Die ?Stresemannsche Revolution“ in der Ornithologie des frühen 20. Jahrhunderts

Zusammenfassung Erwin Stresemann (1889–1972), Generalsekretär, Präsident und Ehrenpräsident der Deutschen Ornithologischen Gesellschaft (bzw. Deutschen Ornithologen-Gesellschaft) über 50 Jahre, war einer der hervorragendsten Ornithologen des 20. Jahrhunderts. In den 1920er und 1930er Jahren gab er den Anstoß für eine weltweite Transformation der älteren, vorwiegend systematisch-faunistischen Ornithologie zu einem Zweig der modernen Biologie und beeinflusste einen großen Kreis von Zeitgenossen (die Stresemannsche Revolution). Mit seinem maßgeblichen Aves-Band (1927–1934) des Handbuchs der Zoologie und den Dissertationen seiner Schüler entstand durch Verbindungen mit der Genetik, der funktionellen Morphologie, der Physiologie und Ethologie der Vögel eine Neue Biologische Ornithologie.

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The Stresemann Revolution in ornithology during the early 20^th century

Summary Erwin Stresemann (1889–1972), Secretary General, President and Honorary President of the Society of German Ornithologists for 50 years, was one of the outstanding ornithologists of the 20^th century. During the 1920s and 1930s, he initiated the global transformation of the traditional ornithology, which had been primarily systematic and faunistic in scope, into a branch of modern biological science, a New Avian Biology, and influenced a large circle of contemporaries (the Stresemann Revolution). He forged links, directly or indirectly, between ornithology and genetics, functional morphology, physiology and ethology, when he published his seminal volume Aves (1927–1934) in the German Handbook of Zoology, and instigated the theses of a large number of PhD students.

     

Activation studies by phospholipids on the purified cytochromec 4:o oxidase ofAzotobacter vinelandii

A modified procedure is described that was used to solubilize and purify the TMPD-dependent cytochromec ₄:o oxidase fromAzotobacter vinelandii. Two functional components (Fractions I and V) were obtained after DEAE-cellulose chromatography. Fraction V contained both cytochromec ₄ (3.6 nmol/mg protein) and cytochromeo (1.6 nmol/mg protein). This cytochrome oxidase complex oxidized TMPD at moderate rates. Fraction I, a clear greenish-yellow fraction, contained primarily phosphatidylethanolamine with some phosphatidylglycerol. Fraction I itself could not oxidize TMPD, but when it was preincubated with Fraction V, a 2–4-fold stimulation in TMPD oxidase activity occurred. Other authentic micellar phospholipids also readily activited TMPD oxidase activity in Fraction V. Themaximum activation effect obtained with Fraction I was in essence duplicated with purified phosphatidylethanolamine.Dedicated to the memory of David E. Green, a fine gentleman, an excellent scientist, and a true scholar. He will be missed by many of his former colleagues.     

Effects of light on nitrate-limited Oscillatoria agardhii in chemostat cultures

The effects of the average light irradiance (I) on growth and nitrate uptake kinetics of the cyanobacterium Oscillatoria agardhii, in nitrate-limited chemostat cultures, were studied. Light was nonsaturating for I <9.4 Wm^–2, for all growth rates () studied. However, was throughout limited by the availability of nitrate. Under light-saturating conditions the kinetics of nitrate-limited growth could be adequately described by both the Monod and Droop equations. Under light-non-saturating conditions the internal nitrogen content (Q) was a function of both and I, for which new formulas were derived. The high uptake capacity (V _max) of nitrate-limited cells was independent of , but was significantly increased for cells growing at I <9.4 Wm^–2. The half-saturation constant for nitrate uptake (K _s ^u ) increased with increasing , but was independent of the prevailing light conditions. The effects of light during nitrate-limited growth were associated with the regulation in the nitrogen-containing pigments.The results reported herein have important consequences for the use of Q, K _s ^u and V _max values as indicators of nutrient-deficiency of natural populations.     

