Variation in life table characteristics among populations of Phlebotomus papatasi at different altitudes.

Baseline biological growth data were obtained under laboratory conditions for four local populations of the phlebotomine sand fly R papatasi (Scopoli, 1786) (Diptera: Psychodidae) in different eco-regions at altitudes between 368 and 1117 m in the Sanliurfa province of Turkey. The developmental time from egg to adult was found to be significantly different among the populations: 36 days for the AKL population (368 m), 43 days for the HHR population (488 m), 45 days for the HMD population (644 m), and 49 days for the ALT population (1117 m), respectively. Based on cohorts of adults in each population, horizontal life tables were constructed. The average longevity was determined to be in the range of 8.75 +/- 2.39 to 11.60 +/- 3.48 days for adult females, and it was found to be slightly longer for adult males. No significant difference was found in life expectancy at emergence, e(x) when x=1, between females and males in general (P>0.05) in all the populations. While significant differences could be demonstrated among populations for predictive parameters such as net reproductive rate, Ro, and generation time, Tc, no significant differences among the populations were found in terms of intrinsic rate of increase, r(m), finite rate of increase, lambda, birth (b) and death (d) rates (P>0.05). Populations that produced offspring earlier in life also produced more total female offspring, since Tc was negatively correlated with Ro among the populations (r = -0.686, 0.01相似文献   

Variability in natural populations of Anopheles sacharovi (Diptera: Culicidae) from southeast Anatolia, revealed by morphometric and allozymic analyses.

Four populations of Anopheles sacharovi Favre occurring in different ecological subregions at altitudes between 353-1,126 m in the Sanliurfa Province of southeast Turkey were compared using morphometric and allozyme analyses. Four allozyme loci were assessed for genetic differentiation among samples from four localities. The similarity phenogram obtained from the allozyme data showed that populations at Birecik and Sandi branched as a separate group from the Pamuklu and Gedik populations. The Gedik population at the highest altitude (1,126 m) was clustered as a separate branch when linear measurements of 63 morphological characteristics were examined. The UPGMA phenogram also showed that Pamuklu and Sandi formed a cluster while Birecik and Gedik formed separate groups.     

短柄枹种群遗传多样性的ISSR分析

利用ISSR分子标记方法对分布在浙江省境内的7个短柄枹种群的遗传多样性和遗传分化进行了分析。从100个引物中筛选出12个用于正式扩增的ISSR引物,在7个种群140个个体中共检测到132个位点,其中多态位点118个,多态位点百分率(P)为89.39%,各种群P平均为58.87%。短柄枹总的Shannon信息指数(I)为0.493 3、Nei指数(h)为0.334 7,各种群I平均为0.336 2、h平均为0.229 1。P、I、h均显示云峰种群最高,天台山种群最低。AMOVA分子差异分析表明,67.97%的变异存在于种群内,32.03%的变异存在于种群间,种群间的基因分化系数(G_ST)为0.315 4。短柄枹种群间的基因流为(N_m)为1.085 3。7个种群的平均遗传距离为0.173 9。利用UPGMA法对7个种群进行聚类,结果显示天台山和雪窦山种群聚成一类,其它5个种群聚成另一类。     

不同海拔高度大血藤群体遗传多样性的RAPD分析及其与环境因子的相关性

利用 RAPD技术分析了分布于浙江省天台山 3个不同海拔高度的天然大血藤群体的遗传多样性、遗传分化以及与环境因子的相关性。 13种随机引物在 3 6株个体中共检测到 88个可重复的位点 ,其中多态位点 74个 ,总多态位点百分率为84.0 9% ,大血藤具有丰富的遗传多样性。 Shannon信息指数显示的遗传多样性以海拔 950 m的群体为最高 ,其次是海拔 73 0 m的群体 ,最低的是海拔 52 0 m的群体 ;群体内的遗传多样性占总遗传多样性的 43 .68% ,群体间的遗传多样性占 56.3 2 %。 Nei指数估计大血藤群体间的遗传分化系数为 0 .540 6,大血藤群体间的基因流很低。大血藤海拔 73 0 m群体与海拔 52 0 m群体的遗传相似度较高 ,海拔 950 m群体与其它两群体的遗传相似度较低。大血藤群体内的遗传多样性与土壤总氮呈极显著的正相关。     

