumbency and lying in lateral recumbency. The total time-budget for prepartum mares on pasture was 55.3 ± 4.1% grazing, 32.9 ± 3.3% standing, 6.0 ± 1.5% lying in sternal recumbency, 2.7 ± 0.7% walking and 1.4 ± 0.6% lying in lateral recumbency. Grazing and standing occurred at all times, but grazing was most common from 18.00 to 21.00 h and after 05.00 h. Lying was most common between 01.00 and 04.00. Lying in lateral recumbency occurred only after dark, in pre-partum mares. The total time-budget for post-partum mares on pasture was 68.6 ± 4.0% grazing, 22.5 ± 3.0% standing, 4.7 ± 1.0% walking, 4.2 ± 1.2% lying in sternal recumbency and 0.2 ± 0.2% lying in lateral recumbency. Lying in lateral recumbency was seen only at 18.00 h. Lying in sternal recumbency occurred between 21.00 and 04.30 h. More time was spent grazing by the post-partum mares than by the pre-partum mares.The same behaviors were recorded for stabled pony mares except that eating hay rather than grazing constituted the ingestive behavior quantified. The total time-budget for pregnant stabled ponies was 71 ± 3% standing, 15 ± 3% eating, 0.5 ± 0% lying in lateral recumbency, 0.5 ± 0.2% walking and 12.1 ± 2.3% lying in sternal recumbency. Eating decreased and standing increased during the night. Most lying was seen between 01.30 and 05.00 h. Lying in lateral recumbency occurred between 19.30 and 03.30 h. The total nocturnal time-budget of post-partum stalled ponies was 67 ± 3% eating, 19 ± 3% standing and 13.0 ± 2.3% lying in sternal recumbency. Post-partum mares were not observed to walk or to lie in lateral recumbency.The change in behavior after parturition may reflect: (1) nutritional demands of lactation; (2) maternal protective behavior; (3) response to seasonal changes in the environment.     

笼养东北虎雌雄行为差异的比较

1998年4月－2001年3月在哈尔滨动物园,采用瞬时扫描取样法和全事件取样法对5只笼养东北虎（3雌2雄）的昼夜行为时间分配及活动规律进行了研究。结果表明：东北虎的睡眠、卧息、运动和其他行为在时间分配上两性存在一定差异,即雌性的睡眠和卧息时间比雄性多,雌性的运动和其他行为时间比雄性少;但摄食行为的时间分配相差不大。两性日活动规律的差异为雄性的睡眠高峰主要在夜晚,卧息较雌性少且相对集中,运动出现和结束的时间较雌性延迟约1h。对两性及不同个体行为时间分配的单因素方差分析发现,不同个体间仅运动存在显著差异（P＜0.05);两性间睡眠、卧息、运动和其他行为均存在显著差异（P＜0.05)。笼养东北虎两性行为的差异可能与其野外的行为习惯有关,而这些行为习惯又与其担当的性别角色有紧密联系。     

Questionnaire-based survey of parturition in the queen

The lack of scientific data concerning whether parturition in the queen proceeds normally or not may prevent veterinarians and cat owners from recognizing parturition problems in time. A questionnaire-based study of parturition in 197 queens was performed to determine several parameters of parturition and their influence on its progress. The mean length of gestation was 65.3 days (range 57 to 72 days) and it decreased with increasing litter size (P = 0.02). The median litter size was 4.5 kittens (range 1 to 9), with more males (53%) than females (46%) (P = 0.05). Sixty-nine percent of the kittens were born in anterior presentation and 31% in posterior presentation, indicating that either can be considered normal in the cat. Males were born in posterior position (34%) more often than females (26%) (P = 0.03). The mean birth weight was 98 g (range of 35 to 167 g) and decreased with increasing litter size (P < 0.01). Mean birth weight was higher in males and kittens born in posterior presentation (P < 0.01). Forty-four (5%) of the 887 kittens were stillborn. This was not correlated with the presentation at expulsion but stillborn kittens were more often female (P = 0.02) and weighed less than those born alive (P = 0.04). The median interkitten time was 30 min (range 2 to 343 min) and 95% were born within 100 min after expulsion of the preceding kitten. The interkitten time as a measure of the progress of parturition was not influenced by the kitten's gender, presentation at expulsion, birth weight, or stillbirth, or by the parity of the queen. The results of this study can be used to develop reference values for parturition parameters in the queen, both to determine whether a given parturition is abnormal and as the basis for a parturition protocol.     

