互惠-寄生耦合系统的稳定性

寄生物与宿主之间协同进化的研究早已在生命科学领域引起广泛关注。现有研究寄生物与其宿主协同进化的模型几乎都是基于寄生物将会导致宿主种群减少的前提建立的。然而,寄生物在很多情况下也会促进宿主种群的增长,比如低密度的寄生物能提高宿主的免疫力从而提高宿主的存活率。基于这一前提假设,在经典的Lotka-Volterra模型和Leslie型捕食者-食饵模型基础上,引入寄生物对宿主的固有促进水平参数K,建立了一类互惠-寄生耦合模型。利用微分方程稳定性理论对模型进行分析,发现系统平衡点的稳定性与固有促进水平K密切相关。分析显示,在不同的固有促进水平K下,寄生物与宿主将会以稳定均衡或周期振荡的形式持续共存。数值模拟实验表明在一定条件下系统会出现Hopf分岔现象,并且随着固有促进水平K的增大,系统还会出现稳定的极限环,即随着固有促进水平K的增大,寄生物与宿主由稳定共存转变为变振幅、变周期的振荡共存。当固有促进水平参数K为零时,我们的模型就转化为经典的Leslie型捕食者-食饵模型。     

具有共生作用两种群离散耦合Logistic模型混沌控制

针对具有共生作用的离散耦合Logistic模型,首先采用Lyapunov指数方法验证了混沌现象的存在.然后详细地分析了系统随参数变化的分岔图,发现了系统中存在更复杂的现象.最后应用混沌跟踪控制方法控制系统的混沌现象,使得种群稳定到正不动点轨道上,消除了种群中存在的混沌现象.仿真结果验证了控制方法的有效性.     

马尾松毛虫种群动态的时间序列分析及复杂性动态研究

自从May(1974)指出即使是简单的种群模型也能揭示混沌动态以来,自然种群是否存在混沌一直具有争论,如何检测自然种群的混沌行为也成为种群动态研究的一个难点,通过时间序列分析和反应面模型建模的8方法分析了马尾松毛虫的复杂性动态,用自相关函数对马尾松毛虫发生的时间动态分析的结果认为动态是平衡的,其周期性不显著,而具有一定的复杂性,这种类型可以是减幅波动,有限周期或弱混沌,波动主要由系统内因引起,进一步采用反应面模型估计全局李雅普若夫指数和局域李雅普若夫指数结果均为负,显示马尾松毛虫种群动态不存在混沌现象,但是在增加一个小的噪音以后,局域李雅普若夫指数变为在0以上的波动,说明系统对噪音非常敏感,噪音对松毛虫种群动态具有很大的影响,可以将其从非混沌状态变为混沌,研究结果认为全局郴雅普若夫指数λ是一定时间内两个变动轨迹的总平均偏差,而随着种群动态的波动,指数也是波动的,所以对于检测自然种群的混沌来说不是一个好的指标,局域李雅普若夫指数λM能更好地表示自然种群混沌的存在和产生混沌的条件,对害虫管理来说对种群暴发初期的预测是尤其重要的,而此时又最难于预测,所以对种群动态的监测就尤为重要,由于马尾松毛虫的代间种群动态为第一级密度相关,前一代的虫口密度与下一代的虫口密度相关性最强,所以前一代预测下一代是最可靠的。     

具有综合控制策略的离散宿主病原体模型(英文)

研究了具有综合控制策略的离散宿主病原体模型,并考虑了固定时刻脉冲效应和状态依赖脉冲效应对综合控制策略的影响.对于固定时刻脉冲的模型,分析了宿主根除、宿主病原体共存以及宿主爆发周期解的存在性和稳定性,并给出了宿主根除周期解全局稳定的充分条件.对于状态依赖的脉冲离散模型,数值研究说明宿主最大振幅不超过经济临界值的周期解的存在性以及相应动态行为的复杂性.     

