大气CO2浓度升高对不同施氮土壤酶活性的影响

利用中国唯一的无锡FACE（Free-air CO2 enrichment,开放式空气CO2浓度升高）平台,研究了大气CO2浓度升高对土壤β-葡糖苷酶、转化酶、脲酶、酸性磷酸酶、-氨基葡糖苷酶的影响。研究发现,不同氮肥处理下大气CO2浓度升高对某些土壤酶活性的影响不同。在低氮施肥处理中,大气CO2浓度升高显著降低-葡糖苷酶活性,但是在高氮施肥处理下,大气CO2浓度升高显著增加β-葡糖苷酶活性。在低氮和常氮施肥处理中大气CO2浓度升高显著增加了土壤脲酶活性,但在高氮水平下影响不显著。在低氮、常氮施肥处理中,大气CO2浓度升高对土壤酸性磷酸酶活性没有影响,而在高氮施肥处理中显著增强了土壤中磷酸酶活性。大气CO2浓度升高对土壤转化酶活性和-氨基葡糖苷酶的活性有增加趋势,但影响不显著。研究还发现,在不同的CO2浓度下,土壤酶活性对不同氮肥处理的响应也不同。在正常CO2浓度下,土壤中β-葡糖苷酶活性随着氮肥施用量的增加而降低,而在大气CO2浓度升高条件下,却随着氮肥施用量的增加而增加。在大气CO2浓度升高条件下,高氮施肥显著增加了转化酶和酸性磷酸酶活性,而在正常CO2浓度下,影响不显著。在大气CO2浓度升高条件下,氮肥处理对脲酶活性的影响不大,但在正常CO2浓度下,脲酶活性随着氮肥施用量的增加而增加。氮肥对β-氨基葡糖苷酶活性的影响不明显。     

模拟大气CO2浓度和温度升高对亚高山冷杉(Abies faxoniana)林土壤酶活性的影响

采用控制环境生长室研究了川西亚高山森林生态系统中与C、N、P循环有关的土壤转化酶、脲酶、硝酸还原酶和酸性磷酸酶活性的月动态及其对模拟大气CO₂浓度增加、温度升高以及交互作用的动态响应。在一个生长季节内,土壤有机层和矿质土壤层的转化酶、脲酶、硝酸还原酶和酸性磷酸酶的活性高峰均出现在温度较高的夏季。其中,土壤有机层的转化酶活性高峰出现在6月份,但土壤矿质层的转化酶活性高峰出现在7月份,土壤有机层和矿质土壤层的脲酶和酸性磷酸酶的活性高峰均出现在7月份,而硝酸还原酶的活性高峰均出现在8月份。升高大气CO₂浓度处理(EC)对土壤有机层和矿质土壤层的转化酶、脲酶、硝酸还原酶和酸性磷酸酶活性没有显著影响。升高温度处理(ET)显著增加了土壤有机层和矿质土壤层的酶活性,并且土壤有机层的转化酶、硝酸还原酶和脲酶活性增加更显著。大气CO₂浓度增加和温度升高之间的交互作用(ECT)对土壤有机层和矿质土壤层酶活性的影响主要是温度升高引起的。     

