使用旋转式生物反应器体外扩增人表皮细胞

目的：使用Cytodex-3微载体和高截面纵横比的旋转式生物反应器容器作为培养系统大规模扩增人表皮细胞（hECs）。方法：使用中性蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶．EDTA两步骤法从人皮肤中分离出人表皮细胞,使用DIL标记细胞后结合微载体后在旋转式生物反应器（RCCS）中培养,细胞贴附微载体的生长状态使用倒置显微镜,扫描电镜观测。并且分析细胞群体倍增时间来比较微重力培养与平面培养的体外增殖能力差异。结果：在旋转式生物反应器的微重力培养体系中,人表皮细胞能快速贴附到微载体表面,在培养过程中达到很大的细胞密度,并且表现出很强的增殖能力和细胞活性。结论：使用旋转式生物反应器和微载体悬浮培养人表皮细胞,是大量制备皮肤组织工程种子细胞的一种有效方法。     

VERO细胞生物反应器放大培养初探

目的:研究用生物反应器放大进行Vero细胞微载体培养,实现生物反应器之间Veto细胞放大培养.方法:5L微载体生物反应器以10g/L微载体浓度培养Vero细胞,96h时经漂洗、消化、接种于30L微载体生物反应器,实现放大后的30L微载体生物反应器细胞怏速增殖,期间对不同时期的微载体细胞进行细胞计数、细胞代谢分析和形态观察.结果:5L生物反应器细胞经过96h灌注培养,平均细胞密度达到7.81×10~6cells/mL.5L微载体细胞放大到30L微载体生物反应器,平均细胞收获率为32.3%;放大到30L生物反应器后经过144h培养,细胞密度达到9.19×10~6cells/mL;放大后的细胞代谢途径依然以葡萄糖氧化代谢乳酸为主.结论:生物反应器由5L到30L进行Veto细胞放大培养是可行的.     

模拟微重力条件下WB-F344细胞的三维培养

与传统的单层平面培养相比,细胞三维培养可更好地模拟生物体内细胞的生长状态和微环境。以Cytodex-3微载体为支持物,利用旋转式细胞培养系统(RCCS)模拟微重力条件,悬浮培养法构建大鼠WB-F344细胞微重力三维培养模型。并通过细胞计数、光学显微镜、透射电镜、逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)和流式细胞术等方法分析了细胞增殖、显微结构、粘附分子及钙粘蛋白(E-cadherin)表达情况。结果表明,模拟微重力三维培养条件下WB-F344细胞增殖块,呈紧密多层排列、可见丰富的微绒毛和线粒体、胞间有桥粒和紧密连接形成,细胞粘着力加强、表现出良好的三维生长特征;与静置三维培养相比,纤粘连蛋白(Fn)mRNA表达呈上调趋势,细胞内E-cadherin表达量增加,这可能是微重力效应下细胞粘附力增强的部分机制。该培养体系可能有利于细胞之间,细胞与胞外基质之间相互作用及其作用机制的研究。     

模拟微重力诱导PC12 细胞衰老的初步探讨

目的:构建模拟微重力条件下PC12细胞的培养体系,探讨模拟微重力对PC12细胞衰老的影响。方法:用Cytodex-3型微载体作为PC12细胞的贴附载体,旋转细胞培养系统所提供10-2g的微重力环境进行模拟微重力条件下的细胞培养。在倒置显微镜下观察PC12细胞的生长情况;用扫描电镜观察PC12细胞超微结构的变化;衰老相关β半乳糖苷酶(SA-β-gal)特异性染色对衰老的PC12细胞进行评估。结果:光镜下模拟微重力培养的PC12细胞表现出类衰老细胞的形态,扫描电子显微镜下观察发现其微绒毛增多。SA-β-gal染色的结果显示在模拟微重力的作用下,PC12细胞SA-β-gal的活性升高。结论:模拟微重力可以引起PC12细胞衰老样的形态变化,以及SA-β-gal的活性升高。     

