压力应激影响烟曲霉致病力的研究进展

烟曲霉是环境中广泛存在的腐生真菌,是重要的机会致病菌。近年来随着免疫受损人群的增多,烟曲霉引起侵袭性曲霉病不断增加,在深部丝状真菌感染中居于首位。由于宿主体内环境与自然环境存在诸多差异,使得烟曲霉孢子适应体内环境条件是其能够生存并致病的前提。研究发现烟曲霉适应宿主环境的能力,如温度、氧化应激、渗透压、缺氧、营养缺乏等,与其致病力密切相关。对压力应激与致病力关系的研究有助于解析烟曲霉的致病机制,可为研发烟曲霉感染诊治的新途径提供理论基础。本文对烟曲霉的压力应激与其致病力的关系进行了综述。     

禄丰古猿蝴蝶种下第四前臼齿釉质-齿质交界面的三维几何形态

禄丰古猿蝴蝶种 (Lufengpithecus hudienensis) 也称蝴蝶古猿,是重要的早期人科成员,化石产自云南元谋盆地竹棚-小河及雷老两个地点群,其年代为中新世晚期。上世纪八、九十年代的发掘工作共获得幼年个体颅骨1具、残上颌骨10件、残下颌骨17件及1500多枚单个牙齿。受限于当时的技术条件,蝴蝶古猿牙齿内部结构及三维形态一直未有报道和对比研究。本文首次使用高精度CT配合三维几何形态测量方法,对6枚产自小河地点的蝴蝶古猿下颌第四前臼齿的釉质-齿质交界面形态进行了观察和对比,对比材料包括步氏巨猿、猩猩（化石）、大猩猩、黑猩猩及现代人。多变量分析显示,蝴蝶古猿釉质-齿质交界面几何形态接近于本文所涉及的大型猿类对比标本,但并没有表现出与某一特定类群的相似性;咬合面轮廓狭长,前凹尺寸明显小于后凹;整体形态介于齿质尖较高的大猩猩和齿质尖较低、釉质-齿质交界面形态扁平的巨猿、猩猩和黑猩猩之间。本文所观察到的类群之间的异同可能与趋同演化有关,也需要更多数据的进一步验证。将釉质-齿质交界面的三维几何形态和其他牙齿内部结构的信息（如釉质厚度及其三维分布规律等）综合,有助于进一步讨论蝴蝶古猿的分类学、系统发育和食性。     

Revised algorithm of ecosystem water use efficiency for semi-arid steppe in the Loess Plateau of China

Aims We evaluated the applicability of different measures of water use efficiency through analyzing the coupled dynamics of GPP and evapotranspiration in the semi-arid steppe in the Loess Plateau of China. Our objective is to explore the applicability of two quantitative measures of ecosystem water use efficiency—inherent water use efficiency (IWUE) and underlying water use efficiency (uWUE) —for the semi-arid steppe and to endeavor necessary modifications.Methods The consistency and stability of three indices of water use efficiency formulations (i.e. WUE, IWUE, uWUE) were calculated and compared at hourly, daily and annual time scales before proposing an optimal water use efficiency (oWUE). These indices were additionally used to quantify their importances in modeling the diel change of gross primary production (GPP). The yielded-accuracy of the prediction was used for justifying their uses.Important findings IWUE and uWUE appeared suitable for examining the coupled water-carbon characteristics of vegetation at hourly and daily scales, whereas WUE was more plausible on the annual and interannual scales. The optimized water use efficiency index did not improve the prediction of the coupled water-carbon characteristics as compared with uWUE, but it improved the prediction of GPP and its dynamics. oWUE and uWUE improved the predictions of GPP in the peak growing period, while WUE predicted the GPP better at the early and late growing season. Interestingly, we found that IWUE was not suitable for predicting GPP and its dynamics. The results will be of great importance in modeling the effects of climate change on the carbon assimilation and water cycle for the future.     

