首页 | 本学科首页   官方微博 | 高级检索  
相似文献
 共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
论生物防治在生物多样性保护中的重要意义   总被引:20,自引:1,他引:20  
陆庆光 《生物多样性》1997,5(3):224-230
外来种有害生物传入新区之后,在适宜条件下,往往严重干扰本地的生物多样性,破坏生态平衡,给人类带来巨大损失。传统生物防治学,采用国外天敌引种的策略和技术防治有害生物,常可获得持续控制的效果。文章概述国内外天敌引种研究情况,并根据我国现状提出了尽快健全法规,提高技术水平等若干建议。  相似文献   

2.
生物多样性与天敌——资源保护   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
生物多样性与天敌──资源保护董应才,贾桂花(西北农业大学,陕西杨陵,712100)生物物种是人类赖以生存和发展的食物来源,工业原料来源,人民生活必需品来源和药物资源,是自然赋予我们的巨人基因库。在人类科学史上,生物物种为科学的发展和进步做出了突出的贡...  相似文献   

3.
集合种群与生物多样性保护   总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8  
集合种群的概念受到空前的重视,其精髓是强调物种受局域和区域两个空间尺度上生态学过程的共同作用。主要介绍了集合种群概念的由来、集合种群动态理论以及集合种群理论在生物多样性保护及生物防治中一些可能的应用。  相似文献   

4.
生物多样性是地球上生命经过几十亿年发展进化的结果,是人类赖以生存的物质基础。人类从生物多样性中得到了所需要的全部食品、许多药物和工业原料,同时,生物多样性在娱乐和旅游业中也起着重要的作用。这是我们大家熟知的生物多样性的直接价值。它的间接价值主要与生态系统的功能有关,通常它并不表现在国家核算体制上,但如果计算出来,它的价值大大超过其消费和生产性的直接价值。生  相似文献   

5.
天敌伴迁与生物多样性   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
翟保平 《生物多样性》2001,9(2):176-180
在对昆虫迁飞进行雷达观测时发现,天敌(包括蜘蛛)种群的大规模伴迁现象引人注目,国内外的近捕、海捕中也都有天敌入网。这种同步迁移现象无疑具有重要的生态学和行为学意义,表现出“天敌-寄主-植物”不同营养层之间的相互作用。而温带和热带空中取样中伴迁天敌数量相差之巨,也突出反映了不同的生物多性背景。对低层大中的生物流量进行长期监测,可望从另一个层面提供可靠的生物多样性信息。  相似文献   

6.
生物分类是生物学领域最基础的研究工作,生物多样性是当前生命科学研究热点之一。概述了生物分类思想的历史发展,探讨了基因组多样性研究中的伦理问题。  相似文献   

7.
生物多样性保护与自然保护区   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
1 自然保护区是生物多样性保护的重要基地 生物多样性是人类社会赖以生存和发展的基础。生物多样性保护已是当今人们最为关注的热点问题,越来越多的人认识到,生物资源是有限度的,发展依赖于保护生物多样性。破坏生物多样性的因素错综复杂,保护生物多样性需要社会有关方面采取广泛对策。实践表明,为保护物  相似文献   

8.
保护人类赖以生存和发展的生物多样性,保证生物资源永续利用,实现可持续发展,是全球性的问题,也是我国社会主义现代化建设进程中的一个重要问题。生物多样性是指地球上所有的动物、植物和微生物及其构成的综合体,包括生态系统多样性。物种多样性和遗传多样性不仅可为人类生活提供必不可少的生物资源,而且还形成了人类赖以生存的生物圈环境。保护生物多样性就是保护人类自身的生存和发展条件,是有益当代、造福子孙的一件大事。我国幅员辽阔,气候多样,地貌类型齐全,物种资源丰富,是世界12个生物多样性最为丰富的大国之一。因而,保…  相似文献   

9.
生物多样性保护现状及其研究   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
生物多样性是地球上所有生命的总和,是40亿年以来生物进化的最终结果,也是世界上的自然财富.它包括几百万不同种类的植物、动物和微生物以及它们所拥有的基因和由这些生物与所在地环境所构成的生态系统.因此,生物多样性包括三个层次的概念,即遗传多样性、物种多样性和生态系统多样性.此外,人们还重视更高层次的多样性即景观多样性.生物多样性是人类的生物资源,有的已为人类所利用,而大部分它的潜在价值尚未被人们所发现.自然保护在20世纪40年代已开始受到重视.自80年代初以来,有关生物多样性国际会议频频召开,1992年,世界资源研究所(WRI)、  相似文献   