CO2浓度升高与氮沉降对南亚热带森林生态系统植物生物量积累及分配格局的影响

 CO₂浓度升高与氮沉降增加对陆地生态系统的耦合作用已成为全球变化的研究热点。应用大型开顶箱(OTC)人工控制手段研究了人工生态系统在1)高CO₂(700±20 μmol·mol^–1)+高氮沉降(100 kg N·hm^–2·a^–1)(CN); 2)高CO₂(700±20 μmol·mol^–1)+背景氮沉降(C＋); 3)高氮沉降(100 kg N· hm^–2·a^–1)＋背景CO₂(N＋); 4)背景CO₂＋背景氮沉降处理(CK) 4种处理条件下荷木 (Schima superba)、红锥(Castanopsis hystrix)、海南红豆(Ormosia pinnata)、肖蒲桃(Acmena acuminatissima)、红鳞蒲桃(Syzygium hancei)等主要南亚热带森林植物的生物量积累模式及其分配格局。连续近3年的实验结果表明: 不同处理条件下, 各参试植物生物量积累具有不同的响应特征, N＋处理显著促进荷木、肖蒲桃及红鳞蒲桃生物量的积累; C＋处理显著促进肖蒲桃、海南红豆生物量的积累; CN处理显著促进除红锥外其他物种生物量的积累, 并且具有两者单独处理的叠加效应。不同处理改变物种生物量的分配模式, N＋处理降低植物的根冠比, 促进地上部分生物量的积累; C＋处理增加红锥和红鳞蒲桃地下部分生物量的分配, 却促进荷木和海南红豆地上部分的积累; CN处理仅促进红磷蒲桃地下部分的积累。群落生物量的积累与分配格局取决于优势物种的生物量及其分配格局在群落中所占的权重。     

CO２浓度和温度升高对红桦根际微生物的影响

应用自控、封闭、独立的生长室系统,研究升高的大气CO_２浓度（环境CO_２浓度+350（±25）μmol•mol-1,EC）和温度（环境温度+2.0（±0.5）℃,ET）及其交互作用（ECT）对不同栽植密度条件下红桦根际土壤可培养微生物数量的影响。结果表明：（1）EC显著增加了高密度条件下根际细菌数量;在整个生长季中,最大的根际细菌数量增加出现在7月份;而EC对低密度处理的根际细菌数量影响不显著。除了5月和6月份,ET在其余月份均显著增加了根际细菌数量,但是与密度处理没有有意义的相关;ECT对高低密度处理的根际细菌数量均未产生有统计意义的影响。（2）EC对低密度条件下的根际放线菌数量有显著增加,而对高密度条件下的根际放线菌数量无显著影响;ET和ECT对高低密度条件下的根际放线菌数量均未产生有统计意义的影响。（3）EC和ET对高低密度条件下的根际真菌数量无显著增加,而ECT显著增加了根际真菌数量。     

CO2浓度增加和不同氮肥水平对冬小麦根系呼吸及生物量的影响

 依托FACE(Free-air CO₂ enrichment)研究平台, 利用特制分根集气生长箱, 采用静态箱-GC(Gas chromatography)法, 连续两年研究 了大气CO₂浓度升高和不同氮肥水平对冬小麦拔节期、孕穗抽穗期和灌浆末期的根系呼吸及生物量的影响。两季结果表明, CO₂浓度升高和高氮 肥量均不同程度地增加了3个阶段的地上部和地下部的生物量, 这有利于增加根茬的还田量; CO₂浓度升高对冬小麦不同生长阶段的根系呼吸影 响不同, 在拔节期影响较小;孕穗抽穗期显著增加了根系呼吸, 2004~2005季分别增加33.8%(148.1 mg N&;#8226;kg^-1 干土, HN)和43.9%(88.9 mg N&;#8226;kg^-1 干土, LN), 2005~2006季分别为23.8%(HN)和28.9%(LN); 而灌浆末期显著降低了根系呼吸, 2004~2005季分别降低31.4%(HN)和23.3% (LN), 2005~2006季分别为25.1%(HN)和18.5%(LN); 高施氮量比低施氮量促进了根系呼吸; 随着作物生长根系呼吸与地下生物量呈显著线性负相 关, 高CO₂环境中的R²变小,表明随着作物生长发育高CO₂浓度降低了作物根系呼吸与地下部生物量积累间的相关性.     

