三种媒介蚊虫笼内侵袭实验动物行为的比较

随着媒介生物学和防治研究的发展,已对开发新的防治手段时需要的实验评价技术提出了更严格的要求。如在蚊虫驱避剂、诱引剂和采样方法等研究中,进一步掌握蚊虫侵袭宿主的行为特征和数量动态,改进实验评价技术,提高其规格化和标准化,可保证实验结果的可比性和可信度等方面。本文以国内三种媒介蚊虫(自纹伊蚊 Aedes albopictus、中华按蚊 Anopheles sinensis和淡色库蚊 Culex pipienspallens)为对象,在有控制的实验条件下,分析研究几种生理因素(交配受精、吸血产卵、雌蚊日龄和饥饿程度)对蚊虫侵袭小白鼠行为的影响。     

驱蚊、灭蚊植物资源及其应用前景分析

蚊虫吸食人血、传播疾病,严重危害人类健康。长期以来,化学合成杀虫剂由于驱灭蚊虫的效果好、持续时间长,一直占据主要地位,但长期使用化学合成杀虫剂,不仅可使蚊虫产生抗药性,而且还会造成环境污染,因此环境友好型的蚊虫防治手段日益受到人们的关注。该论文基于蚊虫与水、植物等环境因素关系的分析,阐述了植物在防治蚊虫方面的潜力;概括了我国的驱蚊、灭蚊植物资源及开发利用现状;探讨了驱蚊、灭蚊植物在防治蚊虫产品开发、生态保健型园林绿地和健康湿地系统建设等方面应用情况并展望了驱蚊、灭蚊植物资源开发利用的广阔前景,以期为蚊虫的生态防治提供新思路。     

封面图片介绍

正苏云金芽孢杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis,Bt)是一种革兰氏阳性细菌,其能够产生多种杀虫蛋白,不但在作物的害虫防治方面得到极大的应用和推广,而在蚊虫等病原媒介昆虫的防控,以及一些类型的癌细胞的防治方面也有其独有作用。苏云金芽孢杆菌杀虫蛋白对其宿主具有高度特异性,杀虫微生物资源的鉴定和挖掘也愈发重要。随着现代分子生物学     

巨蚊研究的最近动态

蚊类是最重要的医学昆虫,蚊的防治是公共卫生中一项极其重要的内容。应用化学杀虫剂杀灭蚊虫易产生抗药性、污染环境,同时也杀死了害虫的天敌,破坏生态平衡,以致害虫再度猖撅。事实证明,仅仅依赖杀虫剂不能完全解决蚊的防治问题,从而提出综合防治措施。利用生物防治可避免上述危害,具有安全、有效、能自行繁殖等特点,从而受到人们的重视。利用巨蚊防治蚊虫,国内、外均进行了研究,有关国内研究已另文综述(姚超群,1986),本文仅就国外研究情况作一概述。一、巨蚊的生物学用巨蚊作蚊的生物防治,首先要能大量培养及详细了解其生态习性。(一)培养:…     

湖北省恩施专区、蒲圻县、阳新县及武汉市蚊种调查

由蚊虫传播的疾病,如丝虫病、疟疾、流行性乙型脑炎,在湖北省流行颇为广泛。在对上述疾病采取防治措施之前,必须掌握有关当地蚊种的地理分布、孳生场所及生活习性等方面的确切材料。但是关于湖北省的蚊虫调查研究工作,过去作得不多。就作者等所看到的文献,最早为冯兰洲(1933)报告在武汉采到蚊虫5属9种,计按蚊属1种、库     

