脱落酸衍生物及其类似物研究进展

脱落酸是一种广泛存在于植物体内的植物激素,它与植物离层形成、诱导休眠、抑制发芽、促进器官衰老和脱落及增强抗逆性等密切相关.本文就其衍生物及类似物的研究做一概要综述,并对脱落酸的衍生化及结构改造与生物活性关系做了综合评价,从目前的情况来看,对8'或9'位甲基的衍生化是相对比较成功的,其中出现了一些活性较高的化合物,这也是近年来ABA衍生化研究的热点.     

脱落酸在植物抗虫性中的作用研究进展

脱落酸是植物的五大类激素之一,增强植物对非生物胁迫的抗逆性,在植物抵抗病菌、病毒及害虫等生物胁迫中也起到重要作用。脱落酸在植物应对病原物侵染过程中所起着复杂的作用,可以利于植物抗病或促进植物感病;与抗病原物相似的是,昆虫为害植物时,脱落酸诱导植物抗虫或感虫。植物体内的多种激素信号间是交互作用的,它们既可以互作促进,又可以相互拮抗抵消,脱落酸与其它植物激素如茉莉酸、乙烯、水杨酸等也存在互作。其中,脱落酸与茉莉酸协同抗虫的研究较多,是否有拮抗抗虫未见报道,但它们在参与植物对线虫防御中起拮抗作用;有少量研究发现脱落酸与乙烯间有拮抗抗虫作用;脱落酸与水杨酸间有拮抗作用,但互作抗虫的研究较少。该篇综述对了解植物激素互作和抗虫机制具有重要意义。     

植物生长物质与植物抗旱性的关系(综述)

脱落酸、乙烯、多胺和细胞分裂素等是与植物抗旱性关系较为密切的几种植物激素。文章就植物在遭受干旱胁迫时其体内激素变化及喷施植物生长调节剂对植物抗旱性的影响进行概述,为生化调控植物抗旱性提供参考。     

脱落酸抗代谢与光稳定性类似物研究进展

脱落酸是一种广泛存在于植物体内的抑制性植物激素, 具有诱导种子休眠、抑制种子萌发、控制气孔关闭和增强植物抗逆性等生物活性, 在植物生长发育的各个阶段起着独特而重要的生理作用。但是较高的生产成本、在植物体内快速代谢失活和侧链2-位顺式双键的光异构化失活限制了脱落酸在农业生产中的应用。因此, 合成并筛选出活性更高、更稳定的脱落酸类似物, 是备受关注的研究领域。该文综述了脱落酸抗代谢与光稳定性研究的新进展, 介绍了脱落酸抗代谢与光稳定性类似物研究中存在的问题并对今后的研究方向进行了展望。     

不同烤烟品种抗旱生理特征比较研究

以4个抗旱性不同的烤烟品种(系)为材料,采用盆栽试验测定了它们在干旱胁迫条件下的生物量以及叶片相对含水量、保水力、净光合速率、脱落酸含量等生理指标,并用隶属函数法对它们的抗旱性进行综合评价,以探讨烤烟的抗旱生理机制.结果表明:在干旱胁迫条件下,各品种烟株的鲜、干重积累量、叶片相对含水量及净光合速率均下降,但'豫烟6号'和'农大202'降幅相对较小;各品种烟株的丙二醛和脱落酸含量在干旱胁迫下均显著增加,且脱落酸含量以'豫烟6号'的增加量最大,'NC89'最小,丙二醛含量以'NC89'增加量最大,'农大202'和'豫烟6号'相对较小;'豫烟6号'在干旱胁迫下的叶片保水能力极限著差高于'K326'、'NC89'; 隶属函数法综合分析结果显示,'豫烟6号'的抗旱性最强,'农大202'次之,'NC89'最差.研究发现,各烟草品种的植株形态和生理指标在干旱条件下存在明显的差异,抗旱性强的品种表现出较高的叶片保水力、净光合速率、生物量和脱落酸含量,以及较低的丙二醛含量,且除脱落酸含量外大多指标的升降幅度较小.     