中国青褶伞时空分布研究

近年来在中国,蘑菇中毒已成为食物中毒事件中威胁人民生命健康的重要因素,其中青褶伞Chlorophyllum molybdites是最常见的毒蘑菇种类。为切实预防该种中毒,揭示其在我国的时空分布特征及规律就显得尤为重要和紧迫。本研究通过系统收集、整理、分析青褶伞在中国的时空分布信息,发现该种在1978-2020年中的20个年份中共出现于我国包含台湾省在内的17个省份,主要集中在热带和亚热带地区,东北地区（黑龙江和内蒙古东部）偶有分布,华北和西北没有记载。青褶伞在我国不同地区一年四季均有分布,具体时间为3-12月份,集中出现在6-10月份。该种最早于仲春出现在华南地区（广东）,随即向热带、亚热带的华南其他地区、华东、华中和西南地区扩散并持续至中秋,从晚秋至初冬,该种分布范围不断南移萎缩至西南热带地区（云南勐腊县）;在温带至寒温带,该种仅在夏末秋初出现在东北地区。     

中国桂樱属植物的分类研究

桂樱属(Laurocerasus Tourn.ex Duh.)是蔷薇科李亚科的一个属。它是De Tournefort(Institutiones rei Herbariae 627.t.403.1700)以Prunus laurocerasus L.和P.lusitanica L.两种奠定基础,而至1755年由Duhmal代为正式发表而建立。自该属建立以后的二百多年来,各国植物学家对其分类位置各持不同观点。     

中国姬鼠属的研究及与日本种类关系的讨论

姬鼠属(Apodemus)分布在欧亚大陆及其邻近的岛屿上,种类及数量均较多。一般认为有2个亚属:田姬鼠亚属(Apodemus)和林姬鼠亚属(Sylvaemus)。Ellerman和Morrison-Scott(1951)虽对它作了较系统的研究,但对中国所产的姬鼠仍有许多不同的意见,随着中国研究工作的深入,有许多看法与他们不同。Corbet(1978)虽作了一些改正,但仍不能令人满意。仅就现有材料提出个人的意见,抛砖引玉,提供进一步研究的一块踏板。     

网隙裂粉韧革菌不同生长时期转录组分析

网隙裂粉韧革菌Amylostereum areolatum是松树蜂Sirex noctilio携带并传播的共生真菌,与松树蜂之间存在严格的互利共生关系,其正常生长发育是松树蜂完成生活史的关键因子之一。为研究该共生菌生长发育的相关机制,我们对共生菌菌丝最大生长速率前期（7d）和后期（12d）样本进行转录组测序,在转录水平上分析差异表达基因在共生菌生长发育中的功能。结果显示,两个不同生长时期共有差异基因2 425个,其中在共生菌最大生长速率前期样本中上调的基因有946个,下调的有1 479个。Nr注释和GO功能富集分析结果表明,共生菌最大生长速率前期的差异表达基因主要与碳水化合物代谢、蛋白质合成以及水解酶活性相关。Pathway富集分析表明,差异表达基因显著富集在糖酵解/糖异生代谢通路上,并且这些基因在共生菌最大生长速率前期的样本中显著上调,表明其可能在网隙裂粉韧革菌的生长发育中发挥重要作用。通过分析两个不同生长时期共生菌基因的表达情况,挖掘参与共生菌生长发育的关键基因,旨在为探索松树蜂与其共生菌的互利共生机制提供理论基础。     

黑曲霉中生物合成赭曲霉毒素A的非核糖体肽合成酶基因的鉴定

赭曲霉毒素A(ochratoxin A,OTA)是国际癌症研究机构认定的"2B"类致癌物。黑曲霉Aspergillus niger是美国食品药品监督局认可的食品安全菌。然而近年来陆续发现某些黑曲霉菌株能够产生OTA,这会对人类健康构成潜在威胁。阐明黑曲霉生物合成OTA的关键基因有助于理解OTA生物合成机制,这对OTA污染的防控具有重要意义。本研究克隆了产OTA黑曲霉中非核糖体肽合成酶(NRPS)编码基因(An15g07910),并对其进行了生物信息学分析,在此基础上采用同源重组的方法敲除了该基因,获得了一株性能稳定的敲除突变株Δnrps。与野生株相比,Δnrps突变株的表型在CYA培养基中并无明显改变,但在7d培养期间完全失去了合成赭曲霉毒素α(ochratoxinα,OTα)和OTA的能力,而赭曲霉毒素β(ochratoxinβ,OTβ)的合成不受影响。在野生株培养过程中,该nrps基因前4d表达量逐渐增大,并在第4天达到最高,随后基因表达量逐渐下降并趋于稳定,这与OTA的含量变化基本一致。结果表明该nrps基因(An15g07910)参与OTA的生物合成,其编码的NRPS可能负责催化苯丙氨酸部分和二氢异香豆素部分的交联。     

Phylogenetic analysis of bacterial communities associated with larvae of the Atlantic halibut propose succession from a uniform normal flora