华东竹黄菌不同居群遗传分化的RAPD分析

为了解竹黄地理居群间的遗传分化,本研究采用随机引物扩增多态性DNA分子标记技术对江苏、安徽和浙江3省的8个居群共32个竹黄样本进行了遗传多样性分析.从50个RAPD引物中筛选得到了5个随机引物,对供试材料的DNA进行扩增,共检测出77个位点,其中多态性位点52个,多态性位点比率为67.53%.UPGMA聚类分析结果表明,这8个居群分为三类:安吉居群、临安居群、宜兴居群、广德居群和泾县居群聚为一类;宁国居群和休宁居群聚为一类;淳安居群单独为一类.遗传多样性分析表明8个竹黄居群中,淳安居群的遗传多样性水平最高,安吉居群的遗传多样性水平最低.Nei's基因多样性指数和Shannon信息指数均表明竹黄物种水平的遗传多样性高于居群水平.     

Partial 16S rRNA gene sequence diversity and numerical taxonomy of slow growing pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L Millsp) nodulating rhizobia

An investigation was carried out to determine the diversity of 30 isolates of slow growing pigeonpea nodulating rhizobia based on variations in partial sequences of the 16S rRNA gene and numerical analysis of 80 phenotypic traits. Phylogenetic analysis using molecular sequences of 23 isolates showed that ARPE1 separated from the other isolates at an average distance of >14% divergence level. The other isolates were all within 5% divergence from each other but separated into four main groups, with group 1 containing 16 of the 23 isolates. Comparisons to sequences of reference strains revealed that the group 1 isolates were phylogenetically closely related to the slow growing soybean nodulating rhizobia belonging to Bradyrhizobium elkanii, although only three of these isolates were able to nodulate soybean. Numerical analysis of phenotypic data of 19 isolates showed that 14 isolates clustered together in one branch of the phenogram, which included the group 1, group 2 and group 4 isolates from the phylogenetic analysis. The group 3 isolates were highly variable in the phenogram with similarity levels lower than 50% among these isolates.     

长江下游地区4个克氏原螯虾群体的遗传多样性分析

为了对长江下游地区克氏原螯虾(Procambarus clarkii)群体的遗传多样性状况进行本底调查, 本文利用17对微卫星引物对南京(NJ)、盱眙(XY)、合肥(HF)、南昌(NC)4个克氏原螯虾地理群体进行了遗传多样性研究。结果表明, 4个地理群体的平均观测杂合度为0.4322–0.4826、平均期望杂合度为0.4024–0.6121、平均多态信息含量为0.3408–0.5624, 4个克氏原螯虾群体的遗传多样性处于中等水平, 其中南京群体遗传多样性最高, 合肥群体最低; 4个克氏原螯虾群体的基因流为1.3729–5.9161, 遗传分化指数为0.0405–0.1540, 群体间基因流水平较高, 群体间遗传分化程度较小。聚类结果显示4个群体可分为2支: 南京、南昌、盱眙三个群体聚为一支, 合肥群体独自成一支。以上结果将为克氏原螯虾遗传育种、资源保护和利用提供一定的理论依据。     