CO2浓度升高对茴香植株生长、精油含量和组分的影响

 采用每日定时向密封人工气候室补充CO₂的方法,研究了3种CO₂浓度（平均浓度分 别为287.11、532.88和780.46 μmol·mol^-1）对茴香 (Foeniculum vulgare)生长、精油含量和组分的影响。结果表明：随着CO₂浓度的升高,茴香的株高、花序数、花序鲜重、花序干重、全株干重 和植株的干物率均有所上升;植株可溶性糖和全碳含量不断升高,而全氮和蛋白氮含量不断减少;叶色素含量呈下降趋势,叶绿素a/b比的差异 不显著;植株精油含量（分别为1.26、1.45和1.57 ml·(100 g) ^-1 DW）和单株精油产量（分别为0.019、 0.023和0.033 ml）均随之升高。从茴 香植株的精油中鉴定出22种成分,用不同浓度的CO₂处理,精油的成分种类没有差异,成分相对含量却有差别,差异达到极显著水平的有：醎蒎 烯、鈅蒎烯、月桂烯、对聚伞花素、反式葑醇乙酸酯和顺式茴香脑;含量差异达到显著水平的有：香桧烯、水芹烯、罗勒烯、鉥萜品烯、3,4- 二甲基-2,4,6_三烯、爱草脑、葑醇乙酸酯、古巴烯、 金合欢烯和吉玛烯。茴香精油的主要成分反式茴香脑的含量（分别为55.94%、57.20%和 59.5 5%）随着CO₂浓度的升高而升高,而柠檬烯含量（29.60%、30.24%和26.12%）表现出相反的趋势,二者在不同的CO₂浓度处理之间差异均不 显著。     

不同密度红桦幼苗苗冠结构与竞争对CO2浓度升高的响应

研究了两个种植密度下,红桦 (Betula albosinensis)苗冠结构特征对CO₂浓度的响应,在此基础上探讨了CO₂浓度升高对植物竞争压力的影响。结果表明,冠幅、冠高、苗冠表面积和苗冠体积均受CO₂浓度升高的影响而增加,但是受密度增加的影响而降低。CO₂浓度升高对苗冠的促进效应在低密度条件下大于高密度处理,高密度条件下苗冠基本特征部分地受到CO₂浓度升高的促进作用;升高种植密度的效应则在高CO₂浓度条件下大于现行CO₂浓度处理。高CO₂浓度和高密度条件下,LDcpa（单位苗冠投影面积叶片数）、LDcv（单位苗冠体积叶片数） 和苗冠底部枝条的枝角均低于相应的现行CO₂浓度处理和低密度处理,这主要是由于冠幅和冠高的快速生长所造成的。升高CO₂浓度对枝条长度的影响与枝条在主茎上所处位置有关。总之,升高CO₂浓度有利于降低增加种植密度对苗冠所带来的负效应,而增加种植密度降低了升高CO₂浓度的正效应。LDcpa和LDcv的降低表明,红桦在升高CO₂浓度和种植密度的条件下,会作出积极的响应,从而缓解由于生长的增加所带来的竞争压力的增加。     

CO2浓度升高对森林土壤微生物呼吸与根（际）呼吸的影响

 根呼吸与微生物呼吸的作用底物不同,二者对高浓度CO₂的响应机理及敏感程度亦不同。在大气CO₂浓度升高的背景下,精确区分根呼吸与微生物呼吸是构建森林生态系统碳循环模型和预测森林生态系统碳源/汇关系所必需的。根（际）呼吸与微生物呼吸对高浓度CO₂的响应呈增加、降低或无明显变化等不同趋势,根（际）呼吸变化主要与根生物量明显相关,细根的作用大于粗根;土壤微生物呼吸变化存在较大的不确定性,微生物量和微生物活性与土壤微生物呼吸相关或不相关。根系统对高浓度CO₂的响应会潜在地影响微生物的代谢底物,进而影响微生物呼吸强度。凡影响土壤总呼吸的生物与非生物因子都会直接或间接地影响根呼吸与土壤微生物呼吸。     