Distribution and abundance of littoral benthic fauna in Canadian prairie saline lakes

The littoral benthos of 18 lakes in Alberta and Saskatchewan ranging in salinity from 3 to 126 (g1^–1 TDS) were investigated twice, in the spring and in the summer of 1986. Multiple Ekman dredge samples were taken at water depths of about 0.5, 1.0 and 2 metres in each transect. Two to three transects were used in each lake according to its estimated limnological diversity for a total of 114 stations. A total of 76 species was present varying from 29–31 species in the three lakes of lowest salinity (means of 3.1–5.55) to only 2 species in lakes exceeding 100. Species richness decreased rapidly in salinities greater than 15.Biomass maximum mean of 10.91 g m^–2 dry weight (maximum 63.0 g m^–2) occurred in culturally eutrophic Humboldt Lake (3.1) but one third as great in other low salinity lakes. However, biomass again increased to about 4.5 gm^–2 in two lakes of 15 As the salinity increased still further biomass declined steadily until a minimum of 0.0212 g m^–2 was recorded in most saline Aroma Lake (mean 119). Summer biomass (11 lakes) was greater than spring biomass (4 lakes) because some groups such as amphipods, corixids and ostracods became more abundant in summer. Wet weight biomass averaged 15.8 of dry weight biomass.Seasonality (spring or summer), sediment texture and organic matter content, water depth, pH, salinity (TDS) and the presence of aquatic plants ( plant cover) were considered in the matrix involving species dry weight biomass at each of 117 stations. TWINSPAN classification of the samples yielded a dendrogram with 18 indicator species. Successive dichotomies divided these indicator species into four main lake groups based on salinity, i.e., Group I: 3–10 (Gammarus, Glyptotendipes I, Chironomus cf. plumosus), Group II: 10–38%. (Hyalella, Enallagma,Bezzia), Group III: 38–63 (Hygrotus salinarius, Cricotopus ornatus), Group IV: >63 (Dolichopodidae, Ephydra hians). Each of these main groups was subdivided into smaller groups of lakes based on factors such as pH, seasonality (spring or summer species dominance), organic matter and plant cover. Depth of samples played no apparent role.     

Synthesis of hydroxycinnamic acid esters of betacyanins via 1-O-acylglucosides of hydroxycinnamic acids by protein preparations from cell suspension cultures of Chenopodium rubrum and petals of Lampranthus sociorum

Protein preparations from cell suspension cultures of Chenopodium rubrum L. and petals of Lampranthus sociorum (L.Bol.) N.E.Br. (Mes.C.L.Bol.) catalyzed the formation of acylated betacyanins, i.e. celosianin I and II (p-coumaroyl-and feruloylamaranthins) and lampranthin I and II (p-coumaroyl- and feruloylbetanins), from 1-O-(p-coumaroyl)-and 1-O-feruloyl--glucoses as acyldonors and the respective acceptor molecules amaranthin (betanidin 5-O-sophorobiuronic acid = betanidin 5-O--[12]-glucuronosyl--glucoside) and betanin (betanidin 5-O--glucoside). The enzymes involved could generally be classified as 1-O-hydroxycinnamoyl--glucose:betanidinglycoside O-hydroxycinnamoyltransferases (EC 2.3.1.-).Abbreviations HCA hydroxycinnamic acid - HCA hydroxycinnamoyl (=hydroxycinnamic acid-ester moiety) - HPLC high-performance liquid chromatography - TLC thin-layer chromatography     

Physicochemical characterization of gamma-crystallins from bovine lens--hydrodynamic and biochemical properties

A detailed hydrodynamic study has been made on the -crystallin of the bovine lens. Sedimentation study indicates that -crystallin shows a nearly gaussian peak throughout the course of sedimentation at high speed, using a synthetic boundary cell. The diffusion and sedimentation coefficients are 10.3×10^–7 cm²/sec and 2.51 S, respectively. The weight-average molecular weight of the unfractionated -crystallin calculated from sedimentation equilibrium is 21,800. The four major subfractions of -crystallin show similar hydrodynamic properties with an intrinsic viscosity of 2.50 ml/g and a Stokes radius of 21 Å. The distinct electrophoretic mobilities exhibited by the four subfractions show gel-concentration dependence and similar slopes in the Ferguson plot, indicative of being charge isomers of the same molecular species. Amino acid analysis of these four subfractions corroborated the conclusions that these -crystallin polypeptides are closely related and comprise a multigene family of crystallins. Based on the sedimentation and intrinsic viscosity data, -crystallin can be modeled as a prolate ellipsoid with an axial ratio of approximately 3.0 and a hydration factor of 0.27 g water per gram protein. The circular dichroism data for -crystallins showed a minimum at about 217 nm, characteristic of a -sheet conformation. These structural characteristics are in good accord with those derived from X-ray diffraction data for -crystallin II.     

