《联合国气候变化框架公约》与《生物多样性公约》的关系

气候变化和生物多样性损失是人类面临的两个严峻的全球性环境挑战, 有关应对气候变化和生物多样性保护国际公约的协作在全球范围内也越来越受重视。本文系统梳理了《联合国气候变化框架公约》下保护生物多样性和《生物多样性公约》下应对气候变化的发展脉络, 探讨了两公约下各缔约方针对相关议题的谈判立场及未来走向, 并对两公约进行了综合评价。《联合国气候变化框架公约》下涉及生物多样性保护的焦点议题主要有土地利用、土地利用变化和林业(Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry, LULUCF)、减少毁林和森林退化的碳排放机制(Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation, REDD)及损失和损害国际机制, 《生物多样性公约》下涉及应对气候变化的焦点议题主要有协同增效、减少毁林和森林退化的碳排放机制(REDD)和地球工程及相关问题。本文最后还就我国应对气候变化和生物多样性国际谈判及国内履约提出了建议: (1)整合谈判团队力量, 促进两公约协同增效; (2)做好交叉议题的研判和谈判预案, 主动引领谈判进程; (3)为《联合国气候变化框架公约》谈判提供损失和损害风险评估数据; (4)加强《生物多样性公约》下地球工程议题的科学研究与国际交流。     

国际法视野下生物多样性和气候变化的协同治理

生物多样性丧失和气候变化是全球面临的共同挑战。生物多样性丧失加剧了气候变暖进程,同时,气候变化也加剧生物多样性丧失,二者之间是耦合关系,应当将应对气候变化和保护生物多样性视为相辅相成的两个目标,实现生物多样性与气候变化的协同治理。《联合国气候变化框架公约》(United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, UNFCCC)和联合国《生物多样性公约》(Convention on Biological Diversity, CBD)都注意到生物多样性和气候变化之间的重要联系,二者存在相互交叉的议题。故本文从国际公约的角度出发,梳理了UNFCCC中生物多样性相关议题的谈判焦点与发展、CBD中气候变化相关议题的谈判焦点与发展以及二者履约机制的协同现状;总结出国际法视野下生物多样性与气候变化协同治理所面临的困难:(1) UNFCCC对生物多样性议题的回应不足;(2) CBD对气候变化议题单向回应;(3) UNFCCC与CBD履约机制分割显著;(4)防范生物多样性丧失与应对气候变化的制度措施之间的冲突。基于此,本文以整体系统观为理论基石,提...     

REDD+议题的谈判进展与展望

通过对《联合国气候变化框架公约》和《生物多样性公约》历次缔约方会议中REDD+议题谈判的跟踪,分析了自制定“巴厘路线图”以来,REDD+议题谈判的焦点、取得的进展、各缔约方的主要分歧以及未来的谈判趋势,提出了我国参与REDD+议题谈判和履行相关国际公约的对策.历经5年的谈判,各缔约方目前在REDD+行动的激励机制、技术方法的优先顺序及实施规模方面己基本达成共识,谈判的焦点和分歧主要集中在REDD+的资金分配机制、森林参考排放水平、REDD+行动效果的可测量性、可报告性和可核实性,以及REDD+行动的保障措施等方面,REDD+行动非碳效益的激励机制及核查方法将成为REDD+议题未来谈判的新焦点.我国应对国际公约REDD+行动要求的战略计划时,应充分考虑REDD+在气候、生物多样性及社区方面的多重效益,并从能力建设、示范活动及效果的监测核查体系等方面分阶段实施.     