Halibut, the largest of all flatfishes is a valuable species with a great potential for aquaculture. Bacteria play an important role in regulating the health of the early life stages. The present article is the first broad-range molecular analysis of bacterial communities in larvae of the Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus). DNA was extracted from larvae, water and silo biofilm from hatcheries in Norway, Scotland, Iceland and Canada. Eubacterial 16S rRNA gene fragments were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with broad-range primers. Sequences spanning the hyper variable V3 region representing individual bacterial species were separated into community profiles by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). The profiles revealed simple communities after hatching and bacterial succession following growth. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of excised DGGE bands suggested aerobic heterotrophs related to groups of Pseudomonas, Janthinobacterium and possibly Marinomonas to be the primary colonisers of the larvae. After onset of feeding, fermentative species (Vibrio) were detected as well. Comparative analysis of bacterial communities from different geographical regions indicated that larvae of the Atlantic halibut possess a distinct and specific normal flora.     

Bacterial orthologues indicate the malarial plastid gene ycf24 is essential

ycf24 is a well conserved gene found in all major groups of bacteria, as well as on red algal plastid genomes and the vestigal plastid genome of apicomplexan pathogens like the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum (ORF470). Some database annotations describe Ycf24 as an ABC transporter subunit, but we find the level of significance is low. To investigate ycf24′s function we disrupted it in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp., strain PCC6803 which has a multi-copy genome. This showed ycf24 is essential, partial loss producing a terminal phenotype of chlorosis, reduced cell size, loss of DNA, and a striking arrest in cytokinesis. Attempts to disrupt the single copy of ycf24 in E. coli failed to give stable transformants. When Ycf24 was over-expressed in E. coli as a soluble fusion protein, it localized mostly as a band on either side of the nucleoid and nucleoid partitioning was aberrant. We propose the relict plastid organelle of apicomplexans retains its capacity for protein synthesis because Ycf24 is essential.     

西藏湖泊长刺溞复合种的系统进化关系

本文通过对西藏湖泊长刺溞复合种(Daphnia longispina complex)中分布最广的3个物种, 即长刺溞(D. longispina)、盔形溞(D. galeata)和颈齿溞(D. dentifera)线粒体COI基因序列以及GenBank中欧洲的长刺溞、加拿大的颈齿溞和我国东部低海拔地区的盔型溞COI基因序列的比较分析, 研究了西藏湖泊长刺溞复合种的系统进化关系, 发现西藏地区的盔型溞、颈齿溞和长刺溞均已出现较大分化。颈齿溞种群内遗传差异度为0.33-2.32%, 盔型溞为0.33-2.74%, 长刺溞的遗传差异度最高, 为1.31-5.50%。基于COI基因序列构建的最大似然树和贝叶斯系统树均表明, 长刺溞复合种由3个进化分支组成, 分别对应长刺溞、盔型溞和颈齿溞, 三者之间的遗传差异度为9.40-16.98%(Kimura 2-parameter双参数模型)。基于COI基因单倍型(haplotype)所构建的网络关系也支持上述3个分支的存在。早期记录虽然显示长刺溞在我国分布较广, 但本次调查只在班公错有发现, 相比之下, 盔形溞和颈齿溞则分布更广。我们的研究表明, 由于形态学鉴定上的局限性, 早期的长刺溞记录很可能混杂了容易引起混淆的盔型溞或颈齿溞。     

84K杨PagC3H3基因表达模式分析

木质素作为木材的主要组成成分,通常是由3种单体聚合而成,在其生物合成过程中,共有10个酶家族参与负责将苯丙胺酸转化为单体木质素,其中C3H是在对-香豆酰辅酶A（p-coumaroyl CoA）到咖啡酰辅酶A（caffeoyl CoA）的羟基化过程和G/S单体形成中的关键控制酶类,探究PagC3H3基因表达模式,对于进一步了解该基因功能具有重要意义。该研究通过定量PCR对PagC3H3基因的组织特异性表达进行分析;克隆得到了长度为2 035 bp的PagC3H3的启动子序列,预测含有多个顺式作用元件;同时,将获得的PagC3H3的启动子序列构建植物表达载体pBI121-PagC3H3pro：：GUS,进行拟南芥瞬时转化,结果显示PagC3H3基因在84K杨的根、中部茎节和基部茎节中的表达量较高;瞬时转化拟南芥,GUS染色表明：在下胚轴和根中GUS活性较强,由此推测PagC3H3基因在木质素合成过程中发挥作用。     