Experiments on the water budget of densely and sparsely needled spruces [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] in a declining stand

Summary The osmotic potentials of needles were compared from numerous trees that had been classified according to needle loss along an altitude profile. With the increasing degree of damage of the trees, the maximum and minimum values deviated more strongly above and below the common mean of all samples. The level of water content of the needles unequivocally reflected the vitality of the trees. Experiments covering a whole vegetation period were performed on a tree pair selected from a natural stand. They were designed to demonstrate differences in water balance between the healthy and damaged state of the trees. For the damaged tree, measurements of the water potentials of single needles showed a greater reduction of potential during the course of the day compared to the healthy tree. Recovery in the evenings was slower and often incomplete. The osmotic potentials of damaged and healthy shoots measured in individual needles also differed both predawn and especially after transpiration stress. Depending on weather and soil desiccation, the differences were more or less pronounced. In the damaged tree, the rises in potential after saturation of the twigs fell far short of the healthy tree. Reduction of water potential, osmotic potential and relative water content under comparable stress conditions suggest a reduced tolerance of drought by damaged trees. In the context of earlier experiments this result was ascribed to a lack of stomatal control, and long-term pollution effects were thus explained as a specific disturbance of hydroregulation.     

A simple brassinolide analogue 2α, 3α-dihydroxy-17β-(3-methyl-butyryloxy)-7-oxa-B-homo-5α-androstan-6-one which induces bean second internode splitting

A new synthetic brassinolide analogue, 2,3-dihydroxy-17-(3-methylbutyryloxy)-7-oxa-B-homo-5-androstan-6-one (11), has been shown to exhibit typical brassinolide activity characterised by elongation, swelling, twisting and splitting of the bean second internode. It was prepared from the known lactone 2,3,17-trihydroxy-7-oxa-B-homo-5-androstan-6-one (4) which was transformed to an isopropylidenedioxy derivative. After protection of the 2- and 3-hydroxy groups it yielded the 2,3-isopropylidenedioxy-17-(3-methyl-butyryloxy)-7-oxa-B-homo-5-androstan-6-one (7) on treating with 3-methylbutyryl chloride in pyridine. The analogue with a 2-methylbutyric moiety (10, 2,3-dihydroxy-17-(2-methyl-butyryloxy)-7-oxa-B-homo-5-androstan-6-one) in position 17 stimulated only elongation and swelling of the bean second internode. However, in this bioassay 100 times more 10 or 11 compared to 24-epibrassinolide is required to obtain the same effects. Analogues with -oriented hydroxyl groups at C-2 and C-3 (14,15), a 6-ketone (17,18) or 6-oxa-7-oxo-lactone system (12,13) in ring B lack the typical brassinolide activity. In addition, the active brassinosteroids applied to the second internode stimulated a similar, but 30% lower elongation of the first internode. From data presented here we conclude that the presence of two hydroxy groups in the positions 22 and 23 of the brassinolide side chain, which are considered as a key structural requirement, is not absolutely necessary for a compound to exhibit typical brassinosteroid activity. Nevertheless, these compounds have generally 2–10 times lower activity than that having 22,23-vicinal diol in the side chain.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">In vitro</Emphasis> screening of sugarcane to evaluate smut susceptibility

Tissue-cultured plantlets of three sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) cultivars having a known field smut reaction were screened for susceptibility to Ustilago scitaminea H&P Sydow. Plantlets were inoculated with 0.5 l of a suspension of equally mixed quantities of plus and minus mating type sporidia of U. scitaminea at concentrations ranging from 1×10¹ to 1×10⁶ cells. Fungal sori (whips) were produced in cultivar N12 (intermediate) 6weeks following inoculation with 1×10⁵ mixed sporidia and thereafter in cultivar NCo310 (susceptible) but not in cultivar N19 (resistant). Sori bearing teliospores were produced up to 3months following inoculation and incubation at 26°C. No sori were produced at mixed sporidial concentrations lower than 1×10⁵cells. The in vitro soral production in cultivars N19, N12 and NCo310 was 0, 27.5 and 47.5% respectively. Plantlets inoculated with 1×105sporidia of only one mating-type did not produce sori in any of the three cultivars tested. Blind scoring of an unknown sugarcane cultivar by this method corresponded exactly with its field smut rating.     