脱落酸在植物体细胞胚胎发生中的调控作用

脱落酸是一种具有全面生理功能的植物激素,在植物体细胞胚胎发生发育过程中具有重要的作用。根据国内外最新的研究文献,从脱落酸对植物体细胞胚胎发生的影响、植物体细胞胚胎发生过程中内源脱落酸含量的变化、脱落酸对体细胞胚胎发生过程中基因表达、信号转导的调控和转基因的表达调控入手,概述了脱落酸在植物体细胞胚胎发生中的调控作用。     

拟南芥双功能酶SAL1生物学功能的研究进展

拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)中与盐(salt)胁迫相关的基因SAL1所编码的蛋白是一种同时具有3'(2'),5'-二磷酸核苷酸酶和多磷酸肌醇1-磷酸酶活性的双功能酶。双功能酶SAL1最初被认定为逆境胁迫和脱落酸(ABA)信号响应途径的负调控因子, 参与植物对逆境胁迫响应的调控。近年来, 利用正向遗传学突变体表型筛选的方法, 越来越多的研究表明SAL1有着广泛的生物学功能。该文综述了SAL1的结构、定位和功能的研究进展, 介绍了SAL1对植物形态发育、矿质营养代谢、逆境响应以及植物激素信号调节等产生的影响及相关机制, 并提出未来的研究方向。     

早熟禾细胞膜脂肪酸衍生化方法比较

脂肪酸是生物膜的重要组成部分,由于植物细胞不同生物膜特性也不同,同一种酯化方法对不同生物膜脂肪酸酯化后测定分析的结果很难获得满意效果。为了寻找一种比较简单、可靠的衍生化方法,该研究以早熟禾叶片为材料,采用三种衍生化方法分别对其叶绿体、线粒体、液泡及细胞质膜这4种膜脂肪酸衍生化,随后进行 GC 定量测定分析。结果表明：相对于 BF3-甲醇和 HCl-甲醇两种酯化法对部分膜脂肪酸衍生化程度较低,氯乙酰酯化法对这4种膜脂肪酸的衍生化效率高、程度完全,GC 测定结果重复性好、准确率高。该研究结果为其他相关植物细胞的不同膜脂肪酸测定分析提供了一定的理论借鉴。     

植物激素脱落酸受体及其信号转导途径研究进展

脱落酸是广泛存在于植物体的多功能激素,通过与体内受体及随后的复杂信号网络互作进而调节植物生长发育、抵御环境胁迫。脱落酸受体的筛选和鉴定一直备受关注,并已取得较大突破,其信号转导机制也再次成为人们研究的热点。对脱落酸受体的鉴定以及介导的信号转导途径方面最新进展进行了综述并展望,以期对相关研究领域提供参考。     

脱落酸生物合成研究进展

脱落酸作为一种抑制生长的植物激素,是平衡植物内源激素和调节生长代谢的关键因子。脱落酸具有提高作物抗旱耐盐、减少果实褐变的作用,同时可降低疟疾发病率、刺激胰岛素分泌,因此在农业和医药领域有着广阔的应用前景。相较于传统的植物提取法和化学合成法,利用微生物合成脱落酸是一种经济、可持续的来源方式。目前利用天然微生物如灰葡萄孢霉菌、蔷薇色尾孢菌等合成脱落酸的研究已经取得了诸多进展,而脱落酸的异源微生物合成研究相对较少。酿酒酵母、解脂耶氏酵母、大肠杆菌等工程菌株作为天然产物异源合成的常用宿主,具有遗传背景清晰、易于操作、便于工业化生产等优势,因此利用微生物异源合成脱落酸是一种更具潜力的生产方式。本文着重从底盘细胞的选择、关键酶的筛选与表达强化、辅因子的调节、增强前体供应及促进脱落酸外排5个方面对微生物异源合成脱落酸的研究进行综述。最后,对该领域的未来发展方向进行了展望。     

Differences between the structural requirements for ABA 8'-hydroxylase inhibition and for ABA activity

A major catabolic enzyme of the plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) is the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase ABA 8'-hydroxylase. For designing a specific inhibitor of this enzyme, the substrate specificity and inhibition of CYP707A3, an ABA 8'-hydroxylase from Arabidopsis thaliana, was investigated using 45 structural analogues of ABA and compared to the structural requirements for ABA activity. Substrate recognition by the enzyme strictly required the 6'-methyl groups (C-8' and C-9'), which were unnecessary for ABA activity, whereas elimination of the 3-methyl (C-6) and 1'-hydroxyl groups, which significantly affected ABA activity, had little effect on the ability of analogues to competitively inhibit the enzyme. Fluorination at C-8' and C-9' resulted in resistance to 8'-hydroxylation and competitive inhibition of the enzyme. In particular, 8',8'-difluoro-ABA and 9',9'-difluoro-ABA yielded no enzyme reaction products and strongly inhibited the enzyme (K(I) = 0.16 and 0.25 microM, respectively).     