Population dynamics of the harmful diatom Eucampia zodiacus Ehrenberg causing bleachings of Porphyra thalli in aquaculture in Harima-Nada, the Seto Inland Sea, Japan

The diatom Eucampia zodiacus Ehrenberg is one of the harmful diatom species which indirectly cause bleachings of Nori (Porphyra thalli) in aquaculture through competitive utilizing of nutrients (especially nitrogen) and resultant nutrient depletion in water columns during the bloom events. The seasonal changes in environmental factors, cell density and cell size of E. zodiacus were investigated for 4 years (April 2002–December 2005) to understand the population ecology of this diatom in Harima-Nada, the eastern part of the Seto Inland Sea, Japan. Vegetative cells of E. zodiacus were usually detected year-round. Total cell densities of E. zodiacus annually peaked from mid-February to early April, and high cell densities were observed in the whole water columns during the bloom-period. Nutrient concentrations decreased with the increase of cell density of E. zodiacus, and low nutrients concentrations continued throughout the E. zodiacus bloom-period. The average cell size (length of apical axis) of E. zodiacus populations ranged from 10.8 μm to 81.2 μm, and the restoration of cell size occurred once in autumn every year just after reaching the minimum cell size. In addition, its great seasonal regularity was confirmed by the decrease and restoration of its cell size through 4-year study period. Temperature and nutrients were suitable in autumn for the growth of E. zodiacus, its blooms never occur in that season. These results strongly suggest that E. zodiacus did not have a resting stage, and it spends autumn for size restoration and starts to bloom thereafter in Harima-Nada in winter and spring, causing fishery damage to Nori aquaculture by resulting nutrient deprivation.     

峨嵋蔷薇(Rosa omeiensis Rolfe)节瘤结构及其与植物自身关系的研究

研究了西藏自治区拉萨市雄色保护区内不同海拔环境中峨嵋蔷薇节瘤结构、发生的情况、发生规律及其功能的生态学效应。结果显示：（1）峨嵋蔷薇节瘤是由木质部增生致密组织形成不规则的无髓的轮纹结构,节瘤膨大由于分生组织形成植物肿瘤,由大量大小宽10~15 μm×长25 μm×高30 μm的细胞组成。（2）节瘤的发生与植物自身的生长状况显著相关,节瘤发生的密度与海拔梯度的关系不大.而与盖度和植株的高度具有显著的相关性（P=0.0081<0.01）。（3）研究区域尺度范围内,峨嵋蔷薇是区域内离散分布的重要种群,可见的节瘤枝干年龄大于9年,通过节瘤实现灌丛中个体的自疏作用,保持灌丛和整个种群的竞争优势。结论：峨嵋蔷薇的节瘤是与植物自身协同进化过程中形成,节瘤实现灌丛中个体相对快速增长和死亡,实现灌丛内个体在疏减,该文丰富了自疏现象的表现形式。     

不同浓度新型分裂素PBU诱导的尾巨桉愈伤组织中miRNA396及CKX基因表达差异研究

尾巨桉愈伤组织的生长分化受内源激素影响,而miRNA396是一个调控植物叶片与根系生长发育的小RNA,与细胞分裂素的合成相关,CKX是负责调控细胞分裂素的氧化酶基因。为探讨miRNA396与CKX基因对尾巨桉愈伤组织生长发育的调控作用,以尾巨桉基因组为模板,进行PCR扩增及测序分析尾巨桉基因中的miRNA396序列,用不同PBU细胞分裂素浓度培养下的尾巨桉愈伤组织RNA逆转录的cDNA为模板,通过荧光定量PCR,测定不同PBU浓度处理的尾巨桉愈伤组织中miRNA396及CKX的表达差异。结果表明,相对于0.5 mg·^L(-1)PBU处理的桉树愈伤组织,1 mg·^L(-1)PBU处理的桉树愈伤组织miRNA396及CKXA、CKXB和CKXF表达量显著下调,差异达到极显著水平,CKXC、CKXD和CKXE均上调,但只有CKXC相对表达量达到极显著水平;2 mg·^L(-1)PBU处理的尾巨桉愈伤组织miRNA396A、CKXD、CKXE和CKXF表达量均下调,差异达到极显著水平,其他CKX表达量均上调,CKXA相对表达量差异...     