《生物多样性公约》海洋生物多样性议题的 谈判焦点、影响及我国对策

海洋和沿海生物多样性保护和可持续利用等问题是《生物多样性公约》谈判的重要领域。本文梳理了历次缔约方大会的谈判进程, 认为主要焦点议题包括: (1)应对人类活动和全球气候变化对海洋和沿海生物多样性的影响; (2)海洋和沿海生物多样性保护和可持续利用的工具; (3)海洋保护区及具有重要生态或生物学意义的海域。这些议题的讨论将影响包括全球海洋保护区建设在内的海洋生物多样性保护进程, 也将影响全球海洋生物多样性保护国际制度的建设, 以及沿海国家的社会经济。我国应加强履约谈判的技术支持, 加快涉海相关问题研究, 积极参与相关国际谈判, 并大力宣传我国经验。     

全球多边惠益分享机制:遗传资源获取和惠益分享谈判的新焦点

全球多边惠益分享机制(The Global Multilateral Benefit-Sharing Mechanism,GMBSM)问题是遗传资源的获取和惠益分享谈判进程中的重要问题. 《名古屋议定书》通过后,各方就建立全球多边惠益分享机制的必要性和模式进行了磋商.作者梳理了GMBSM问题的由来和主要内容,分析了遗传资源提供国和使用国的立场.非洲集团虽支持建立该机制,但限于能力,无法有效主导议题;巴西等部分提供国未表支持,担忧GMBSM不利于国家行使主权;使用国代表为拖延议题进程,提出许多技术性难题.结果表明,GMBSM议题可能成为《名古屋议定书》缔约方会议焦点,甚至可能因此产生《生物多样性公约》新的补充议定书,但其进程将十分艰难.为了更好地参与该议题谈判,我们认为国内应从外交、法律和技术层面做好以下准备工作:(1)加强与各谈判方的交流和沟通,特别要注重对非洲集团的工作;(2)开展法律研究,评估GMBSM与《生物多样性公约》、《联合国海洋法公约》及《南极条约》等国际条约的一致性;(3)尽早开展一系列国内调研,为参与GMBSM问题的讨论和磋商提供支持.     

企业与生物多样性:《生物多样性公约》新议题的产生与谈判进展

《生物多样性公约》(以下简称《公约》)是三大环境国际公约之一。随着《公约》谈判的不断推进, 企业与生物多样性(Business and Biodiversity)逐渐由《公约》中的一个概念发展成为《公约》谈判中的一个重要议题。1996年召开的《公约》缔约方大会第三次会议(COP-3)首次提出企业(私营部门)参与生物多样性的概念后, COP-5将企业参与列入《公约》议题, COP-6正式将企业参与纳入《公约》全球战略, COP-8首次将企业参与生物多样性单独纳入《公约》决定, 并提出下一步开展推动企业参与生物多样性的做法, COP-9拟定了《企业优先行动框架(2008-2010年)》, COP-10决定开展企业参与生物多样性对话论坛。迄今为止, 《公约》秘书处共组织了4次全球企业界与生物多样性伙伴关系(Global Partnership for Business and Biodiversity, GPBB)论坛, 就这一议题进行专题交流和探讨。企业与生物多样性也是当前我国生物多样性管理工作中的一个新课题, 中国对此十分重视, 并派代表团参加了GPBB-3和GPBB-4两次会议。鉴于目前中国经济发展状况与生物多样性保护面临的形势, 作者提出以下建议: (1)积极参与国际合作, 利用GPBB国际平台适时宣传我国生物多样性和生态文明建设成果; (2)加强技术研究, 制定我国企业参与生物多样性的相关标准、规范或指南; (3)深化平台建设, 搭建企业参与的中国生物多样性伙伴关系; (4)建立跨部门的企业参与生物多样性协调机制。     

《生物多样性公约》传统知识议题的背景、进展与趋势

传统知识之所以成为《生物多样性公约》等国际公约的热点议题,主要源于其重要的研究价值、经济潜力以及特定的社会历史背景.《生物多样性公约》签署至今,在传统知识议题方面取得了许多进展,如:设立专门的传统知识工作组,为履行公约相关条款制定了工作方案和行动计划,推动特殊制度的谈判,达成一系列道德行为准则,以及通过了《生物多样性公约关于获取遗传资源和公正公平分享其利用所产生惠益的名古屋议定书》.根据公约第十次和第十一次缔约方大会达成的相关决议,习惯性可持续利用(customary sustainable use)、特殊制度(sui generis systems)、传统知识归还(repatriation)等将成为今后传统知识谈判的重点.我国需要加强生物多样性保护和知识产权等主管部门之间的协作,协调我国在不同国际法框架中传统知识议题的谈判立场;还需要开展习惯性可持续利用、特殊制度体系、传统知识就地或者活态保护(living protection)的研究.     