Aufbau, Variabilit?t und m?gliche Funktionen des Rufduetts beim ThermometerhuhnLeipoa ocellata

Zusammenfassung Beim ThermometerhuhnLeipoa ocellata tragen die Partner eine Paares ein Rufduett vor. Der Anteil des besteht aus einer Rufreihe, die sich aus einer Folge von 2–7 identischen, zweisilbigen Rufen zusammensetzt. Das trägt einen einzelnen, obertonreichen und langgezogenen Ruf vor. Sowohl der Ruf des als auch die Rufreihe des wird in Serien vorgetragen. Innerhalb einer solcher Ruf- bzw. Rufreihenserie können mehrere Duette auftreten. Die Rufe sind jedoch nicht ausschließlich an das Duett gebunden. Die Variabilität im Aufbau des Duetts äußert sich im Zeitpunkt des Einsatzes des antwortenden Vogels, in der Anzahl der -Rufe während des Duetts und in der Anzahl der Einheiten, aus denen sich der Duettanteil des zusammensetzt. Das beginnt signifikant häufiger als das eine Serie, in der ein oder mehrere Duette vorkommen. Ebenso ist es häufiger der Initiator des ersten in dieser Serie liegenden Duetts. Das Duett dient wohl hauptsächlich zur Festigung des Zusammenhalts zwischen den Paarpartnern. Es erfüllt jedoch von seinen physikalischen Eigenschaften her auch die Bedingungen, die für ein territorial wirksames Signal gelten.

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Structure, variability and possible functions of duetting in the Mallee FowlLeipoa ocellata

Summary In the Australian Mallee Fowl,Leipoa ocellata, both and of a pair are involved in a call duet. The part of the consists of a sequence of 2–7 identical two-syllable calls. The contributes a single long-drawn-out call rich in harmonics. The call of the as well as the call sequence of the are presented in series. Within a series of calls () or call sequences () several duets can occur. The respective vocalizations, however, do not exclusively occur during the duet.The variability in the details of the duet expresses itself in the lag period after which the mate responds, in the number of -calls during the duet, and in the number of calls within the call sequence of the . The begins a series during which one or several duets occur significantly more frequently than the . The circumstances under which duetting occurs indicate that duet calling mainly serves to maintain the pair bond. Moreover, due to its physical characteristics the duet also seems to be suited to serve as a territorial signal.

     

Meiotic studies ofElymus nutans andE. jacquemontii (Poaceae,Triticeae) and their hybrids withPseudoroegneria spicata and seventeenElymus species

Hybridizations ofElymus nutans andE. jacquemontii were carried out with one species ofPseudoroegneria (S genome), and 20Elymus species, each containing either of the SH, SY, SYH, or SYW genomes. Chromosome configurations were analysed at metaphase I of the two target taxa and their interspecific hybrids. It is concluded that (i)E. nutans is an allohexaploid containing the SYH genomes, andE. jacquemontii is an allotetraploid having the SY genomes; (ii) the genomic affinity is associated with the geographic distance between the species studied; (iii) minor genomic structural rearrangements have occurred within the hexaploid taxon ofE. nutans.     

Structure of root nodules formed by Rhizobium on the non-legume Trema cannabina var. scabra

The structure of the nodules formed by Rhizobium on the non-legume Trema cannabina var. scabra was studied using the light microscope. The overall features of the nodules showed greater resemblance to the non-legume rather than the legume nodule. Nodule squashes yielded bundles of infection threads and bacteroids with morphological differences from rhizobial cells grown on yeast-mannitol-glucose agar. Two types of cell infection occurred within the bacterial zone; plant cells were either, like legumes, filled with rhizobia released from the infection threads (less than one third of infected cells) or were filled with the extensive growth and development of the infection thread. The rate of nitrogen fixation in the Trema nodule was high. It seemed that host cells filled with threads were active in N fixation.     