新型温敏微载体用于无损收获贴附型细胞的研究

聚N-异丙基丙烯酰胺(PNIPAAm)接枝的微载体由于表面同时含有疏水性的异丙基和亲水性的酰胺基而成为一种典型的温敏性微载体。但是微载体表面PNIPAAm接枝浓度会很大地影响贴附型细胞在微载体上的贴附能力和脱附能力,限制了它在相关领域的应用效果。该实验运用原子转移自由基聚合作用(atom transfer radical polymerization,ATRP)合成法将PNIPAAm接枝到表面氯甲基化的聚苯乙烯微球[chloromethylated poly(styrene),CMPS]表面,合成不同PNIPAAm接枝浓度的温敏微载体,研究其细胞贴附、脱附以及在转瓶悬浮培养中的细胞增殖能力。同时,运用电子扫描电镜(scanning electron microscope,SEM)、原子力显微镜(atomic force microscope,AFM)、X-射线光电子能谱(X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,XPS)对温敏微球表面形貌进行表征。实验结果表明,当PNIPAAm添加浓度是200 mmol/L时,温敏微球表现出60%的细胞脱附率及50%的细胞贴附率,并且在转瓶悬浮培养中具有持续稳定的增殖能力。另外,SEM与AFM表征结果显示,温敏微载体表面粗糙度有明显地增加;XPS结果表明,温敏微球表面N元素有显著增加。这些结果证明了微载体上温敏材料NIPAAm的成功接枝。以上实验结果表明,这种新型温敏微载体具有良好的细胞贴附和脱附能力,将会是大规模培养贴附型细胞的良好材料。     

生物反应器培养轮状病毒基因重配株Ls条件的优化

目的轮状病毒基因重配株Ls(G3型)在生物反应器微载体培养Vero细胞条件的优化。方法采用3 L生物反应器微载体培养Vero细胞,观察Ls株在不同病毒感染复数(0.001、0.002、0.010、0.040 MOI)、不同温度(34.5℃和35.5℃)、不同病毒收获时间(24和48 h)对病毒增殖的影响。根据病毒滴度和收获量筛选出最适MOI、培养温度及病毒的收获时间。结果以0.002 MOI接种Vero细胞,温度为34.5℃培养病毒,滴度最高达7.50 lg CCID50/m L;48 h可连续收获4次病毒液,且收获总量及病毒滴度均高于24 h。结论通过对Ls株在生物反应器微载体Vero细胞培养条件的优化,获得的病毒液滴度高及连续培养多次收获量增加的有效方法,为进一步规模化培养奠定了基础。     

微载体灌注培养制备Vero细胞狂犬病疫苗

本文研究在生物反应器中用微载体连续灌注培养Vero细胞生产狂犬病毒制备技术。在5L体积的生物反应器中,加入含10g/L微载体的199培养基,接种Vero细胞至细胞浓度达到1×105/mL,培养7d后细胞可生长至6~7×106/mL,然后以感染复数(MOI)为0.01接种狂犬病毒VaG株,接毒后24h开始收获,连续收获12d左右,收获的病毒滴度范围在6.0~8.5logLD50/mL,收获的病毒原液经浓缩、灭活和纯化等步骤制备成疫苗,各项质量指标均达到《中国生物制品规程》2000年版要求。实验表明,用生物反应器微载体灌注培养制备人用Vero细胞狂犬病疫苗小试工艺可行。     

两种昆虫细胞的微载体培养

斜纹夜蛾细胞系(SL-1)和家蚕细胞系(BmN)均能在国产微载体上正常生长增殖。以3mg/ml微载体培养细胞,两种昆虫细胞生长最高密度分别为8.2×10~5细胞/ml和7.6×10~5细胞/ml。扫描电镜观察显示一个微载体可贴附几十个,有的多达上百个细胞。两性昆虫细胞的微载体培养特征与常规静止培养无甚差异。     

模拟微重力条件下 WB-F344细胞的三维培养

与传统的单层平面培养相比,细胞三维培养可更好地模拟生物体内细胞的生长状态和微环境.以Cytodex-3微载体为支持物,利用旋转式细胞培养系统（RCCS）模拟微重力条件,悬浮培养法构建大鼠WB-F344细胞微重力三维培养模型.并通过细胞计数、光学显微镜、透射电镜、逆转录-聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）和流式细胞术等方法分析了细胞增殖、显微结构、粘附分子及钙粘蛋白（E-cadherin）表达情况.结果表明,模拟微重力三维培养条件下WB-F344细胞增殖块,呈紧密多层排列、可见丰富的微绒毛和线粒体、胞间有桥粒和紧密连接形成,细胞粘着力加强、表现出良好的三维生长特征;与静置三维培养相比,纤粘连蛋白（Fn）mRNA表达呈上调趋势,细胞内E-cadherin表达量增加,这可能是微重力效应下细胞粘附力增强的部分机制.该培养体系可能有利于细胞之间,细胞与胞外基质之间相互作用及其作用机制的研究.     