CO2浓度升高对红松和长白松土壤呼吸作用的影响

以开顶箱法研究了CO₂浓度升高对红松和长白松土壤呼吸作用的影响.结果表明,500 μmol CO₂·mol^-1使红松和长白松土壤呼吸速率明显降低,土壤表面CO₂浓度升高导致CO₂扩散受阻可能是土壤呼吸受到抑制的主要原因.500 μmol CO₂·mol^-1下两树种土壤表面CO₂浓度明显高于对照箱和裸地条件下的CO₂浓度,增加幅度在40～150 μmol·mol^-1之间;对照箱内长白松土壤表面CO₂浓度略高于裸地,差异不显著,红松差异显著500 μmol CO₂·mol^-1下的长白松土壤全氮及总有机碳含量略高于对照组,差异不显著,红松裸地的碳氮含量明显低于500 μmol CO₂·mol^-1 及对照箱内土壤碳氮含量;500 μmol CO₂·mol^-1 及开顶箱的微环境对地下3 cm处土壤温度没有明显影响.     

大气NH3浓度升高对不同氮效率玉米生理指标及生物量的影响

 该试验采用开顶式气室(Open top chambers)装置,在两种大气NH₃浓度水平(大气背景浓度值为10 nl&;#8226;L^－1和高NH₃浓度1 000 nl&;#8226;L^－1)和两种 供氮介质水平(高供氮介质和低供氮介质)下,对两种氮效率玉米(Zea mays)基因型(‘氮高效5号’(NE5)和‘氮低效四单19’(SD19))的叶绿素 指标值(SPAD值)、净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s )、生物量和根冠比等生物学和生理学指标进行了测定。结果表明,大气NH₃浓度升高对两种 氮效率玉米基因型各生理指标有显著影响(p<0.05)。与大气背景NH₃浓度相比,当大气NH₃浓度为1 000 nl&;#8226;L^－1 时,生长在高供氮介质中‘氮 高效5号’的SPAD值、P_n和G_s分别降低7.0%、14.0%和6.5%,而‘氮低效四单19’的对应指标分别降低9.0%、11.0%和6.9%;生长在低供氮介质 中的两种氮效率玉米基因型各生理指标均显著增加(p<0.05)：‘氮高效5号’的SPAD值、P_n和G_s分别增加5.7%、7.1%和17%,‘氮低效四单19’ 的对应指标分别增加7.0%、11.0%和22.0%。高供氮介质中NH₃浓度升高对氮低效基因型玉米冠层生物 量抑制作用小于对氮高效基因型玉米的抑 制效应,而低供氮介质中NH₃浓度升高对氮高效基因型玉米冠部的促进作用显著高于对氮低效基因型玉米的促进作用(p<0.05);两种大气NH₃营 养下玉米根冠比的变化与采样时期有关。说明从大气中吸收NH3有利于改善生长在低供氮介质上玉米的氮素营养状况,而且对氮低效基因型玉米 的促进作用比对氮高效基因型玉米更加显著。     

Effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 on soil enzyme activities at different nitrogen application treatments

It has been predicted that elevated atmospheric CO₂ will increase enzyme activity as a result of CO₂-induced carbon entering the soil. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of elevated atmospheric CO₂ on soil enzyme activities under a rice/wheat rotation. This experiment was conducted in Wuxi, Jiangsu, China as part of the China FACE (Free Air Carbon Dioxide Enrichment) Project. Two atmospheric CO₂ concentrations (580±60) and (380±40) μmol·mol^-1) and three N application treatments (low-150, normal-250 and high-350 kg N·hm^-2) were included. Soil samples (0-10 cm) were collected for analysis of β-glucosidase, invertase, urease, acid phosphates and β-glucosaminidase activities. The results revealed that with elevated atmospheric CO₂ β-glucosidase activity significantly decreased (P < 0.05) at low N application rates; had no significant effect with a normal N application rate; and significantly increased (P < 0.05) with a high N application rate. For urease activity, at low and normal N application rates (but not high N application rate), elevated atmospheric CO₂ significantly increased (P < 0.05) it. With acid phosphatase elevated atmospheric CO₂ only had significant higher effects (P < 0.05) at high N application rates. Under different CO₂ concentration, effects of N fertilization are also different. Soil β-glucosidase activity at ambient CO₂ concentration decreased with N fertilization, while it increased at elevated CO₂ concentration. In addition, invertase and acid phosphatase activities at elevated CO₂ concentration, significantly increased (P < 0.05) with N treatments, but there was no effect with the ambient CO₂ concentration. For urease activity, at ambient CO₂ concentration, N fertilization increased it significantly (P < 0.05), whereas at elevated CO₂ concentration it was not significant. Additionally, with β-glucosaminidase activity, there were no significant effects from N application. In general, then, elevated atmospheric CO₂ increased soil enzyme activity, which may be attributed to the following two factors: (1) elevated atmospheric CO₂ led to more plant biomass in the soil, which in turn stimulated soil microbial biomass and activity; and (2) elevated atmospheric CO₂ increased plant photosynthesis, thereby increasing plant-derived soil enzymes.     

Effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 on soil enzyme activities at different nitrogen application treatments

It has been predicted that elevated atmospheric CO₂ will increase enzyme activity as a result of CO₂-induced carbon entering the soil. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of elevated atmospheric CO₂ on soil enzyme activities under a rice/wheat rotation. This experiment was conducted in Wuxi, Jiangsu, China as part of the China FACE (Free Air Carbon Dioxide Enrichment) Project. Two atmospheric CO₂ concentrations (580±60) and (380±40) μmol·mol^-1) and three N application treatments (low-150, normal-250 and high-350 kg N·hm^-2) were included. Soil samples (0-10 cm) were collected for analysis of β-glucosidase, invertase, urease, acid phosphates and β-glucosaminidase activities. The results revealed that with elevated atmospheric CO₂ β-glucosidase activity significantly decreased (P < 0.05) at low N application rates; had no significant effect with a normal N application rate; and significantly increased (P < 0.05) with a high N application rate. For urease activity, at low and normal N application rates (but not high N application rate), elevated atmospheric CO₂ significantly increased (P < 0.05) it. With acid phosphatase elevated atmospheric CO₂ only had significant higher effects (P < 0.05) at high N application rates. Under different CO₂ concentration, effects of N fertilization are also different. Soil β-glucosidase activity at ambient CO₂ concentration decreased with N fertilization, while it increased at elevated CO₂ concentration. In addition, invertase and acid phosphatase activities at elevated CO₂ concentration, significantly increased (P < 0.05) with N treatments, but there was no effect with the ambient CO₂ concentration. For urease activity, at ambient CO₂ concentration, N fertilization increased it significantly (P < 0.05), whereas at elevated CO₂ concentration it was not significant. Additionally, with β-glucosaminidase activity, there were no significant effects from N application. In general, then, elevated atmospheric CO₂ increased soil enzyme activity, which may be attributed to the following two factors: (1) elevated atmospheric CO₂ led to more plant biomass in the soil, which in turn stimulated soil microbial biomass and activity; and (2) elevated atmospheric CO₂ increased plant photosynthesis, thereby increasing plant-derived soil enzymes.     

Effects of simulated elevated concentration of atmospheric CO2 and temperature on soil enzyme activity in the subalpine fir forest