Chlamydosporol,a new metabolite from Fusarium chlamydosporum

Extracts of rice on which an isolate of Fusarium chlamydosporum had been cultured were toxic to brine shrimps. The toxic fraction was purified by flash chromatography to give two compounds which were identified by UV, IR, NMR and mass spectroscopy at the 6 and 6 isomers of 5-hydroxy-4-methoxy-6, 8a-dimethyl-6,7-dihydro-2H,8aH-pyrano[2,3-b]pyran-2-one. These lactones for which the name chlamydosporol is proposed have not been reported previously. When tested in brine shrimp and HeLa cell assays, the LC₅₀ concentration for a mixture of the isomers was approximately 400 g/ml in both systems.     

Improvement of β-amylase thermostability in transgenic barley seeds and transgene stability in progeny

The genetic improvement of enzymes important in the brewing process is one of the main goals of barley biotechnology. For the improvement of -amylase thermostability in barley seeds, we have already constructed a mutant thermostable -amylase gene, using site-directed mutagenesis and random mutagenesis to achieve the substitution of seven amino acids of the original barley -amylase. This sevenfold-mutant barley -amylase showed a thermostability increased by 11.6 °C compared to the original enzyme. In the present article, a thermostable -amylase gene under the control of the barley -amylase promoter was introduced to barley protoplasts, and fertile plants were generated from 9 independent transgenic lines. Subsequent analyses indicated that the thermostable -amylase gene was expressed and -amylase activity derived from both native and modified genes was detected in the seeds of 6 transgenic lines. The transgene was stably transmitted to progeny, and thermostable -amylase was synthesized in T₄ seeds, demonstrating that our strategy is applicable for the improvement of seed quality for industrial utilization.     

Non-coordinate synthesis of RNA polymerase beta beta'' subunits in a temperature-sensitive beta''-subunit mutant of Escherichia coli

Summary On exposure to high temperature of a temperature-sensitive RNA polymerase subunit (rpoC92) mutant of Escherichia coli, selective reduction was observed in the rate of synthesis of a group of proteins including RNA polymerase subunit. The finding that the synthesis of subunit but not subunit was specifically repressed in this mutant grown at non-permissive temperature indicates that the functionally intact RNA polymerase is required for the synthesis of subunits be coordinated. In addition, the assembly of newly synthesized RNA polymerase subunits was inefficient in this mutant at the steps where altered subunit was involved, and the unassembled enzyme subunits were rapidly and preferentially degraded. During recovery to non-restricted growth, the synthesis of both and subunits was transiently enhanced in parallel leading to recovery of the intracellular concentration of functional RNA polymerase.     

Comparative study of the antitumor effect of two types of murine recombinant interferons, (β) and (γ), against B16-F10 melanoma

Summary A comparative study of the antitumor effect of murine recombinant interferon() Mu-rIFN() and murine recombinant interferon() Mu-rIFN() on B16-F10 melanoma was conducted. Administration of Mu-rIFN() i.p. into C57BL/6 mice on days 1 to 7 produced a higher suppressive effect than Mu-rIFN() both on the growth of s.c. implanted tumor and on the formation of artificial pulmonary metastasis. Pharmacokinetic study of Mu-rIFN() demonstrated that high plasma levels were retained for a long time. In clonogenic assay, Mu-rIFN() at 1000 units/ml showed about 80% inhibition of colonies of B16-F10 melanoma. However, Mu-rIFN() hardly inhibited the colonies, even at 1000 units/ml. Augmentation of natural killer (NK) cytotoxicity was much greater with Mu-rIFN() than Mu-rIFN(), whereas Mu-rIFN() enhanced the cytotoxicity of peritoneal macrophages more strongly than Mu-rIFN(). Injection of Mu-rIFN() i.p. 1 day before tumor challenge also inhibited the formation of pulmonary metastasis of B16-F10 melanoma. However, pretreatment of mice with carrageenan significantly suppressed the inhibitory effect of Mu-rIFN(). From these results, it is suggested that the inhibitory effect of Mu-rIFN() on the tumor growth and metastases of B16-F10 melanoma is mediated partly by direct antitumor effect and partly by the activation of macrophages, and that the augmentation of NK activity contributes mainly to the antitumor effect of Mu-rIFN().     