武汉市的蚊虫及其生态的调查

武汉地处长江中游,约位于北纬30°60′,东经114°30′。气候温暖,雨量丰沛(表1),地势低洼,易于积水,适于蚊虫的孳生。武汉市的蚊虫调查,以前有冯兰洲(1932年8—9月)、曾省(1947年7—12月)、吴家驹(1957年7—8月)及袁惠康等。综合以前的报告,在武汉市及其附近地区共发现蚊虫6属24种。这些调查研究工作,由于为时多比较暂短,所得结果在灭蚊和防除蚊传疾病工作中,感觉资料还不够,因此我们于1957—1958年,在武汉市进行了整年的蚊虫调查研究工作,除对蚊虫的孳生地、栖息场所、季节分布等进行了调查外,并对个别蚊种及蚊虫的特殊孳生地进一步作了研究。     

用生物技术消灭蚊虫

消灭蚊虫是遗传工程的不寻常的目标。得克萨斯州立大学的科学家的这个项目正在顺利实施。该大学的S.Edward Stevens说,他和他的同事正在创造一种蚊虫与蓝细菌(过去叫蓝绿藻)之间自然界中原来没有的新关系。他们用遗传工程方法使蓝细菌产生一种对蚊虫有毒的化合物。在他们最近所做的一些试验中,有几种蚊虫的幼虫(孑孓)吃了这种细菌后就死了。 Stevens及其同事用一种可喂蚊虫的蓝细菌Agmenellum quadruplicatum。他们首先使这种本来在     

遗传不育技术在蚊媒疾病防控中的应用

疟疾、登革热等重大传染性蚊媒疾病严重危害人类健康,且目前缺乏有效的药物和疫苗,防治埃及伊蚊、冈比亚按蚊等媒介昆虫是控制和消除这些疾病的有效手段。化学杀虫剂的大规模使用在一定程度上控制了疾病的传播,但其抗药性和环境污染等问题也随之而来。分子生物学的飞速发展为昆虫不育技术(SIT)的更新及害虫防治提供了新的策略,由此发展起来的以释放携带显性致死基因昆虫(RIDL)为代表的一系列遗传不育技术为蚊虫种群防控提供了更加有效的选择。本文概述了遗传技术在蚊虫防控中的应用进展,包括蚊虫遗传防治的历史和策略,阐述了RIDL技术体系的原理,同时介绍了相关遗传控制品系和已经开展的田间释放研究,展示了遗传修饰不育技术在蚊媒疾病防治中的巨大潜力。     

中国对拟除虫菊酯处理蚊帐的研究和应用(英语)

使用拟除虫菊酯浸泡蚊帐或喷洒在蚊帐上,是近年抗疟工作中媒介防治的重大进展.从八十年代起,我国在疟疾防治中就大规模采用这一方法,获得了良好的成效.本文对中国在这方面的实验室研究,实验小屋评价以及现场试验和实际应用,作一综合介绍.作者的结论是,拟除虫菊酯,特别是溴氰菊酯处理蚊帐是可行的蚊虫防治措施,在低度和中度疟疾流行区,可用以代替常规的DDT等杀虫剂室内滞留喷洒.     

中华按蚊的幼虫绿色和幼虫褐色品系

蚊虫的幼虫体色突变品系已在淡色按蚊(Anopheles albimanus)、斯氏按蚊(An.stephensi)、致倦库蚊(Culex quinquefasciatus)和三带喙库蚊(Culex tritaeniorhychus)等许多蚊种中被分离出来。这些遗传变异品系的发现对研究蚊虫的变异性和遗传性及蚊虫和蚊媒疾病的防治有着重要的价值。在中华按蚊(Anopheles sinensis)种内至今未见关于体色遗传变异类型的报道。作者于1987—1988年在上海中华按蚊种群中,成功地分离出幼虫绿色和幼虫褐色两个品系,现报道如下。     

A review of the role of fish as biological control agents of disease vector mosquitoes in mangrove forests: reducing human health risks while reducing environmental risk