Effect of the minor ABA metabolite 7'-hydroxy-ABA on Arabidopsis ABA 8'-hydroxylase CYP707A3

To examine the effect of the minor abscisic acid (ABA) metabolite 7'-hydroxy-ABA on Arabidopsis ABA 8'-hydroxylase (CYP707A3), we developed a novel and facile, four-step synthesis of 7'-hydroxy-ABA from alpha-ionone. Structural analogues of 7'-hydroxy-ABA, 1'-deoxy-7'-hydroxy-ABA, and 7'-oxo-ABA were also synthesized to evaluate the role of the 7'-hydroxyl group on binding to the enzyme. The result of enzyme inhibition assay suggests that the local polarity at C-7', neither steric bulkiness nor overall molecular hydrophilicity, would be the major reason why (+)-7'-hydroxy-ABA is not a potent inhibitor of CYP707A3.     

Biosynthesis of abscisic acid by the non-mevalonate pathway in plants, and by the mevalonate pathway in fungi

The biosynthetic pathways to abscisic acid (ABA) were investigated by feeding [1-(13)C]-D-glucose to cuttings from young tulip tree shoots and to two ABA-producing phytopathogenic fungi. 13C-NMR spectra of the ABA samples isolated showed that the carbons at 1, 5, 6, 4', 7' and 9' of ABA from the tulip tree were labeled with 13C, while the carbons at 2, 4, 6, 1', 3', 5', 7', 8' and 9' of ABA from the fungi were labeled with 13C. The former corresponds to C-1 and -5 of isopentenyl pyrophosphate, and the latter to C-2, -4 and -5 of isopentenyl pyrophosphate. This finding reveals that ABA was biosynthesized by the non-mevalonate pathway in the plant, and by the mevalonate pathway in the fungi. 13C-Labeled beta-carotene from the tulip tree showed that the positions of the labeled carbons were the same as those of ABA, being consistent with the biosynthesis of ABA via carotenoids. Lipiferolide of the tulip tree was also biosynthesized by the non-mevalonate pathway.     

The conformation of abscisic acid by n.m.r. and a revision of the proposed mechanism for cyclization during its biosynthesis.

The n.m.r. spectrum of abscisic acid (ABA) formed from [1,2-13C2]acetate by the fungus Cercospora rosicola shows 13C-13C coupling between C-6' (41.7 p.p.m.; 36 Hz) and the downfield 6'-methyl group (6'-Me) (24.3 p.p.m, 36 Hz). This 6'-Me, therefore, is derived from C-3' of mevalonate [Bennett, Norman & Maier (1981) Phytochemistry 20, 2343-2344]. An i.n.e.p.t. (insensitive nuclei enhanced by polarization transfer) pulse sequence demonstrated that the downfield 13C signal is produced by the 6'-Me that gives rise to the upfield 1H 6'-Me signal (23.1 d). The absolute configuration of this, the equatorial 6'-Me group, was determined as 6'-pro-R by decoupling and n.O.e. (nuclear-Overhauser-enhancement) experiments at 300 MHz using ABA, ABA in which the axial 6'-pro-S 5'-hydrogen atom had been exchanged with 2H in NaO2H and the 1',4'-cis- and 1',4'-trans-diols formed from these samples. The configuration at C-1' and at C-6' are now compatible with a chair-folded intermediate during cyclization, as proposed for beta- and epsilon-rings of carotenoids. ABA in solution exists, as in the crystalline form, with the ring in a pseudo-chair conformation. The side chain is axial and the C-3 Me and the C-5 hydrogen atoms are predominantly cis(Z).     