建立生物多样性保护相关国际公约的国家履约协同战略

目前国际层面已有多个与生物多样性保护有关的多边公约(包括条约和协定), 如《生物多样性公约》、《濒危动植物种国际贸易公约》、《湿地公约》等。本文基于相关国际公约的既有战略目标, 分析了这些战略目标与保护生物多样性之间的关系。这些公约的实施在国际层面是由联合国的不同机构负责, 在国家层次也是由不同的政府部门来牵头。在中国, 生物多样性相关公约的履行机构主要有环境保护、林业、农业等多个政府主管部门。我国现有履约机制的模式是针对某一公约建立一个多部门的履约协调委员会, 并在牵头部门建立一个行政办事机构。履约工作中常见的问题有: 各履约机构在参与公约国际谈判和开展国内履约工作中因缺少沟通和协调, 造成对外政策不一致、对内工作重复的现象; 部门间缺少信息共享机制, 甚至相互不提供数据。最后, 作者建议在国家层次上建立生物多样性国际履约的协同战略, 包括为协调生物多样性议题的国际谈判立场而建立协同工作组, 为增强国家履约效率而综合各部门履约行动, 以及建立国家生物多样性信息交换机制等。     

农业生物多样性保护履约进展及对我国农业发展的启示

农业生物多样性是《生物多样性公约》(以下简称《公约》)履约的核心议题之一, 对世界粮食安全、农业可持续发展以及实现碳中和具有重要实践意义。然而, 越来越多的研究表明, 由于人口的持续增长和饮食结构的根本性改变, 农业扩张已成为生物多样性丧失的主要驱动力之一。本文基于《公约》条款、第二次至第十四次缔约方大会相关决定、生物多样性和生态系统服务政府间科学与政策平台评估报告、第五版《全球生物多样性展望》(GBO-5)等内容, 系统梳理了《公约》谈判中农业生物多样性的履约进展和演变进程, 分析了农业生物多样性面临的严峻形势及存在问题。在此基础上, 从深入农业生物多样性相关指标研究、基于自然的解决方案、实现农业绿色可持续发展以及推动非国家利益相关方参与等层面, 就加强中国农业生物多样性保护工作提出建议, 以期有利于塑造中国良好对外形象, 也为维护世界农业稳定和粮食安全、推动《公约》第十五次缔约方大会(COP15)的顺利召开和成果达成奠定科学基础。     

“基于自然的解决方案”应对生物多样性丧失和气候变化:进展、挑战和建议

“基于自然的解决方案”(nature-based solutions, NbS)是协同应对生物多样性丧失和气候变化等全球环境挑战的热点途径之一,但在国际环境条约谈判中尚存在争议。本文系统梳理了世界自然保护大会(WCC)、联合国环境大会(UNEA)、《生物多样性公约》(CBD)缔约方大会和《联合国气候变化框架公约》(UNFCCC)缔约方大会关于NbS的相关决议和决定,以及主要缔约方的立场发言,旨在分析NbS的国际进展和挑战,并结合我国国情提出应对建议。在世界自然保护联盟(IUCN)等国际组织和欧盟及其成员国的积极推动下, WCC和UNEA就NbS定义和标准制定取得积极进展。而在CBD和UNFCCC相关谈判进程中,缔约方对NbS意见不一。除了缺乏各方一致认可的NbS定义、实施路径等技术原因外,可能的因素包括发展中大国担忧发达国家通过界定Nb S路径范围限制其自然资源开发和生物产业发展;或将“减缓”责任从UNFCCC过渡到CBD,并转嫁给生物多样性丰富的发展中国家;以及模糊气候与生物多样性行动和资金的边界,减少发展中国家争取生物多样性领域国际公共资金的机会。我国是NbS的积极践行者,已将Nb...     