五条河流青海湖裸鲤的同工酶变异

为全面了解青海湖裸鲤遗传多样性现状,采用水平淀粉凝胶电泳技术分析了青海湖裸鲤[样品采自青海湖的五条支流,分别为泉吉河(QJ)、沙柳河(SL)、哈尔盖河(HEG)、布哈河(BH)以及甘子河(GZ)]的13种同工酶,共记录26个位点,统计了基因频率,计算了其遗传多样性。结果表明:26个基因位点中多态位点6个,分别为Pgm、Hk、Cat、Gdh、Es-t1、S-Mdh,多态位点比例(P0.99)为23.08%,表明青海湖裸鲤的五个群体皆具有较高的遗传多样性水平;分别计算了五个群体的平均杂合度(H)为0.1161(HEG)、0.1178(GZ)、0.1304(SL)、0.1305(BH)、0.1287(QJ),多态位点比例(Ae)分别为1.3112(BH)、1.3069(SL)、1.2542(GZ)、1.2492(HEG)、1.2453(QJ);除泉吉河群体外,其它四个群体的遗传偏离指数均为负数,表明多数群体处于一定程度的杂合子缺失状态;计算了五个群体间的遗传距离以及遗传相似度,结果显示群体间遗传距离与遗传相似度与各个河流的地理位置具有很强的相关性;根据五个群体的遗传距离进行了聚类分析,通过构建系统树图将其基本分为两大种群,甘子河与哈尔盖河两群体为一类群,另外三个群体分为一个类群;计算群体间的基因流(Nm)为7.2013,说明河道之间具有较为广泛的基因交流,并计算了两两群体间的基因流,其中布哈河群体与其它群体间的基因交流都较为广泛。     

中国大陆尼罗罗非鱼引进群体间遗传关系分析

为了从分子水平上评价中国大陆尼罗罗非鱼（Oreochromis niloticus）主要引进群体间遗传关系、遗传分化及基因流状况,研究利用12对多态性微卫星引物,以埃及土著群体为对照组,分析中国大陆尼罗罗非鱼9个代表性引进群体的遗传关系。结果显示:①群体间四种遗传距离[D_A、D_C、D_SW和（δμ）2]同时表明,USA群体和EGY群体间的遗传距离最小[D_A=0.2174,D_C=0.4140,D_SW=0.8769,（δμ）2=22.6904];D_A和D_C表明GD群体和XJF群体间遗传距离最大（D_A=0.5851,D_C=0.6789）;D_SW和（δμ）2表明USA群体与XJF群体间遗传距离最大[D_SW=4.0907,（δμ）2=138.18]。② EGY群体和GD群体间遗传分化最小（F_ST=0.0326,R_ST=0.0337）,XJF群体和LY群体间遗传分化最大（F_ST=0.2098,R_ST=0.2655）。所有成对群体间均存在显著的遗传分化（P < 0.05）。③群体间系统树显示,WY群体、GD群体、EGY群体和USA群体被聚为一类,BL群体、LY群体和EW群体被聚为一类,JNM群体和GLD群体被聚为一类,XJF群体位于独立的分支;贝叶斯聚类分析将10个群体划分为2类,XJF、BL、LY、EW群体被归入第一类,WY、GD、EGY、USA、GLD和JNM群体被归入第二类。分子方差分析和主成分分析支持了系统树和贝叶斯聚类分析的结果。④根据成对F_ST值和R_ST值估算的群体间历史基因流平均值分别为2.4427和2.1983。群体间近期基因流检测结果显示,各群体中发生第一代迁移的个体数在0-7个,占样本数的0-23.3%。总体而言,我国尼罗罗非鱼引进群体间遗传分化显著,群体间存在一定程度的历史基因流和近期基因流。研究结果为开展我国尼罗罗非鱼引进群体的种质资源保护和综合利用提供了科学依据。     

Historical biogeography of Eusattus muricatus (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) within the Great Basin, western North America

Genetics of Eusattus muricatus LeConte (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) populations within the Lahontan Basin and the Lahontan Trough of the Great Basin, western North America were assayed using protein electrophoresis. Two similar population phenograms were developed using neighbour-joining and maximum likelihood algorithms. An area cladogram was developed using geological data. Maximum likelihood phenogram and area cladogram were compared to test for congruence between geology and phylogeny. Pairwise regressions of estimated gene flow measures ( Nm ) yielded a significant relationship for populations within the Lahontan Basin but not for the Lahontan Trough. Protein molecular clock calculations showed that populations within the Lahontan Basin were primarily differentiating according to the dune/subbasin isolation events predicted by the area cladogram.     