Little is known about the responses of the activities of soil enzymes that are related to mass cycle to simulated climate change. Therefore, 72 intact soil columns from the primary fir (Abies faxoniana Rehder & E. H. Wilson) forest were parked in environment-controlled chambers with the CK (outside ambient CO₂ concentration and temperature), EC (elevated concentration CO₂ with (347.1 ± 22.1) μmol·mol^?1), ET (elevated temperature with (2.4 ± 0.4)°C), and ECT (elevated CO₂ concentration with (352.8 ± 27.6) μmol·mol^?1 and temperature with (2.2 ± 0.5)°C) treatments, and the activities of invertase, urease, nitrate reductase and acid phosphatase, which are related to the cycles of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in mineral soil (MS) and organic layer (OL) were measured simultaneously to understand the responses of these enzymes to climate change. Significant monthly variations on the activities of the studied enzymes were found in both OL and MS with the highest enzyme activities in summer, which were of ecological significance for soil nutrient availability and tree nutrition in the subalpine forest ecosystem. Different monthly patterns of enzyme activities were attributed to enzyme sources and soil layer. EC treatment had influenced slightly on the activities of the studied enzymes resulting from the higher CO₂ concentration in soil atmosphere and no indirect effect from the EC owing to a lack of trees planted on soils. ET treatment increased enzyme activities in comparison with the CK treatment because ET was beneficial to microbial growth and propagation. The increments of the enzyme activities in OL were higher than those in MS, implying that OL is more sensitive to climate change. ECT treatment sharply increased enzyme activities in comparison with the EC and CK, but there was no significant difference between ET and ECT, which was also attributed to no indirect effect by EC treatment owing to trees not planted on soils, implying that the increment of enzyme activities resulted from the temperature effect. However, further studies on indirect effect and complex effect on soil enzyme activity caused by EC, ET and ECT are needed to understand the soil enzyme responses to the climate change.     

CO2浓度倍增对城市银杏（Ginkgo biloba）叶片膜脂过氧化与抗氧化酶活性的影响

以生长在沈阳市区内的银杏为试材,使用开顶箱模拟法对倍增CO₂浓度（700μmolmol^-1）和正常空气CO₂浓度(≈350μmolmol^-1）条件下银杏生长参数,超氧阴离子自由基（O₂^-•）产生速率,丙二醛（MDA）含量,抗坏血酸（ASA）含量,超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）及谷胱甘肽还原酶（GR）活性动态变化进行分析,探讨高浓度CO₂对银杏膜脂过氧化与抗氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明,在短期(60d)内CO₂浓度倍增使银杏细胞内O₂^-•产生速率与H₂O₂含量减少,而ASA含量与SOD、APX、GR活性升高。与对照相比,大多数测定显示出显著差别。但较长期（70d以上）CO₂浓度倍增处理则使试验结果发生逆转,活性氧O₂^-•产生速率略有升高,SOD、APX、GR活性略有下降,ASA含量仍略高于对照（但与对照相比差异并不显著）,长期CO₂浓度倍增处理可能使试验结果发生逆转。     

Stimulation of microbial extracellular enzyme activities by elevated CO2 depends on soil aggregate size

Increased belowground carbon (C) transfer by plant roots at elevated CO₂ may change properties of the microbial community in the rhizosphere. Previous investigations that focused on total soil organic C or total microbial C showed contrasting results: small increase, small decrease or no changes. We evaluated the effect of 5 years of elevated CO₂ (550 ppm) on four extracellular enzymes: β‐glucosidase, chitinase, phosphatase, and sulfatase. We expected microorganisms to be differently localized in aggregates of various sizes and, therefore analyzed microbial biomass (C_mic by SIR) and enzyme activities in three aggregate‐size classes: large macro‐ (> 2 mm), small macro‐ (0.25–2 mm), and microaggregates (< 0.25 mm). To estimate the potential enzyme production, we activated microorganisms by substrate (glucose and nutrients) amendment. Although C_total and C_mic as well as the activities of β‐glucosidase, phosphatase, and sulfatase were unaffected in bulk soil and in aggregate‐size classes by elevated CO₂, significant changes were observed in potential enzyme production after substrate amendment. After adding glucose, enzyme activities under elevated CO₂ were 1.2–1.9‐fold higher than under ambient CO₂. This indicates the increased activity of microorganisms, which leads to accelerated C turnover in soil under elevated CO₂. Significantly higher chitinase activity in bulk soil and in large macroaggregates under elevated CO₂ revealed an increased contribution of fungi to turnover processes. At the same time, less chitinase activity in microaggregates underlined microaggregate stability and the difficulties for fungal hyphae penetrating them. We conclude that quantitative and qualitative changes of C input by plants into the soil at elevated CO₂ affect microbial community functioning, but not its total content. Future studies should therefore focus more on the changes of functions and activities, but less on the pools.     