高阶相互作用对宿主-寄生群落动态的影响

物种间相互作用是影响生物群落稳定性和多样性的重要因素。基于Lotka-Volterra竞争模型,通过构建多宿主种群的种内和种间高阶相互作用模型,研究宿主种群的间接竞争效应对寄生群落动态的影响机制。为有效地揭示高阶作用对种群动态的影响,通过对比宿主-寄生群落的现象模型以及机制模型,利用机制模型产生的合理数据集对现象模型中高阶项的参数进行拟合,进而探讨了高阶相互作用在群落动态中的作用。结果显示,完整的高阶相互作用模型在描述多宿主-寄生系统的群落动态中表现最优,而直接相互作用模型对群落动态的描述相对较差,即同时考虑种间和种内的高阶相互作用模型更加符合机制模型所描述的群落动态。此外,种内高阶作用和种间高阶作用产生不对称效应,宿主间的种间高阶作用对群落产生的影响较种内高阶作用更为显著。该研究结果在一定意义上丰富了宿主-寄生生物群落的稳定性研究,为理解物种间相互作用的多样性研究提供了依据。     

离散广义Logistic模型的混沌控制

利用Lyapunov指数方法,验证了一类离散广义Logistic模型存在混沌现象,并采用混沌控制中OGY方法的基本思想,研究了这类模型的混沌控制问题,得出了消除混沌,保持种群稳定到不动点和2-周期轨道的充分条件．     

野外围栏条件下根田鼠肠道寄生物的感染率

寄生物是调节小哺乳动物种群波动的因子之一。许多生物和非生物因子可影响寄生物的感染。本研究以根田鼠为对象,在野外围栏条件下测定了根田鼠肠道寄生物种类及其感染率,并分析了根田鼠建群者数量、性别、年龄及时间对寄生物感染率的影响。结果表明,根田鼠肠道寄生物有球虫、线虫和绦虫,球虫是主要寄生物, Eimeria wenrichi 为球虫中的优势种;其感染率随根田鼠建群者数量增加而增加,且随时间而显著变化。在根田鼠幼体中,高密度处理组E. wenrichi 的感染率显著高于低密度处理组,而根田鼠幼体的E. ochrogasteri 感染率显著高于成体。本研究未发现根田鼠性别间的球虫感染率差异。上述结果说明,在根田鼠种群中,球虫感染率有时间变化,且受宿主密度的制约,高密度种群引起的生前应激与当前密度制约性感染可能对球虫感染率具有耦合效应。     

一类离散捕食-食饵模型的混沌跟踪控制

针对一类离散捕食食饵系统,采用Lyapunov指数方法、绘制系统分岔图和混沌吸引子等方式验证了混沌现象的存在.为了消除系统的混沌现象,根据控制理论的轨迹跟踪控制原理,设计混沌跟踪控制器将系统控制到任意给定的期望周期轨道上,达到了稳定种群的目的.仿真分析表明了所设计控制器的有效性.     

银鱼的产量能预报吗

将离散Ｌogistic模型应用于银鱼种群数量变动研究,通过对滇池等４个典型湖泊或水库的银鱼年产量变动的初步分析和模拟,发现现的有的湖泊或水库银鱼产量的参数值都落入了混沌区间,在自然生态系统中找到了混沌行为的证据。同时指出：（１）混沌行为使银鱼产量长期预报不可能实现,只有短期预报才能保证必要的精度。（２）严格控制捕劳对尚未繁殖的亲鱼的影响,保留足够的繁殖亲鱼,才能保证资源的持续利用。另一方面,如谷获得相对稳定的产量,可能控制捕捞死亡率Ｆ来改变增增长率参数μ,防止银鱼产量剧烈波动。（３）水域污染和其他破坏水域饵料生物种群结构的因素能导致银鱼的内禀自然增长率γ值和最大种群数量Ｎmax发生变化,从而引起种群的数量变动。     

集合种群空间混沌的模拟研究以及Allee效应、拥挤效应与捕食效应对空间模式的影响

集合种群的空间模式研究是当今生态学的核心问题之一。本研究利用常微分动力系统以及基于网格模型的元胞自动机模型对Allee效应、拥挤效应以及捕食作用集合种群的空间分布模式做了全面的模拟研究。Allee效应描述当种群水平低于某一阈值时会发生由生殖成功几率下降造成的种群负增长率,而拥挤效应是指当种群密度过高时引起的个体性为异常从而达到调节种群增长率的作用。文章组建了3个空间确定性模型：局部作用模型(CIM)、距离敏感模型(DSM)和集合种群捕食模型(MMP)。局部作用模型显示在一维生境中空斑块形成金字塔状,二维模型显示出明显的动态拟周期性以及由空间混沌所形成的异质性。距离敏感模型可导致由迁移个体中密度制约强度决定的集合种群大小复杂动态与种群密度的双峰分布。这些结果说明动态行为的复杂性,不仅可用于表征研究物种的特性,而且可以表明该物种的续存能力与灭绝风险。集合种群捕食模型是概率转换空间模型,利用该模型得出了依赖于模型参数和生境尺度的白组织种群概率空间分布模式。模拟的结果表明,系统的内在机制和这种白组织模式导致捕食者形成集团型不明显的“捕食小组”或“杀手小组”,并具有较高扩散力．但却包括侵占率低、灭绝率高的特点。而使猎物种群形成高集团性、高侵占率、低灭绝率、低扩散力的种群集团。这种特点又使捕食者种群在生境中处于中心地带,而使猎物种群形成在捕食者和生境边缘间的环状分布。这些结果还说明了尺度对于生态学的研究是至关重要的,不同的尺度将产生不同的系统模式。     