应用旋转生物反应器培养小鼠胚胎干细胞的初步研究

目的 应用旋转生物反应器(RCCS)和微载体培养体系尝试建立一种实现批量培养干细胞的新方法.方法 应用RCCS和微载体培养体系对小鼠胚胎干细胞(mESCs)进行体外培养扩增,定期收集细胞样品,镜下观察mESCs在RCCS生长的形态特征,并定量绘制细胞生长曲线,利用MATLAB软件计算细胞生长参数并对照平面培养体系,利用H&E染色、免疫荧光及RT-PCR技术对RCCS内培养的mESCs的细胞形态,未分化标志蛋白(SSEA-1)和标志基因(oct-4)的表达进行定性或半定量分析.结果 mESCs可在RCCS内以贴附于微载体表面的形式实现三维生长,其生长增殖状态良好,且伴随培养时间的延长,SSEA-1蛋白及oct-4 基因的表达水平逐渐降低.这表明RCCS内培养扩增的mESCs逐渐走向分化,该分化进程同步于平面对照培养体系.结论 RCCS可以为mESCs的体外规模化扩增培养提供良好的培养体系.     

Impact of the type of microcarrier and agitation modes on the expansion performances of mesenchymal stem cells derived from umbilical cord

The present study proposed to compare the impact of agitation mode (static, orbital, and mechanical) on the culture of mesenchymal stem cells extracted from the Wharton's jelly of umbilical cords (WJ-MSC), in a clinical grade culture medium, using human platelet lysate and different xeno-free microcarriers. Attachment, expansion, and detachment performances were characterized by a new dedicated tool of microscopic image posttreatment, allowing an in situ cell counting without detachment step. Results showed that performances in static mode were not necessarily representative of those obtained in dynamic mode. Moreover, impacts on nutrient consumptions and metabolite productions were identified, such as a higher glutamine consumption when Cytodex-1 microcarriers were used. The detachment strategy used was relatively efficient for Star-Plus, Plastic-Plus, and Hillex II, but not sufficient for Cytodex-1. Despite Cytodex-1 presented promising attachment and expansion performances, Star-Plus and Plastic-Plus showed a better compromise, respectively, for the orbital and the mechanical agitation modes.     

Optimization of physical parameters for cell attachment and growth on macroporous microcarriers

The rates of cell attachment of the anchorage-dependent mammalian cell line Vero to the gelatin-based macroporous microcarrier Cultispher-G were determined under various conditions. An optimal rate of attachment (0.98 x 10(-2) min(-1)) occurred by an intermittent stirring regimen of 3 min stirring at 40 rpm per 33 min. This stirring regimen appeared to maximize cell-to-bead attachment and minimized cell aggregation which occurred at a broadly comparable rate.A further increase in the rate of cell-to-bead attachment occurred by preincubation of the microcarriers in serum-supplemented medium prior to cell inoculation in a serum-free medium. However, serum supplementation (>5%) was required for maximal cell growth. The pH of the medium had little effect on cell attachment over a broad range (pH 7.1-8.0). An initial cell/bead inoculum of 30 ensured an even distribution of cells on the available microcarriers with a low proportion of unoccupied beads.The rate of cell attachment to Cultispher-G was an order of magnitude lower than the determined value for the charged dextran microcarrier Cytodex-1, which was measured as 9.05 x 10(-2) min(-1). The optimal conditions for cell attachment were significantly different for the two bead types. Cell attachment to the electrostatic surface of the Cytodex-1 microcarriers was highly dependent on pH and serum supplementation. Cell aggregation during attachment to the Cytodex-1 microcarriers was minimal because of the higher rate of cell-microcarrier attachment.The porous nature of the Cultispher-G microcarriers allowed a maximum cell/bead loading of >1400, which was at least 3 times higher than equivalent loading of the cells on Cytodex-1. The Cultispher-G matrix also allowed the use of higher agitation rates (up to 100 rpm) in spinner flasks without affecting the cell growth rate or maximum cell density. (c) 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Production of reovirus type-1 and type-3 from Vero cells grown on solid and macroporous microcarriers