The saltwater mosquito, Aedes vigilax, is prolific in coastal wetlands including mangroves and saltmarshes. Ae. vigilax is a vector for arboviruses such as Ross River and Barmah Forest viruses, with significant consequences for human health and economic productivity. In Australia the dominant form of mosquito control is chemicals. For mangroves, this is because there is a critical lack of knowledge supporting alternative approaches, such as environmental modification or biological control using larvivorous fish. This review examines the potential of fish as biological agents for the control of mosquito larvae in mangroves. We consider two key aspects: how larvivorous fish use mangroves; and can larvivorous fish reduce larval mosquito populations sufficiently to provide effective mosquito control? The link between fish and mangroves is reasonably well established, where mangroves act as refuge habitat for small and juvenile fish. Also, research has established that fish can be significant predators of mosquitoes, and therefore may be effective control agents. However, studies of fish activity within mangroves are limited to study of the fringe of the mangroves and not the internal structure of mangrove basins and as a result, fish populations within these areas remain unstudied. Also, until recently there was little appreciation of the mangrove-mosquito habitat relationship and, as a consequence, the importance of the mangrove basin as the key mosquito habitat has also been overlooked in the literature. Similarly, the predator/prey relationships between fish and mosquitoes within mangrove basin environments also remain unstudied, and therefore the importance of fish for mosquito management in mangrove basins is not known. There are substantial knowledge gaps regarding the potential of fish in controlling larval mosquitoes in mangroves. The gaps include: understanding of how larvivorous fish use mangrove basins; the nature of the fish-mosquito predator/prey relationship in mangrove basins; and whether larvivorous fish are effective as a mosquito control option in mangroves.     

Ecological mapping to support mosquito control on the French Mediterranean coast

Less than a century ago on the French Mediterranean coast, mosquitoes were responsible for a high rate of mortality from malaria. Today, mosquitoes are no more than a nuisance, but mosquito control is carried out actively to protect local residents and the economically important tourist trade. Along the Mediterranean coast, mosquito control makes use of environmental management:, biological control and insecticides. However, by use of detailed ecological maps, these control activities can be accurately targeted, leading to efficient control, reduced costs and minimal likelihood of insecticide resistance. In this article, Andre Gobinoud explains these techniques.     

Wetlands and mosquitoes: a review

This review brings together information on mosquitoes, the diseases they transmit and the wetlands that provide habitats for the immature stages (eggs and larvae). Wetland values are mentioned, though the main literature on this does not generally overlap the mosquito issue. Mosquito management is overviewed to include: the use of larvicides, source reduction in intertidal wetlands and management in freshwater systems. There is not a great deal of information on mosquitoes and freshwater systems, except for constructed wetlands and they are considered separately. We then consider restoration mainly in the context of wetlands that have been the subject of habitat modification for mosquito control. Land use and climate change, as they affect mosquitoes and the diseases they transmit, are also reviewed, as this will affect wetlands via management activities. Finally the review addresses the critical issue of balancing health, both human and environmental, in an adaptive framework. It concludes that there is a need to ensure that both mosquito and wetland management communicate and integrate to sustain wetland and human health.     

A systematic review on the eco-safe management of mosquitoes with diflubenzuron: An effective growth regulatory agent