Population outbreaks in a discrete world

We present and analyze a simple three-patch host-parasitoid model where population growth is discrete. The model gives solutions that are qualitatively similar to the stable large-amplitude patterns in space found in reaction-diffusion theory. In the context of host-parasitoid interactions, the large-amplitude portions of the solution can be thought of as spatially localized host population outbreaks. Here, we show that the biological requirements for localized population outbreaks in a discrete world are identical to those found in reaction- diffusion theory. Furthermore, the model conveniently allows investigation into the robustness of these population outbreaks under the influence of density-dependent dispersal behavior. We find that localized population outbreaks in space can still occur with modest amounts of pursuit and aggregative behavior by parasitoids. We end by showing that evidence from a real host-parasitoid system is consistent with the predictions of the model.     

Dynamical consequences of optimal host feeding on host-parasitoid population dynamics

This study examines the influence of various host-feeding patterns on host-parasitoid population dynamics. The following types of host-feeding patterns are considered: concurrent and non-destructive, non-concurrent and non-destructive, and non-concurrent and destructive. The host-parasitoid population dynamics is described by the Lotka-Volterra continuous-time model. This study shows that when parasitoids behave optimally, i.e. they maximize their fitness measured by the instantaneous per capita growth rate, the non-destructive type of host feeding stabilizes host-parasitoid dynamics. Other types of host feeding, i.e. destructive, concurrent, or non-concurrent, do not qualitatively change the neutral stability of the Lotka-Volterra model. Moreover, it is shown that the pattern of host feeding which maximizes parasitoid fitness is either non-concurrent and destructive, or concurrent and non-destructive host feeding, depending on the host abundance and parameters of the model. The effects of the adaptive choice of host-feeding patterns on host-parasitoid population dynamics are discussed.     

Host-Parasitoid Dynamics and the Success of Biological Control When Parasitoids Are Prone to Allee Effects

In sexual organisms, low population density can result in mating failures and subsequently yields a low population growth rate and high chance of extinction. For species that are in tight interaction, as in host-parasitoid systems, population dynamics are primarily constrained by demographic interdependences, so that mating failures may have much more intricate consequences. Our main objective is to study the demographic consequences of parasitoid mating failures at low density and its consequences on the success of biological control. For this, we developed a deterministic host-parasitoid model with a mate-finding Allee effect, allowing to tackle interactions between the Allee effect and key determinants of host-parasitoid demography such as the distribution of parasitoid attacks and host competition. Our study shows that parasitoid mating failures at low density result in an extinction threshold and increase the domain of parasitoid deterministic extinction. When proned to mate finding difficulties, parasitoids with cyclic dynamics or low searching efficiency go extinct; parasitoids with high searching efficiency may either persist or go extinct, depending on host intraspecific competition. We show that parasitoids suitable as biocontrol agents for their ability to reduce host populations are particularly likely to suffer from mate-finding Allee effects. This study highlights novel perspectives for understanding of the dynamics observed in natural host-parasitoid systems and improving the success of parasitoid introductions.     

Semi-discrete host-parasitoid models

Arthropod host-parasitoid interactions constitute a very important class of consumer resource dynamics. Discrete-time models are a tradition for such interactions and are characterized by an updating function, which relates the population densities at a fixed date in one year to those at the same date in the previous year. Previous workers have investigated the effects of functional response and density dependence on the stability of the host-parasitoid interaction by heuristically incorporating them in the updating function. Such an approach ignores the effects of population changing continuously within a year due to different processes (for example intraspecific competition, mortality from parasitism) that may act simultaneously. Their cumulative effect on the updating function is not obvious and a more systematic methodology is needed. This paper uses a hybrid approach to formulate the updating function. This is done by modeling the dynamics of various within-year processes in continuous-time, and reproduction as a discrete event. Using this formalism we derive results connecting the stability of the host-parasitoid interaction with different forms of density dependence and the form of the functional response. The latter results contradict previous conclusions from heuristically formulated models, and illustrate the need for such a hybrid approach in discrete-time host-parasitoid theory.     