Two strains of reovirus were propagated in Vero cells grown in stationary or microcarriers cultures. Vero cells grown as monolayers on T-flasks or in spinner cultures of Cytodex-1 or Cultispher-G microcarriers could be infected with reovirus serotype 1, strain Lang (T1L), and serotype 3, strain Dearing (T3D). A regime of intermittent low speed stirring at reduced culture volume was critical to ensure viral infection of cells in microcarrier cultures. The virus titre increased by 3 to 4 orders of magnitude over a culture period of 150 h. Titres of the T3D reovirus strain were higher (43%) compared to those of the T1L strain in all cultures. Titres were significantly higher in T-flask and Cytodex-1 microcarrier cultures compared to Cultispher-G cultures with respect to either reovirus type. The viral productivity in the microcarrier cultures was dependent upon the multiplicity of infection (MOI) and the cell/bead ratio at the point of infection. A combination of high MOI (5 pfu/cell) and high cell/bead loading (>400 for Cytodex-1 and >1,000 for Cultispher-G) resulted in a low virus productivity per cell. However, at low MOI (0.5 pfu/cell) the virus productivity per cell was significantly higher at high cell/bead loading in cultures of either microcarrier type. The maximum virus titre (8.5 x 10(9) pfu/mL) was obtained in Cytodex-1 cultures with a low MOI (0.5 pfu/cell) and a cell/bead loading of 1,000. The virus productivity per cell in these cultures was 4,000 pfu/cell. The lower viral yield in the Cultispher-G microcarrier cultures is attributed to a decreased accessibility of the entrapped cells to viral infection. The high viral productivity from the Vero cells in Cytodex-1 cultures suggests that this is a suitable system for the development of a vaccine production system for the Reoviridae viruses.     

Induction of three-dimensional assembly of human liver cells by simulated microgravity

Summary The establishment of long-term cultures of functional primary human liver cells (PHLC) is formidable. Developed at NASA, the Rotary Cell Culture System (RCCS) allows the creation of the unique microgravity environment of low shear force, high-mass transfer, and 3-dimensional cell culture of dissimilar cell types. The aim of our study was to establish long-term hepatocyte cultures in simulated microgravity. PHLC were harvested from human livers by collagenase perfusion and were cultured in RCCS. PHLC aggregates were readily formed and increased up to 1 cm long. The expansion of PHLC in bioreactors was further evaluated with microcarriers and biodegradable scaffolds. While microcarriers were not conducive to formation of spheroids, PHLC cultured with biodegradable scaffolds formed aggregates up to 3 cm long. Analyses of PHLC spheroids revealed tissue-like structures composed of hepatocytes, biliary epithelial cells, and/or progenitor liver cells that were arranged as bile duct-like structures along nascent vascular sprouts. Electron microscopy revealed groups of cohesive hepatocytes surrounded by complex stromal structures and reticulin fibers, bile canaliculi with multiple microvilli, and tight cellular junctions. Albumin mRNA was expressed throughout the 60-d culture. A simulated microgravity environment is conducive to maintaining long-term cultures of functional hepatocytes. This model system will assist in developing improved protocols for autologous hepatocyte transplantation, gene therapy, and liver assist devices, and facilitate studies of liver regeneration and cell-to-cell interactions that occur in vivo.     

Investigation of Soviet microcarriers for cell cultivation

Home made and foreign preparations (6 patterns in each) were tested as microcarriers for cultivation of anchorage-dependent cells in the medium supplemented with 0.25% enzymatic hydrolysate of muscles and 10-20% animal serum. The best results were obtained with microcarriers DEAE-2.5, Cytodex-1, and DEAE-cellulose. Using home microcarriers DEAE-2.5, continuous swine embryo kidney cells and primary chick embryo cells yielded, respectively, 9-11 and 3-4 times increase.     