Mosquitoes serve as the major vector transmitting malaria, dengue, yellow fever and several other diseases of human concern. Rising in mosquito-borne diseases and consequent fatalities throughout the world has made the management of mosquitoes of paramount importance. With the use of various insecticidal agents and their indiscriminate application in the fields for vector control; other issues such as multiple insecticide resistance, lethality to non-specific targets and adverse effects on human and environmental health have emerged making the situation more critical. Hence, the focus of researchers has diverted to the use of Insect Growth Regulators (IGRs) that affect the growth and development of the insects without inducing any appreciable toxic effects. The paper comprehensively reviews various IGRs and their potential use against insect pests and mosquito vectors. A special emphasis has been laid on the utilization of diflubenzuron, its larvicidal potency and growth regulatory effects against mosquitoes. The paper also delivers a detailed discussion on various approaches governing with the application of diflubenzuron, a chitin synthesis inhibitor, for its potent effects over a wide range of other insect species, low toxicity to humans, safety to other non-target animals, negligible deleterious environmental impact along with the possible development of resistance in the mosquitoes, thereby providing insights and the direction for the future in terms of the innovative and technological perspective. Keeping in view the role of multifarious mechanisms in the development of resistance; use of various synergistic compounds, such as hydrolase inhibitors - profenofos and S,S,S-tributyl phosphorotrithioate; glutathione S-transferase inhibitor – diethylmaleate; and oxidase inhibitor - piperonyl butoxide (PBO); has been recommended in combination with IGRs to enhance their efficacy, and reduce or reverse the resistance in target mosquitoes. Another compound, verapamil, has been found extremely efficient in imparting synergistic effect to diflubenzuron by inhibiting P-glycoproteins, a transporter of the insecticides causing their efflux from the cell. Recommendations have been made for safe and effective mosquito control measures, adequate policies and increased awareness about the mosquito-borne diseases among the masses. In addition, regular surveillance of mosquitoes is endorsed for the formulation of an efficient mosquito management strategy.     

Engineering mosquito resistance to malaria parasites: the avian malaria model

Genetic approaches to controlling the transmission of mosquito-borne diseases are being developed to augment the available chemical control practices and environmental manipulation methods. Much progress has been made in laboratory-based research that seeks to develop antipathogen or antivector effector genes and methods for genetically manipulating host vector strains. Research is summarized here in the development of a malaria-resistant phenotype using as a model system the avian parasite, Plasmodium gallinaceum, and the mosquito, Aedes aegypti. Robust transformation technology based on a number of transposable elements, the identification of promoter regions derived from endogenous mosquito genes, and the development of single-chain antibodies as effector genes have made it possible to produce malaria-resistant mosquitoes. Future challenges include discovery of methods for spreading antiparasite genes through mosquito populations, determining the threshold levels below which parasite intensities of infection must be held, and defining the circumstances in which a genetic control strategy would be employed in the field.     

Consequences of the introduction of the planarian Girardia anceps (Tricladida: Dugesiidae) in artificial containers with larvae of the mosquitoes Aedes aegypti and Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) from Argentina

Aedes aegypti and Culex pipiens are container-dwelling mosquito species that are vectors of important diseases to man, such as dengue and lymphatic filariasis, respectively. Predators of these pests are an interesting alternative to be incorporated to biological control measures. We tested the consequences of introducing individuals of Girardia anceps, a native freshwater flatworm species, within artificial water containers where larvae of these mosquitoes thrive. Our goals were to ascertain if mosquito species, density of larvae (high or low), type of water container (tires or ovitraps), and presence or absence of planarians affected mosquito survivorship (measured as number of individuals reaching the pupa stage) in manipulated artificial containers. Furthermore, we monitored ovitraps in the field along several months in order to explore the long-term effect of the presence of planarian on the colonization of these containers by feral mosquitoes under natural conditions. We found that the presence of planarians reduced the number of mosquitoes reaching pupation and that such reduction depends on the initial density of larvae. Reduction of populations of A. aegypti was high along the breeding season of this mosquito, being the effect less evident in C. pipiens. G. anceps could be an agent of control against container-breeding mosquitoes if its release in small water containers is complemented with other suitable management strategies.     

Perennial emergent macrophytes as the main determinant of Hydrochara affinis inhabitation