10.
景观生态学与生物多样性保护   总被引:121,自引:11,他引:121       下载免费PDF全文
景观生态学的发展为生物多样性保护提供了新理论,方法和技术手段,从景观多样性与遗传多样性,物种多样性,生态系统多样性各层次生物多样性之间的相互关系及生物多样性保护的景观规划等方面评述近年来景观生态学应用于生物多样性保护的主要内容及研究进展,阐述了生物多样性动态及反馈,生物多样性保护的地理途径(GAP分析),景观生态安全格局,区域和大陆尺度的生态网络等一些新的概念和方法。  相似文献   

11.
12.
Feeding by the coccinellid Psyllobora rufosignata on the rust fungus Phakopsora euvitis was confirmed by observing uredospores of P. euvitis in gut contents of Ps. rufosignata. This is the first record of Ps. rufosignata feeding on P. euvitis and the first record of any Halyziini species feeding on any species of Basidiomycota.  相似文献   

13.
The apple snail Pomacea canaliculata is an invasive species and a serious pest of rice in many Asian countries. We studied predatory activities of various animals living in Japanese freshwater habitats, by keeping each individual of a potential predator species with 36 snails of various sizes for three days in the aquarium. Forty-six species were tested, and 26 in eight classes fed on small snails. A species of leech, crabs, the common carp, turtles, the mallard duck and the Norway rat attacked even adult snails of 20–30 mm in shell height. These findings will be helpful in identifying effective predators for biological control of the pest snail. In addition, most of the animals attacking snails are reported to be common in rivers or ponds, but few live in modernized paddy fields having little connections with natural water systems. This may be a reason why this snail maintains large populations in paddy fields but not in other freshwater habitats.  相似文献   

14.
闫家河  夏明辉  王宏琦 《昆虫知识》2005,42(6):708-710,F0004
恶性席瓢蜡蝉Sivaloka damnosusChouetLu是山东省最近发现的新害虫。首次记述了其幼期形态特征、生物学特性及其天敌种类,首次报道其寄生性天敌宽额螯蜂Dryinus latusOlmi。该虫在山东商河1年发生2代,以卵在寄主枝条内越冬。用吡虫啉和阿维菌素类制剂4 000~5 000倍液喷雾防治若虫,具有较好的防治效果。  相似文献   

15.
农业生态系统中天敌多样性的保护和维持是当前生物多样性科学研究中的薄弱环节。作者对江苏通州市1970’s后期到1980’s前期和近年(2003~2004)棉田中捕食性节肢动物的多样性作了比较研究。调查表明,1970’s后期到1980’s前期,通州市棉田生态系统中常见的捕食性节肢动物的主要优势种维持在10余种。2003~2004年,在同一区域,采用相同的方法进行调查。结果表明,棉田的天敌物种多样性锐减,仅有龟纹瓢虫、草间小黑蛛等少数几类天敌。对棉田天敌的物种多样性锐减的原因作了初步的定性分析。  相似文献   

16.
Three experimental plots were established and maintained during one year at two sites in the state of Querétaro, México, in order to identify species of parasitoids attacking the diamondback moth (DBM) Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), and to gather information concerning their relative importance and patterns of population fluctuation. At both sites, the plots were planted with broccoli, cabbage and cauliflower during three cropping seasons. Parasitoid species identified were: Diadegma insulare Cresson, Diadromus (= Thyraeella) collaris Gravenhorst (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae); Habrobracon sp. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae); Oomyzus (= Tetrastichus) sokolowoskii Kurdjumov (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae); and Spilochalcis (= Conura) sp. (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae). This last species is a hyperparasitoid of D. insulare. The most abundant and frequently occurring species was D. insulare, it occurred in both localities during all three cropping seasons. The highest levels of parasitism caused by D. insulare on DBM were registered in the spring-summer season of 1996 at `La Soledad' farm with averages of 42.7, 45.0 and 44.5% on cabbage, broccoli, and cauliflower, respectively. Because D. insulare was detected attacking the pest at very low population densities during the initial stages of the crop cycle, it is assumed that the parasitoid has a high searching capacity. Correlation (r) between DBM and D. insulare population numbers was positive and significant. The other species identified occurred sporadically and had little impact on pest populations. The identification of D. collaris represents the first record of this species in North America.  相似文献   

17.
    
  1. Phorid flies are important natural enemies of leaf-cutting ants. Female phorids lay eggs in the worker ants' bodies and the parasitoid larvae feed on the host's internal tissues.
  2. Here we investigated the parasitism rates by four species of phorids when attacking individual Atta laevigata colonies at three different field sites in order to further understand the host-parasitoid relationship.
  3. There were distinct variations in parasitism rates when comparing phorid species attacking individual colonies. In 13 of the colonies sampled, parasitism by Apocephalus attophilus or Eibesfeldtphora erthali was predominant. However, in four of the colonies, Myrmosicarius grandicornis and Apocephalus vicosae were the predominant species.
  4. Variations in parasitism rates by the four phorid species were investigated in relation to the size of the potential hosts that had been collected from the foraging trails of each colony.
  5. When correlating the size of potential hosts to phorid species, ants with head capsule widths of >2 mm were predominantly parasitized by A. vicosae and E. erthali. Smaller ants, with head capsule widths of 2 mm or less, were predominantly parasitized by A. attophilus and M. grandicornis.
  6. The highest parasitism rates by E. erthali were observed in individual colonies that had the highest proportions of large workers on the trails.
  7. Although almost half the size of E. erthali, A. attophilus parasitized both large (head capsule width > 2 mm) and small workers (<2 mm). This was related to the fact that between 1 and 16 larvae can develop within an individual host, depending on host size.
  8. M. grandicornis parasitized smaller workers (mean head capsule width = 2 mm) as these phorids are themselves small and only one larva develops within each host.
  9. This study demonstrated that the parasitism profiles of individual A. laevigata colonies were related to the size of foragers on the trails.
  相似文献   

18.
昆虫群落中的集团内捕食作用   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
与捕食、竞争等种间关系相比 ,集团内捕食作用是一种更为复杂的种间关系 ,广泛存在于各种生态系中。该文从它的概念、类型、作用特点、与其它种间关系的区别、存在的广泛性、发生强度的影响因素、化学信息调控及其对生物防治效果的影响等几个方面介绍了天敌群落中的这一典型的种间相互关系。根据参与者在集团内捕食作用关系中的利益地位的不同 ,可将集团内捕食作用分为单向性和双向性的 ,也可分成对称性的和不对称性的。参与者的生物学特性和各种环境条件对集团内捕食作用的发生程度和结果起着重要的调控作用。在多种天敌存在的系统中 ,集团内捕食作用影响着目标生物种群动态及其生物防治的效果。深入地研究这一种间关系对增强生物控害的功能有十分重要的意义  相似文献   

19.
以常规防治农药甲胺磷做对照,比较高效低毒化学农药吡虫啉和天敌昆虫瓢虫对田间麦蚜的防治效果。结果表明,施用10%吡虫啉可湿性粉剂300ghm2药后5d和10d的防效分别为15.1%和31.1%,对麦蚜防效理想。释放天敌昆虫瓢虫后5d和10d的防效分别为-347.6%和-171.7%,防效差,这是由于释放天敌后的强降雨所致。  相似文献   

20.
    
The cotton aphid Aphis gossypii Glover and the green peach aphid Myzus persicae (Sulzer) are economically important pests with a worldwide distribution. We evaluated the efficacy of releasing a flightless adult strain of the multicolored Asian lady beetle Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) as a control measure against these aphids on green pepper plants in open fields. Flightless H. axyridis adults were observed on the green pepper plants in the releasing plots throughout the experimental period and were found to be effective biocontrol agents, markedly decreasing the numbers of aphids. These results suggest that adults of this flightless strain of H. axyridis are effective in controlling aphids on green pepper plants in open fields.  相似文献   

设为首页 | 免责声明 | 关于勤云 | 加入收藏

Copyright©北京勤云科技发展有限公司  京ICP备09084417号