Derivation,characterization and expansion of fetal chondrocytes on different microcarriers

Fetal chondrocytes (FCs) have recently been identified as an alternative cell source for cartilage tissue engineering applications because of their partially chondrogenically differentiated phenotype and developmental plasticity. In this study, chondrocytes derived from fetal bovine cartilage were characterized and then cultured on commercially available Cytodex-1 and Biosilon microcarriers and thermosensitive poly(hydroxyethylmethacrylate)-poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PHEMA-PNIPAAm) beads produced by us. Growth kinetics of FCs were estimated by means of specific growth rate and metabolic activity assay. Cell detachment from thermosensitive microcarriers was induced by cold treatment at 4 °C for 20 min or enzymatic treatment was applied for the detachment of cells from Cytodex-1 and Biosilon. Although attachment efficiency and proliferation of FCs on PHEMA-PNIPAAm beads were lower than that of commercial Cytodex-1 and Biosilon microcarriers, these beads also supported growth of FCs. Detached cells from thermosensitive beads by cold induction exhibited a normal proliferative activity. Our results indicated that Cytodex-1 microcarrier was the most suitable material for the production of FCs in high capacity, however, ‘thermosensitive microcarrier model’ could be considered as an attractive solution to the process scale up for cartilage tissue engineering by improving surface characteristics of PHEMA-PNIPAAm beads.     

RCCS enhances EOE cell proliferation and their differentiation into ameloblasts

In this article we report on the culturing of dental enamel organ epithelia (EOE) using a rotary cell culture system (RCCS) bioreactor associated with a cytodex-3 microcarrier. This culture system enhanced the proliferation and differentiation of the EOE into ameloblasts. Primary dental EOE trypsinized from 4-day old post-natal rat pups were cultured in the RCCS associated with Cytodex-3. The results were analyzed in comparison to a conventional plate system (control). Cells grown in RCCS have shown higher viabilities (above 90%) and final cell densities in terms of cells/ml than in the control system. In the case of RCCS, 46 ± 2 manifold increases were obtained, while significantly lower yields of 10.8 ± 2.5 manifod were obtained for control plates. Throughout the experiments, glucose levels were maintained within the accepted physiological range. In this case, LDH levels are kept low (below 150 mmol/ml), which is in accordance with the low cell death observed in the RCCS. Scanning electron microscopy revealed cells that were spread and forming three dimensional aggregates on the surface of cytodex-3. Cells cultured in the RCCS exhibited a stronger positive immunofluorescence staining for ameloblastin than those in control plates. RT-PCR results revealed that cells cultured in RCCS have higher amelogenin mRNA levels compared to controls. We have done an exploratory study on biological characteristics and self-assembling of epithelium cellula intersitialis, which demonstrated that the special 3D environment enhanced the rat dental EOE cell proliferation and differentiation into ameloblasts. The study has revealed that RCCS could be used to study the reaction of the EOE cells, tooth enamel organ cells and mesenchymal cells under the spacial 3D culture system, which will also provide a novel hypothesis for dental regeneration.     

Recycle of Cytodex-3 in Vero cell culture

It is commonly considered not desirable to use microcarriers more than once in the cultivation of anchorage-dependent animal cells. However, our experiment contradicts this belief. The collagen-coated microcarriers, Cytodex-3, from a batch culture of Vero cells, were collected, cooled to 4, agitated in basic phosphate-buffered solution to detach the cells, and then fully washed to remove the cell debris. The microcarriers were then re-applied in cell culture. The rate of cell attachment, growth and metabolism on re-used carriers were found to be comparable to that of on new ones.     

Effect of estradiol and relaxin on collagen and non-collagen protein synthesis by mammary fibroblasts

In order to determine the effect of relaxin and estradiol on collagen and noncollagen synthesis by mammary gland fibroblasts, fibroblasts isolated from guinea pig mammary glands were grown on plastic or Cytodex-3 collagen coated microcarriers. On plastic, estradiol (600 pg/ml) increased the incorporation of tritiated glycine into collagen. Non-collagenous protein synthesis was increased at all concentrations of estradiol, but it was greatest with 200 pg/ml estradiol. On Cytodex-3, 400 pg/ml estradiol increased the synthesis of collagen and non-collagenous protein. Relaxin (1 microgram/ml) did not affect collagen synthesis but decreased the synthesis of non-collagenous protein.