Due to the increasing mosquito activity and the risks associated with them, mosquito control has become a global issue. In particular, biological control using the natural enemies of mosquitoes has attracted great attention. Hydrochara affinis, an aquatic beetle, has recently been identified as a biological control agent for mosquitoes. It is necessary to explore the environmental characteristics of its natural habitats for successful mosquito control. Therefore, we surveyed the environmental characteristics of its natural habitats (dwelling sites, DS), former habitats (former dwelling sites, FDS), and non-habitats located near its natural habitats or with a similar landscape (non-dwelling sites, NDS). Perennial emergent macrophytes accounted for 85.5% of the total plant cover in the DS, while they accounted for 44.2% and 43.0% in FDS and NDS, respectively. The environmental characteristics, such as electrical conductivity and cation concentration of the water, in the 3 categories (DS, FDS, and NDS) were significantly different. The ranges of these values in the DS were wide. Based on these results, we concluded that perennial emergent macrophyte communities can be a determinant for H. affinis habitat selection. It is, therefore, important to maintain a proper environment in which macrophyte communities, that can serve as habitats for H. affinis, can proliferate.     

Optimal control of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes by the sterile insect technique and insecticide

We present a mathematical model to describe the dynamics of mosquito population when sterile male mosquitoes (produced by irradiation) are introduced as a biological control, besides the application of insecticide. In order to analyze the minimal effort to reduce the fertile female mosquitoes, we search for the optimal control considering the cost of insecticide application, the cost of the production of irradiated mosquitoes and their delivery as well as the social cost (proportional to the number of fertilized females mosquitoes). The optimal control is obtained by applying the Pontryagin’s Maximum Principle.     

Coastal wetland management in Florida: environmental concerns and human health

High mosquito populations have always been a part of Florida??s environment. While mosquito-transmitted diseases have played a major role in Florida??s history, saltmarsh mosquitoes have not been implicated in these disease outbreaks. However, the impact of high saltmarsh mosquito numbers on the well-being of residents and visitors cannot be underestimated. Coastal wetland management efforts in Florida, which date back to the 1920s, have included ditching, dredging and filling, and impounding, all having mosquito control and environmental benefits and liabilities. In the early 1980s, efforts to encourage coastal wetlands management for both mosquito control and environmental interests came to the forefront. This resulted in the Florida Legislature creating the Florida Coordinating Council on Mosquito Control and its Subcommittee on Managed Marshes. Through the efforts of these committees, a heavy investment in research, interagency cooperation, and public acquisition of coastal wetlands property, tremendous progress has been made in management of coastal wetlands. This has occurred largely by implementing management and restoration techniques that minimize environmental impacts, allow for mosquito control, and minimize the need for pesticide use. Continued efforts are needed to place into public ownership remaining privately owned coastal wetland property to allow implementation of best management practices on these important habitats.     

Impact of environment on mosquito response to pyrethroid insecticides: Facts,evidences and prospects

By transmitting major human diseases such as malaria, dengue fever and filariasis, mosquito species represent a serious threat worldwide in terms of public health, and pose a significant economic burden for the African continent and developing tropical regions. Most vector control programmes aiming at controlling life-threatening mosquitoes rely on the use of chemical insecticides, mainly belonging to the pyrethroid class. However, resistance of mosquito populations to pyrethroids is increasing at a dramatic rate, threatening the efficacy of control programmes throughout insecticide-treated areas, where mosquito-borne diseases are still prevalent. In the absence of new insecticides and efficient alternative vector control methods, resistance management strategies are therefore critical, but these require a deep understanding of adaptive mechanisms underlying resistance. Although insecticide resistance mechanisms are intensively studied in mosquitoes, such adaptation is often considered as the unique result of the selection pressure caused by insecticides used for vector control. Indeed, additional environmental parameters, such as insecticides/pesticides usage in agriculture, the presence of anthropogenic or natural xenobiotics, and biotic interactions between vectors and other organisms, may affect both the overall mosquito responses to pyrethroids and the selection of resistance mechanisms. In this context, the present work aims at updating current knowledge on pyrethroid resistance mechanisms in mosquitoes and compiling available data, often from different research fields, on the impact of the environment on mosquito response to pyrethroids. Key environmental factors, such as the presence of urban or agricultural pollutants and biotic interactions between mosquitoes and their microbiome are discussed, and research perspectives to fill in knowledge gaps are suggested.