Bionomics of phlebotomine sandflies in the Galilee focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis in northern Israel

The bionomics of phlebotomine sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae) were studied for three years (2001-2003) in the Galilee focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis in northern Israel, where the causative Leishmania tropica (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) is transmitted by Phlebotomus (Adlerius) arabicus Theodor and Phlebotomus (Paraphlebotomus) sergenti Parrot, comprising 22% and 8%, respectively, of the local sandfly fauna sampled by light traps. The predominant species overall was Phlebotomus (Larroussius) tobbi Adler & Theodor (51%) with lesser numbers of Phlebotomus (Adlerius) simici Theodor (11%), Phlebotomus (Larroussius) syriacus Adler & Theodor (5%), Phlebotomus (Larroussius) perfiliewi Perfil'ev (3%) and Phlebotomus (Phlebotomus) papatasi Scopoli (0.05%). Sandfly adult populations were prevalent from April to November and peaked between June and August, being more abundant through the summer in irrigated habitats, such as gardens and orchards, than in open grassland. Of the two cutaneous leishmaniasis vectors, P. sergenti preferred boulder mounds located at the outskirts of settlements, whereas P. arabicus was more abundant overall and near houses in particular. Females of all these sandfly species displayed a peak of activity after sunset (20.00-22.00 hours), whereas activity of males persisted longer through the night. Another slight increase in activity was noted before dawn (02.00-04.00 hours). Phlebotomus arabicus appears to be the main vector of L. tropica in the Galilee focus, due to its denser populations, more endophily and preference for peridomestic habitats than shown by P. sergenti in northern Israel.     

中国北鳅谱系地理学分析

北鳅(Lefua costata)为冷水性鱼类,分布于淮河以北,分析遗传结构能够反映其适应环境变迁的响应.基于线粒体D-loop区211条序列分析了我国北鳅的谱系地理学和遗传多样性,样本采自9条水系共18个样点.单倍型分析显示共计55个单倍型,呈高单倍型多样性(h=0.9304)和高核苷酸多样性(π=0.0087).单...     

Bionomics of phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in the province of Al-Baha, Saudi Arabia

The bionomics of phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) were studied for two successive years (January 1996-December 1997) at 12 collecting stations representing six sectors of the province of Al-Baha, Saudi Arabia. The predominant species was Phlebotomus bergeroti (41.7%), followed by lesser numbers of Phlebotomus sergenti (11%), Phlebotomus arabicus (10.6%), Sergentomyia tiberiadis (10.5%), Phlebotomus papatasi (10.2%), Sergentomyia antennata (9.6%), Phlebotomus alexandri (3%), Phlebotomus orientalis (2.3%) and Sergentomyia clydei (1.1%). The distribution of the collected species including species that are elsewhere known to act as vectors of human cutaneous leishmaniasis were distributed across different altitudes in Al-Baha. P. bergeroti, P. papatasi and P. arabicus were more abundant indoors; however, P. sergenti was more abundant outdoors. Sand fly populations exhibited three patterns of seasonal abundance in terms of their monthly activity. P. bergeroti, P. sergenti and P. arabicus were found to be naturally infected with Leishmania-like flagellates at an infection rate of 0.2%.     

Microsatellite diversity and genetic structure of the commercially important tropical tree species <Emphasis Type="Italic">Eucalyptus urophylla</Emphasis>, endemic to seven islands in eastern Indonesia

Eucalyptus urophylla (Timor mountain gum) is an economically important plantation species that occurs naturally in a series of disjunct populations on the volcanic slopes of seven islands in eastern Indonesia. Twelve microsatellite markers were used to investigate the distribution of nuclear genetic diversity among 19 geographically defined E. urophylla populations. High levels of gene diversity were observed throughout the geographic range (H _E = 0.703 to 0.776). The level of genetic differentiation among populations was low (F _ST = 0.031), but the amount of differentiation increased with geographic distance. A phenogram produced by a neighbor-joining analysis illustrated that populations clustered according to islands. However, a Bayesian clustering approach revealed a more cryptic population structure comprising two genetically homogeneous groups. Gene flow among the populations is likely responsible for the apparent weak influence of geographic insularity on the genetic diversity and structure of the island species. These findings provide direction for conservation and breeding strategies in E. urophylla. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