Mitochondrial Phylogeography Illuminates the Origin of the Extinct Caspian Tiger and Its Relationship to the Amur Tiger

The Caspian tiger (Panthera tigris virgata) flourished in Central Asian riverine forest systems in a range disjunct from that of other tigers, but was driven to extinction in 1970 prior to a modern molecular evaluation. For over a century naturalists puzzled over the taxonomic validity, placement, and biogeographic origin of this enigmatic animal. Using ancient-DNA (aDNA) methodology, we generated composite mtDNA haplotypes from twenty wild Caspian tigers from throughout their historic range sampled from museum collections. We found that Caspian tigers carry a major mtDNA haplotype differing by only a single nucleotide from the monomorphic haplotype found across all contemporary Amur tigers (P. t. altaica). Phylogeographic analysis with extant tiger subspecies suggests that less than 10,000 years ago the Caspian/Amur tiger ancestor colonized Central Asia via the Gansu Corridor (Silk Road) from eastern China then subsequently traversed Siberia eastward to establish the Amur tiger in the Russian Far East. The conservation implications of these findings are far reaching, as the observed genetic depletion characteristic of modern Amur tigers likely reflects these founder migrations and therefore predates human influence. Also, due to their evolutionary propinquity, living Amur tigers offer an appropriate genetic source should reintroductions to the former range of the Caspian tiger be implemented.     

Recent Evolutionary History of Tigers Highlights Contrasting Roles of Genetic Drift and Selection

Species conservation can be improved by knowledge of evolutionary and genetic history. Tigers are among the most charismatic of endangered species and garner significant conservation attention. However, their evolutionary history and genomic variation remain poorly known, especially for Indian tigers. With 70% of the world’s wild tigers living in India, such knowledge is critical. We re-sequenced 65 individual tiger genomes representing most extant subspecies with a specific focus on tigers from India. As suggested by earlier studies, we found strong genetic differentiation between the putative tiger subspecies. Despite high total genomic diversity in India, individual tigers host longer runs of homozygosity, potentially suggesting recent inbreeding or founding events, possibly due to small and fragmented protected areas. We suggest the impacts of ongoing connectivity loss on inbreeding and persistence of Indian tigers be closely monitored. Surprisingly, demographic models suggest recent divergence (within the last 20,000 years) between subspecies and strong population bottlenecks. Amur tiger genomes revealed the strongest signals of selection related to metabolic adaptation to cold, whereas Sumatran tigers show evidence of weak selection for genes involved in body size regulation. We recommend detailed investigation of local adaptation in Amur and Sumatran tigers prior to initiating genetic rescue.     

Estimating the Population Size and Genetic Diversity of Amur Tigers in Northeast China

Over the past century, the endangered Amur tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) has experienced a severe contraction in demography and geographic range because of habitat loss, poaching, and prey depletion. In its historical home in Northeast China, there appears to be a single tiger population that includes tigers in Southwest Primorye and Northeast China; however, the current demographic status of this population is uncertain. Information on the abundance, distribution and genetic diversity of this population for assessing the efficacy of conservation interventions are scarce. We used noninvasive genetic detection data from scats, capture-recapture models and an accumulation curve method to estimate the abundance of Amur tigers in Northeast China. We identified 11 individual tigers (6 females and 5 males) using 10 microsatellite loci in three nature reserves between April 2013 and May 2015. These tigers are confined primarily to a Hunchun Nature Reserve along the border with Russia, with an estimated population abundance of 9–11 tigers during the winter of 2014–2015. They showed a low level of genetic diversity. The mean number of alleles per locus was 2.60 and expected and observed heterozygosity were 0.42 and 0.49, respectively. We also documented long-distance dispersal (~270 km) of a male Amur tiger to Huangnihe Nature Reserve from the border, suggesting that the expansion of neighboring Russian populations may eventually help sustain Chinese populations. However, the small and isolated population recorded by this study demonstrate that there is an urgent need for more intensive regional management to create a tiger-permeable landscape and increased genetic connectivity with other populations.