退化典型草原狼毒种群结构与数量动态

狼毒(Stellera chamaejasme)是我国退化草原上常见的一种毒害草,在一些退化严重的草原上可能形成以狼毒为优势种的群落,严重影响我国天然草原畜牧业的可持续发展。本文根据狼毒的枝条数将狼毒种群划分成10个龄级(Ⅰ～Ⅹ),研究了坝上地区退化典型草原狼毒种群的年龄结构、种群结构动态指数、种群静态生命表、存活曲线及生存分析,量化狼毒种群的生存状况。结果表明: 研究区内狼毒种群年龄结构呈增长型,狼毒幼苗充足但存活率不高;狼毒种群结构呈增长型,但种群发展过程存在波动性,特别是在第Ⅱ、Ⅷ龄级时个体数量会发生骤降,是狼毒种群自身发展的瓶颈时期;狼毒种群的存活曲线为Deevey-Ⅱ型,但生存分析表明狼毒种群具有前期锐减、后期稳定的特点,主要因为Ⅰ或Ⅱ龄级狼毒的死亡密度函数(f_x)和危险率(λ_x)最大。Ⅰ龄级个体充足是狼毒种群在退化典型草原扩张的基础,但幼龄个体的转化率低可能是狼毒种群在草原退化早期无法快速扩张的原因之一。建议在草原退化早期狼毒数量有限时及早介入进行防除。     

Shell and hinge morphology of juvenile Limopsis (Bivalvia: Arcoida) - implications for limopsid evolution

Early ontogenetic shells of Limopsis angusta, L. aurita, L. cristata, L. friedbergi and L. minuta are described in detail and their morphogenetic traits discussed in a phylogenetic context. Prodissoconch length is found to range from 170-370 µm discounting the so-called prodissoconch 2 stage of authors. Reports of such a stage refer to the early postlarval 'interdissoconch'. Prodissoconch sizes are indicative of lecithotrophy but not of brooding. Limopsid-like prodissoconchs are rather common among pteriomorphs and at present of little use for phylogenetic interpretations, therefore. The early postlarval hinge is characterized by two tooth generations: an early one, (G1), representing the postlarval continuation of provincular teeth, and a late one, (G2), representing the independent adult dentition. This is a plesiomorphic trait for Pteriomorphia. The postlarval ligament is continuous with the larval resilium; it is neither co-functional with nor is it substituted by the typical duplivincular ligament as in other arcoids. Occasionally developed ridges, gutters or multiplication of ligament sublayers remain restricted to the primordial resilifer. It is concluded that the limopsid adult ligament represents a fusion of adult sublayer repetition within a retained larval resilium, a phenomenon best described as a heterochronic process. Comparisons with homologous characters of other arcoids support the view that Limopsidae evolved from parallelodontid arcoids and that they gave rise to Philobryidae but not to Glycymerididae.     

Defense strategies of dominant plants under different grazing intensity in the typical temperate steppe of Nei Mongol,China

放牧是草原的主要利用方式, 但对牧草造成了一定的生物胁迫。面对生存压力, 牧草会通过调节初级与次级代谢过程启动防御机制。该研究以内蒙古温带典型草原优势种植物为研究对象, 通过测定其在5个放牧水平下不同营养器官中的次级代谢产物及木质素等含量, 探讨大针茅(Stipa grandis)和羊草(Leymus chinensis)的各营养器官在防御机制中的角色及其碳氮权衡策略。结果表明: 面对放牧胁迫, 大针茅和羊草会产生大量的单宁、总黄酮、酚类以及生物碱等次级代谢产物, 并以叶片为主要的合成及储存器官。中度放牧使羊草的化学防御机制得到较充分的诱导及表达。但二者地上部分木质素含量并无显著增加, 因此, 二者在避牧性机制上更倾向于化学防御而非机械防御。由于羊草有更高的氮利用效率, 这使得羊草可以通过碳氮两种代谢途径进行防御, 但大针茅在生长初期并不能将氮高效地分配到化学防御中。大针茅和羊草在生长初期面对轻度放牧胁迫, 较多的资源仍然用于初级代谢, 增加了植物耐牧性。因此, 轻度放牧有利于提高牧草的碳氮资源利用效率、提高生态系统生产力及稳定性。     

The History of Staining Cochineal Dyes

Of the dyes used in early histological work, none was so highly prized as carmin. Even today biologists would be loath to part with it. It is still valuable to the histologist and embryologist as a bulk stain of great permanency, and for the preparation of in toto mounts. To the cytologist, also, it is invaluable as a medium for the rapid staining and examination of chromosomes in fresh material. Its permanence has always been a great advantage. To the early histologists, however, it was the dye, par excellence.