华南及邻近地区大刺鳅遗传多样性的ISSR分析

为了解我国大刺鳅野生资源状况, 研究采用ISSR技术分析了福建、广东、广西、云南和海南11个地理群体262尾大刺鳅的遗传多样性。10个引物共扩增出112个位点, 多态位点95个, 多态位点比例为84.82%。大刺鳅总群体Nei基因多样性h=0.2126、Shannon 信息指数I=0.3358, 表明大刺鳅总群体遗传多样性较丰富, 其中各群体遗传多样性依次为恩平 红河 屯昌 英德 河池 乐昌 增城 龙岩 五华 仁化 百色。总群体遗传分化系数Gst=0.4620, 显示46.2%的变异来自群体间。总群体基因流Nm=0.5823, 表明大刺鳅总群体间缺乏有效的基因交流, 遗传漂变是大刺鳅群体遗传分化的主要因素。聚类分析表明, 东江群体和韩江群体聚为一支, 西江群体和北江群体聚为一支, 大陆群体聚为一大支, 然后和海南屯昌群体聚类。     

Comparative demography of the sand fly Phlebotomus papatasi (Diptera: Psychodidae) at constant temperatures.

We measured reproductive and population parameters of adult sand flies, Phlebotomus papatasi (Scopoli, 1786) (Diptera: Psychodidae), in environmental chambers maintained at temperatures of 15, 18, 20, 25, 28, and 32 degrees C. Based on cohorts of adults at each temperature regime, horizontal life tables were constructed using established laboratory colonies initiated from specimens collected in Sanliurfa Province, southeastern Anatolia, Turkey. The fecundity and longevity of the insects were both highly variable, depending on the temperature. At 15 degrees C, all of the cohort females died before laying eggs, so the construction of a life table for this temperature regime was not possible. Within a range of 18 to 32 degrees C, the longevity of adult P. papatasi increased as the temperature decreased; at 15 degrees C, the mean survival times of females and males were 19.04 +/- 6.94 days (9-35) and 17.84 +/- 7.11 days (9-33), respectively. While the highest number of eggs was found in the cohort at 28 degrees C (44.08 +/- 7.79), this was only 3.60 +/- 1.55 in the cohort at 32 degrees C and 2.8 +/- 0.9 in the cohort at 18 degrees C. This result showed that extreme temperatures negatively affect the fecundity of this species. The cohort reared at 28 degrees C exhibited the highest intrinsic rates of population increase (r(m)) for P. papatasi. The r(m) ranged from 0.098 at 28 degrees C to 0.007 at 18 degrees C. The cohort placed at 28 degrees C was found to be significantly different (P < 0.01) from the other cohorts producing the fewest progeny in terms of net reproductive rate, R(0), (15.87). The values for mean generation time (T) were estimated to vary from 36 days to 271 days depending on temperature. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) confirmed results from the previous studies that the cohort at 28 degrees C orientated and clustered as a distinct group along the first two PCs.     

基于微卫星标记的中国东北地区灰飞虱遗传变异及种群遗传结构分析

【目的】本研究旨在明确我国东北地区灰飞虱Laodelphax striatellus种群遗传变异及种群遗传结构,阐明种群间遗传分化与基因流。【方法】利用9对微卫星引物对采自我国东北地区15个地理种群的375头灰飞虱样品进行测序与分析;利用GeneAlex6.51,GENEPOP4.0.9和STRUCTURE 2.3.4等软件分析灰飞虱地理种群间的遗传多样性、遗传分化、基因流及种群遗传结构。【结果】在所分析的375头灰飞虱个体中,各位点平均有效等位基因数Na=6.898;总体上,灰飞虱不同地理种群遗传多样性较高(平均观测杂合度Ho=0.548;平均期望杂合度He=0.582),各种群间基因流较低(Nm=0.660)。UPGMA聚类树、PCoA及STRCTURE分析结果表明,东北地区灰飞虱种群分为两分支:吉林(JL)和沈阳(SY2012,SY2013和SY2014)种群聚为一支;其余种群聚为一支。AMOVA分析结果表明,灰飞虱遗传变异主要来自种群内(87%),种群间变异水平较低(13%)。【结论】中国东北地区灰飞虱遗传多样性较高,不同地理种群存在一定程度的遗传分化,且基因交流较低,存在一定的种群遗传结构。     

基于mtDNA COⅠ基因序列的云南榕母管蓟马不同地理种群的遗传分化分析

榕母管蓟马Gynaikothrips ficorum （Marchal）是一种已扩散至各大洲的榕树主要害虫, 目前在云南省热带及亚热带区域发生危害亦较为严重。为了揭示榕母管蓟马在云南省不同地理种群间的遗传变异, 测定了10个地理种群145个个体的mtDNA COⅠ基因的646 bp序列, 对地理种群间的序列变异和遗传分化进行了分析。结果表明： 10个地理种群间的COⅠ基因共有38个变异位点和6个单倍型, 其中1个单倍型为8个种群所共享。种群间的遗传距离范围为0~0.043, 其中瑞丽、 芒市、 玉溪、 呈贡种群间的遗传距离最小, 宜良和陇川、 墨江种群间的遗传距离最大, 种群遗传距离大小与其相对地理距离的远近之间没有相关性。分子方差分析显示3组（组1： 陇川、 瑞丽、 芒市、 玉溪、 呈贡、 墨江、 临沧、 勐腊8个种群; 组2： 蒙自种群; 组3： 宜良种群）之间已经具有明显的遗传分化, Fst值为0.9828（P<0.05）, Nm值为0.01, 但是仅0.0172的遗传变异来自组内。采用邻接法（NJ）构建分子系统树, 单倍型被分成3组与各自的地理区域相对应的簇群, 各组之间未发现共享的单倍型。分子系统树显示3组的聚类结果与地理分布格局并不对应。综合采集地寄主植物的状况, 初步推测蒙自和宜良种群出现的遗传分化可能是由于寄主植物生长状况及品种不同引起的。各地理种群中的单倍型在网络中介图上散布在不同的分布群中, 缺乏明显的地理分布格局。     

Distribution,species composition and relative abundances of sandflies in North Waziristan Agency,Pakistan

This study was conducted to investigate the diversity of sandflies (Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) and the incidence of leishmaniasis in three villages of North Waziristan Agency, Pakistan. Sandflies were sampled monthly during 2012, at dusk and dawn, in selected indoor habitats including both bedrooms and animal sheds using a knock‐down spray catch method. A total of 3687 sandflies were collected, including 1444 individuals in Drezanda, 1193 in Damdil and 1050 in Dattakhel. This study revealed 14 species of two genera, Phlebotomus (Phlebotomus sergenti, Phlebotomus papatasi, Phlebotomus caucasicus, Phlebotomus kazeruni, Phlebotomus alexandri and Phlebotomus salehi) and Sergentomyia (Sergentomyia dentate, Sergentomyia baghdadis, Sergentomyia babu, Sergentomyia theodori, Sergentomyia sumbarica, Sergentomyia dreyfussitur kestanica, Sergentomyia hogsoni pawlowskyi and Sergentomyia fallax afghanica) (both: Diptera: Psychodidae). Phlebotomus sergenti was the most abundant species (42.1%), followed by S. dentata (17.7%) and S. baghdadis (17.4%). The number of males collected represented about twice that of female flies, and the maximum number was collected in July, followed by August. The determination of the species composition of sandfly populations, seasonal variations, relative abundances and estimations of infection in the vector population may provide information about the dynamics of leishmaniasis transmission that is useful in planning vector control activities.