Discrete-time host-parasitoid models with pest control

We propose a simple discrete-time host-parasitoid model to investigate the impact of external input of parasitoids upon the host-parasitoid interactions. It is proved that the input of the external parasitoids can eventually eliminate the host population if it is above a threshold and it also decreases the host population level in the unique interior equilibrium. It can simplify the host-parasitoid dynamics when the host population practices contest competition. We then consider a corresponding optimal control problem over a finite time period. We also derive an optimal control model using a chemical as a control for the hosts. Applying the forward-backward sweep method, we solve the optimal control problems numerically and compare the optimal host populations with the host populations when no control is applied. Our study concludes that applying a chemical to eliminate the hosts directly may be a more effective control strategy than using the parasitoids to indirectly suppress the hosts.     

Differential cannibalism and population dynamics in a host-parasitoid system

The effects of host cannibalism on a host-parasitoid system were explored through experiment and modelling. In individual encounters between parasitized and unparasitized Plodia interpunctella larvae, parasitized larvae were more likely to be cannibalized. Inclusion of this differential cannibalism into a simple Lotka-Volterra-type model of host-parasitoid population dynamics generates alternative stable states-including stable coexistence and extinction of the parasitoid — which depend on starting conditions. Possible mechanisms for differential cannibalism, and its implications for studies of host-parasitoid populations and biological control programmes are discussed.     

Migration frequency and the persistence of host-parasitoid interactions

This paper analyses the effect of migration frequency on the stability and persistence of a host-parasitoid system in a two-patch environment. The hosts and parasitoids are allowed to move from one patch to the other a certain number of times within a generation. When this number is low, i.e. when the time-scales associated with migration and demography are of the same order, host-parasitoid interactions are usually not persistent. When this number is high, however, persistence is more likely. Moreover, in this situation, aggregation methods can be used to simplify the proposed initial model into an aggregated model describing the dynamics of both the total host and parasitoid populations. Analysis of the aggregated model shows that the system reaches a stable steady state for some regions of the parameter domain. Persistence occurs when the movement of the parasitoids is asymmetrical, i.e. they move preferentially to one of the two patches. We show that the growth rate of the host population is a key parameter in determining which migration strategies of the parasitoids lead to persistent host-parasitoid interactions.     

Spatial synchrony in host-parasitoid models using aggregation of variables

We consider a host-parasitoid system with individuals moving on a square grid of patches. We study the effects of increasing movement frequency of hosts and parasitoids on the spatial dynamics of the system. We show that there exists a threshold value of movement frequency above which spatial synchrony occurs and the dynamics of the system can be described by an aggregated model governing the total population densities on the grid. Numerical simulations show that this threshold value is usually small. This allows using the aggregated model to make valid predictions about global host-parasitoid spatial dynamics.     

The effect of evolution on host-parasitoid systems

It is well known that a simple first-order difference equation can exhibit complex population dynamics, such as sustained oscillations and chaos. An interesting problem is whether such oscillatory dynamics are expected to occur in real populations. This paper assumes that the resident system is composed of 1-host and 1-parasitoid and that only the host is allowed to evolve, but not the parasitoid. Based on the invasibility of a host to host-parasitoid systems, we investigate the dynamics of the host-parasitoid system favored by natural selection. We consider two cases. In the first case, the host's evolution involving both the intrinsic growth rate and the sensitivity to density is considered. In the second case, the host's evolution involving both the intrinsic growth rate and the vulnerability to the parasitoid is considered. In both cases, we see that the dynamics with a stable equilibrium will not be favored by natural selection without the trade-off between the host's traits which are allowed to evolve. The host-parasitoid system with a stable equilibrium will be eventually invaded by a host type that develops an unstable equilibrium with the parasitoid. If there is a trade-off between the host's traits which are allowed to evolve, a host-parasitoid system with a stable equilibrium can be favored by natural selection.