Observations on the fine structure of the cercaria of Notocotylus attenuatus and formation of the cyst wall of the metacercaria

Summary The dorsal tegument of the mature cercaria of Notocotylus attenuatus is a syncytial, cytoplasmic layer, containing two types of secretory granule which are identifiable ultrastructurally. The type 1 secretory bodies are electron lucid, whereas most type 2 granules have a banded appearance. The ventral tegument contains granules which are secreted from the type 3 cells; the type 3 granules are membrane bound, electron dense, and consist of both an amorphous and a finely striated zone. The type 4 cells mainly contain cigar-shaped granules consisting of an amorphous core surrounded by concentric striations. The granules exhibit structural variability in shape and content. The type 4 cells undergo a cellular migration to the tegument during encystment. The structure of the posterior-lateral glands and mode of secretion of the granules are described. Possible functions of microtubules are discussed for each cell type. Details of some secretory processes involved in the formation of the hemispherical cyst wall are described. The layers of the cyst wall may be related to the granular contents of the various parenchymal cells of the cercaria. The tegument of the metacercaria originates primarily from the cytoplasm of the type 1, type 2, type 3 and type 4 cells.     

Comparison of human and chimpanzee ξ1 blobin genes

Summary The DNA base sequences of the entire chimpanzee 1 globin gene and an additional 1 kb of DNA flanking both the human and chimpanzee genes have been determined. Whereas the human 1 gene contains a termination codon in the sixth position, the chimpanzee gene appears to be functional. This finding confirms Proudfoot et al.'s suggestion that the human 1 gene was recently inactivated. Like the corresponding human 1 and 2 genes, the first and second introns of the chimpanzee 1 gene are occupied largely by tandem repeats of short oligonucleotides. These tandem repeats have undergone several rearrangements since the divergence of the human and chimpanzee 1 genes.     

Phytotoxic activity of selected water-soluble metabolites of Fusarium against Lemna minor L. (Duckweed)

Phytotoxicity and inhibitory effects of the fusarial toxins fumonisin B₁ (FB₁) [m.p. 103–105 °C], fusaric acid [m.p. 106–107 °C], butenolide (4-acetamido-4-hydroxy-2-butenoic acid lactone) [116–117 °C], 9, 10-dihydroxyfusaric acid [m.p. 150–155 ° C], and moniliformin on chlorophyll synthesis in the aquatic macrophyte Lemna minor (duckweed) were examined. FB₁ proved to be most active, reducing the growth of L. minor fronds and their ability to synthesize chlorophyll by 53% and 59%, respectively, at 0.7 g/ml. The growth rate of L. minor was reduced 59% by 6.7 g/ml fusaric acid, 62% by 66.7 g/ml butenolide, and 22% by 66.7 g/ml 9,10-dihydroxyfusaric acid. Moniliformin was the least phytotoxic to L. minor, with only a 16% suppression of growth rate and a 54% reduction in chlorophyll at 66.7 g/ml.The mention of firm names or trade products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the US Department of Agriculture over other firms or similar products not mentioned.     

Comparison of [35S]GTPγS binding to plasma membranes and endomembranes prepared from soybean and rat

Summary Plasma membranes were prepared from soybean hypocotyls and roots by aqueous two-phase partitioning and subsequent free-flow electrophoresis. The highly purified plasma membranes bound [³⁵S]GTPS with a relatively high affinity (K_d10nM). The binding was saturable and specific as it was indicated by the displacement of bound [³⁵S]GTPS by unlabeled GTPS and GTP, but not by ATPS, ATP, UTP or CTP. ITP was intermediate in its ability to displace [³⁵S]GTPS. When soybean plasma membrane proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE and displayed by autoradiography, two major [³⁵S]GTPS binding proteins were revealed with apparent molecular weights of 24 and 28 kDa. Results with plasma membranes from soybean hypocotyls and roots were similar but differed from those with plasma membranes prepared from rat liver and adipocytes where only a single major [³⁵S]GTPS binding activity with a molecular weight of 28 kDa was observed.Abbreviations 2,4-D 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid - G protein hetero-trimeric GTP binding protein with , , subunits - G_n protein GTP binding protein detected on nitrocellulose blots - GTPS guanosine 5-[-thio]triphosphate - IAA 3-indoleacetic acid - SDS-PAGE sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis