GL-7ACA酰化酶基因工程菌(Escherichia coli MMR204/pZC1)批式补糖发酵条件优化

戊二酰 7 氨基头孢烷酸 (GL-7-ACA)酰化酶 (3.1.5.11)可有效催化GL-7ACA分子中戊二酰基侧链水解 ,形成7-氨基头孢烷酸 (7-ACA)而成为两步酶法生产7-ACA的重要工业用酶之一。在已构建的GL-7ACA酰化酶基因(acy)重组质粒pZC1基础上 ,进一步对酰化酶基因工程菌EscherichiacoliMMR204pZC1的产酶发酵条件进行了考察。研究表明 ,工程菌的最佳发酵温度为 33℃ ,pH7.5～ 8.5的微碱条件有利于酶的生成。LB培养基补加适量葡萄糖 (1～ 5g/L) ,可提高发酵生物量和产酶水平 ,但葡萄糖的过量补加 (6g/L以上 ) ,则导致发酵液偏酸 (低至pH4.0 )而完全抑制酰化酶生成 ,并证明工程菌生长和产酶对乙酸的抑制效应较为敏感。同时通过5L自控发酵罐的批式补糖试验 ,对恒速流加、pH反馈控制和指数流加等三种补糖模式的发酵产酶进程进行了比较。结果发现 ,三种方式的补糖条件下 ,acy基因在tac启动子控制下 ,呈组成型表达 ,细胞生长与产酶同步 ,无需诱导 ;其中 ,以指数流加方式得到的生物量和产酶水平最高。而从acy基因的表达效率,即比酶活看,pH反馈的补料方法略高于恒速或指数流加模式。     

GL-7ACA酰化酶表达检测系统的建立

戊二酰 7 氨基头孢烷酸 (GL-7ACA)酰化酶能够催化GL-7ACA分解生成 7-ACA ,后者是工业半合成生产头孢类抗菌素所需的重要前体。为了准确地检测GL-7ACA酰化酶及其突变体的表达 ,本研究通过构建一系列质粒载体 ,建立了两个简便有效地测定GL-7ACA酰化酶基因acy表达量的系统 ,从而可对酶的比活力进行定量。我们将两个报告基因 ,即儿茶酚双加氧酶基因 (xylE)和 β-半乳糖苷酶基因 (lacZ)分别置于acy基因的下游 ,使之与acy基因共用一个启动子 ,进行串联表达 ,各自构成一个多顺反子系统。实验证明 ,基因融合后的儿茶酚双加氧酶或 β-半乳糖苷酶的活力可以间接反映acy的表达量。     

头孢菌素酰化酶

7-氨基头孢烷酸(7-amino cephalosporanic acid, 7-ACA)是医药工业合成大多数头孢菌素的重要原料.头孢菌素酰化酶(cephalosporin acylase, CA)催化头孢菌素C(CPC)和戊二酰-7-氨基头孢烷酸(GL-7ACA)的水解反应, 生成7-ACA.根据CA催化底物的不同, 可将其划分为两类：CPC酰化酶和GL-7ACA酰化酶.由CA的同源性、分子质量大小和基因结构, 可以把头孢菌素酰化酶划分为五种;讨论了酶的基本性质.通过CA与N端亲核水解酶(Ntn水解酶)的比较, 推测CA属于Ntn水解酶, 并由此可以进一步理解它们的生理功能.     

产GL-7-ACA酰化酶重组菌的构建及高表达研究

戊二酰基-7-氨基头孢烷酸(GL-7-ACA)酰化酶是7-氨基头孢烷酸(7-ACA)两步酶法生产中的关键酶。成功构建组成型表达的产GL-7-ACA酰化酶重组大肠杆菌JM105/pMKC-ACY,并对其高表达条件进行了研究,得到了组成简单、廉价的国产培养基配方及操作简便、易于实现工业化的发酵工艺。在优化条件下,上罐补料高密度发酵的酶活高达6668.9U/L,是优化前的12.4倍,产率最高可达275.5U/(L.h),达到了工业生产的要求。     

GL-7ACA酰化酶表达检测系统的建立

戊二酰－7－氨基头孢烷酸（GL－7ACA）酰化酶能够催化GL－7ACA分解生成7－ACA,后者是工业半合成生产头孢类抗菌素所需的重要前体。为了准确地检测GL－7ACA酰化酶及其突变体的表达,本研究通过构建一系列质粒载体,建立了两个简便有效地测定GL－7ACA酰化酶基因acy表达量的系统,从而可对酶的比活力进行定量。我们将两个报告基因,即儿茶酚双加氧酶基因（xylE)和β－半乳糖苷酶基因（lacZ)分别置于acy基因的下游,使之与acy基因共用一个启动子,进行串联表达,各自构成一个多顺反子系统。实验证明,基因融合后的儿茶酚双加氧酶或β－半乳糖苷酶的活力可以间接反映acy的表达量。     

产GL-7-ACA酰化酶重组大肠杆菌的构建和表达*

为了实现GL-7-ACA酰化酶在大肠杆菌中的成功表达 ,将GL-7-ACA酰化酶基因用PCR的方法去除其信号肽序列 ,并将其连接到质粒pET-28a ,通过筛选得到了表达GL-7-ACA酰化酶的重组菌BL21 (DE3) /pET ACY。分别考察了诱导温度、菌浓 (OD₆₀₀)、诱导剂IPTG的用量等因素对重组菌表达GL-7-ACA酰化酶的影响。在优化条件下 ,GL-7-ACA酰化酶酶活可达 266U/L。GL-7-ACA酰化酶经一步DEAE Sepharose纯化即     

发酵生产7-ACA基因工程菌的构建

头孢菌素类抗牛素是临床用途最广的抗感染药物,其工业生产的重要中间体7－氨基头孢烷酸（7－ACA）采用顶头孢霉发酵产物头孢菌素C为前体,通过化学合成或两步酶法狭得。介绍了在了解头孢菌素C生物合成的前提下,在建赢了顶头孢霉的遗传改造丛础上,运用合成生物学的知识,在头孢菌素C产生菌顶头孢霉中分别构建了三个头孢菌素C酰化酶的表达框架,通过发酵产物的分析并优选表达框架后,再采用传统发酵工艺的优化获得了一株可以直接发酵7-ACA的高产顶头孢霉工程菌。     

产GL-7-ACA酰化酶重组大肠杆菌的构建和表达

为了实现GL-7-ACA酰化酶在大肠杆菌中的成功表达,将GL-7-ACA酰化酶基因用PCR的方法去除其信号肽序列,并将其连接到质粒pET-28a,通过筛选得到了表达GL-7-ACA酰化酶的重组菌B121(DE3),pET-ACY。分别考察了诱导温度、菌浓(OD600)、诱导剂IFrG的用量等因素对重组菌表达GL-7-ACA酰化酶的影响。在优化条件下,GL-7-ACA酰化酶酶活可达266U／L。GL-7-ACA酰化酶经一步DEAE-Sepharose纯化即可达到80％的纯度,酶活收率为50％。     

GL-7-ACA酰化酶的分离纯化及性质研究

CU334是高表达GL-7-ACA酰化酶工程菌,其菌悬液用超声波处理后,经硫酸铵分级沉淀、DEAE-Sephadex A-50离子交换柱层析、DEAE—纤维素DE-52柱层析、Sephadex G-200凝胶过滤及羟基磷灰石吸附柱层析等步骤,得到了凝胶电泳均一的GL-7-ACA酰化酶蛋白,纯化了22倍,得率4.0％,比活力为13.8U/mg。用浓度梯度PAGE测得GL-7-ACA酰化酶的分子量为134kD,用SDS-PAGE测得两个亚基分子量分别为15.5kD和58.4kD。用PI法测得等电点为3.5。GL-7-ACA酰化酶反应最适pH为7.0。反应最适温度为37℃,GL-7-ACA酰化酶对底物GL-7-ACA的K_m值为0.50mmol/L,V_(max)为13.10U·mg^(-1)。Ca^(2+)、EDTA和巯基乙醇对该酶有激活作用,Cu^(2+)、Fe^(2+)和Mg^(2+)等有一定程度的抑制作用。产物7-ACA、戊二酸均为GL-7-ACA酰化酶的反竞争性抑制剂,其K_1值分别为16.58mmol·L^(-1)和9.88mmol·L^(-1)。     

三角酵母整细胞酶促转化头孢菌素C为戊二酰-7-氨基头孢烷酸

研究了利用含D-氨基酸氧化酶(Damino acid oxidase, DAO EC1.4.3.3)的透性化三角酵母多倍体FA10(Trigonopsis variabilis FA10)细胞酶促转化头孢菌素(Ccephalosporin> C, CPC)为戊二酰-7-氨基头孢烷酸(Glutaryl-7-ACA,GL-7-ACA)的反应过程和细胞中同时存在的过氧化氢酶(Catalase, CAT)通过水解H₂O₂而对转化反应产生的干扰作用及其对策。实验证明适量添加外源H₂O₂(6%)或在反应体系中加入过氧化氢酶抑制剂NaN₃(0.13mg/mL)可使GL-7-ACA生成率分别为73.0%和70.1%。如果将透性化的FA10细胞在pH10.5～11.0,20℃条件下保温30min,CAT被不可逆性完全钝化,以无过氧化氢酶的FA10细胞进行CPC的酶促转化反应,GL-7ACA的生成率可达84%。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.