The biosynthetic pathway to abscisic acid via ionylideneethane in the fungus Botrytis cinerea

The biosynthetic pathway to abscisic acid (ABA) from isopentenyl diphosphate in the fungus, Botrytis cinerea, was investigated. Labeling experiments with (18)O2 and H2(18)O indicated that all oxygen atoms at C-1, -1, -1' and -4' of ABA were derived from molecular oxygen, and not from water. This finding was inconsistent not only with the known carotenoid pathway via oxidative cleavage of carotenoids, but also with the classical direct pathway via cyclization of farnesyl diphosphate. The fungus produced new C15-compounds, 2E,4E-alpha-ionylideneethane and 2Z,4E-alpha-ionylideneethane, along with 2E,4E,6E-allofarnesene and 2Z,4E,6E-allofarnesene, but did not apparently produce carotenoids except for a trace of phytoene. The C15-compounds labeled with 13C were converted to ABA by the fungus, and the incorporation ratio of 2Z,4E-alpha-ionylideneethane was higher than that of 2E,4E-alpha-ionylideneethane. From these results, it was concluded that farnesyl diphosphate was reduced at C-1, desaturated at C-4, and isomerized at C-2 to form 2Z,4E,6E-allofarnesene before being cyclized to 2Z,4E-alpha-ionylideneethane; the ionylideneethane was then oxidized to ABA with molecular oxygen. This direct pathway via ionylideneethane means that the biosynthetic pathway to fungal ABA, not only before but also after isopentenyl diphosphate, differs from that to ABA in plants, since plant ABA is biosynthesized using the non-mevalonate and carotenoid pathways.     

Biosynthesis of abscisic acid by the direct pathway via ionylideneethane in a fungus, Cercospora cruenta

We examined the biosynthetic pathway of abscisic acid (ABA) after isopentenyl diphosphate in a fungus, Cercospora cruenta. All oxygen atoms at C-1, -1, -1', and -4' of ABA produced by this fungus were labeled with (18)O from (18)O(2). The fungus did not produce the 9Z-carotenoid possessing gamma-ring that is likely a precursor for the carotenoid pathway, but produced new sesquiterpenoids, 2E,4E-gamma-ionylideneethane and 2Z,4E-gamma-ionylideneethane, along with 2E,4E,6E-allofarnesene. The fungus converted these sesquiterpenoids labeled with (13)C to ABA, and the incorporation ratio of 2Z,4E-gamma-ionylideneethane was higher than that of 2E,4E-gamma-ionylideneethane. From these results, we concluded that C. cruenta biosynthesized ABA by the direct pathway via oxidation of ionylideneethane with molecular oxygen following cyclization of allofarnesene. This direct pathway via ionylideneethane in the fungus is consistent with that in Botrytis cinerea, except for the positions of double bonds in the rings of biosynthetic intermediates, suggesting that the pathway is common among ABA-producing fungi.     

A comparative study of the effects of abscisic acid and new terpenoid abscisic acid analogues on plant physiological processes

The effects of new terpenoid abscisic acid analogues in comparison to abscisic acid (ABA) on some physiological and biochemical processes of various plant species have been investigated. The analogues exhibited ABA-like effects by inhibiting cell elongation and germination, and by promoting abscission, as well as the accumulation of proline and induction of stomatal closure coupled by a reduction in transpiration. In response to low temperature, the analogue-treated plants showed improved resistance to cold accompanied by a decrease in electrolyte leakage.     

Optically pure abscisic Acid analogs-tools for relating germination inhibition and gene expression in wheat embryos

We report an examination of the structural requirements of the abscisic acid (ABA) recognition response in wheat dormant seed embryos using optically pure isomers of ABA analogs. These compounds include permutations to the ABA structure with either an acetylene or a trans bond at C-4 C-5, and either a single or double bond at the C-2′ C-3′ double bond. (R)-ABA and the three isomers with the same configuration at C-1′ as natural ABA were found to be effective germination inhibitors. The biologically active ABA analogs exhibited differential effects on ABA-responsive gene expression. All the ABA analogs that inhibited germination induced two ABA-responsive genes, wheat group 3 lea and dhn (rab). However, (R)-ABA and (S)-dihydroABA were less effective in inducing the ABA-responsive gene Em within the time that embryonic germination was inhibited.