不同氮素水平下二氧化碳加富对草莓叶片光抑制的影响

用便携式调制叶绿素荧光仪和光合仪研究了强光下不同供氮水平（12、4和0.4 mmol·L^-1）和不同CO₂浓度下（700和390 μl·L^-1）丰香草莓叶片的荧光参数及净光合速率的变化.结果表明,CO₂和氮素对草莓叶片光抑制有明显的互作效应.在富CO₂下,12 mmol·L^-1供氮水平的草莓叶片净光合速率升高了62.7%,4和0.4 mmol·L^-1供氮水平则分别降低了7.4%和21.3%;12 mmol·L^-1供氮水平的F_m和F_v/F_m在强光胁迫时降辐减小,暗恢复时F_m和F_v/F_m恢复程度提高,而4和0.4 mmol·L^-1供氮水平却相反.表明氮素供应不足时草莓叶片在富CO₂环境下光合作用出现适应性下调,光抑制增强.     

红豆草与土壤氮含量对大气二氧化碳浓度升高的响应

在封闭的植物培养箱中,通过盆栽实验,研究了红豆草和土壤氮含量对CO₂浓度增加的响应.结果表明,与正常CO₂浓度(355～370 μmol·mol^-1)相比,CO₂浓度升高(700 μmol·mol^-1),植物生物量增加25.1%(P＜0.01),但植物体氮浓度降低25.3%(P＜0.001),植物全氮没有显著的变化.经3个月盆栽实验后,与原始土壤相比,两种CO₂浓度处理土壤全N、NO₃^--N和NH₄⁺-N都有所降低,而土壤微生物氮则显著增加,这可能与植物生长有关.不同CO₂浓度处理土壤NH₄⁺-N浓度基本一致,但在高CO₂浓度下,土壤NO₃^--N浓度显著降低,而微生物生物氮显著增加.对整个土壤-植物系统而言,盆栽实验后,整个系统全氮有少量增加,但变化不显著,特别是在高CO₂浓度条件下,土壤-植物系统全氮最大,这可能与培养材料红豆草为豆科植物,而且在高CO₂浓度下生物量增加,导致氮的固定量增加有关.     

大气CO2浓度升高对春玉米土壤呼吸的影响

为探讨春玉米不同生育期土壤呼吸速率对大气CO₂浓度升高的响应,以黄土高原旱作春玉米为研究对象,通过改进的开顶式气室（OTC）模拟大气CO₂浓度升高的环境,在田间条件下设置自然大气CO₂浓度（CK）、OTC对照（OTC,CO₂浓度同CK）与CO₂浓度升高（OTC+CO₂,OTC系统自动控制CO₂浓度700 μmol/mol）3种处理。研究了旱区覆膜高产栽培春玉米播前（V0）、六叶期（V6）、九叶期（V9）、吐丝期（R1）、乳熟期（R3）、蜡熟期（R5）及完熟期（R6）土壤呼吸速率对大气CO₂浓度升高的响应特征,以及大气CO₂浓度升高对土壤呼吸速率的温度与水分效应的影响。研究发现,OTC+CO₂处理土壤呼吸速率,与CK相比,在R3和R5期分别增加43%、104%（P<0.05）,与OTC相比,R3和R5期分别提升了63%、109%（P<0.05）;OTC处理与CK相比,在整个生育期对土壤呼吸影响不显著;3种处理条件下,土壤温度和水分随生育期变化趋势基本一致,土壤呼吸速率与土壤温度和水分分别呈指数相关和抛物线型相关;结果表明：大气CO₂浓度升高对土壤呼吸的影响因生育期而异,土壤温度和土壤水分是影响旱地农田土壤呼吸的重要因素,CO₂浓度升高会使土壤呼吸温度效应值（Q₁₀）降低,土壤呼吸对土壤水分响应的阈值提高。