The forest issue in post-UNCED international negotiations: conflicting interests and fora for reconciliation

The article is concerned with the international deliberations for a follow-up mechanism of the UNCED Statement of Forest Principles. The forest issue is complicated by the different scientific approaches to the deforestation problem, as represented by climate change and biodiversity respectively. From the former perspective, reforestation may seem an adequate remedy to solve the problem, while from the latter, biodiversity, much more weight must be put on conservation and sustainable utilization. An additional complication is presented by the political divide between developing and industrialized countries concerning the approach to the problem of deforestation. The focus of the article is on the current three main international arenas in which the issue is being discussed: (i) addressing the forest issue within the framework of the Convention on Biological Diversity, (ii) enlarging the scope of the International Agreement on Tropical Timber (ITTA) to include all types of forests, and (iii) pursuing the forest issue in a World Commission on Forests and Sustainable Development. The feasibility of achieving agreement and effective implementation within the framework of the various options is the focal point of the discussion.     

气候变化与生物多样性之间的复杂关系和反馈机制

气候变化与生物多样性丧失是人类社会正在经历的两大变化。气候变化影响生物多样性的方方面面, 是导致生物多样性丧失的一个主要驱动因子; 反过来, 生物多样性丧失会加剧气候变化。因此, 阻止甚至扭转气候变化和生物多样性丧失是当前人类社会亟需解决的全球性问题,但我们对气候变化与生物多样性之间的复杂关系和反馈机制尚缺乏清晰认识。本文总结了近年气候变化与生物多样性变化的研究进展, 重点概述了不同组织层次、空间尺度和维度的生物多样性对气候变化的响应和反馈等相关领域的研究进展和存在的主要问题。结果发现多数研究关注气候变化对生物多样性的直接影响, 涉及到生物多样性的不同组织层次、维度和营养级, 但针对气候变化间接影响的研究仍然较少, 机理研究同样需要加强; 生物多样性对生态系统功能影响的环境依赖和尺度推演、生物多样性对生态系统多功能性的作用机理和量化方法是当前研究面临的挑战; 生物多样性对生态系统响应气候变化的作用机制尚无统一的认识; 生物多样性对气候变化的正、负反馈效应是国内外研究的盲点。最后, 本文展望了未来发展方向和需要解决的关键科学问题, 包括多因子气候变化对生物多样性的影响; 减缓和适应气候变化的措施如何惠益于生物多样性保护; 生物多样性与生态系统功能的理论如何应用到现实世界; 生物多样性保护对实现碳中和目标的贡献。     

生物多样性适应气候变化的国家政策和措施: 国际经验及启示

气候变化已成为威胁生物多样性及生态系统服务功能的主要因素之一, 许多国家已经意识到必须提高本国生物多样性适应气候变化的能力。一些国家出台了国家战略, 采取增加连通性、改进现有保护区域的管理和恢复措施等基于生态系统的适应措施, 采用跨学科与跨部门协作手段加强生物多样性适应气候变化的监测和评估, 并且从制度和资金等方面加强政策措施的落实。作者对部分发达国家和发展中的生物多样性大国的生物多样性适应气候变化的相关政策和措施进行了梳理, 并结合我国现状提出以下建议: (1)把生物多样性适应气候变化作为国家整体适应战略中的优先措施之一; (2)将提高生物多样性和生态系统的恢复力作为适应气候变化的基础性原则; (3)整合并完善国家生物多样性监测网络, 参考国际通行标准制定信息和数据收集标准, 并且尽快对气候变化下我国生物多样性脆弱性开展全面且持续的评估。     

中国生物多样性适应气候变化策略研究

全球气候变化不仅给人类社会可持续发展带来严峻挑战,而且严重威胁到生物多样性及生态安全。我国是生物多样性最为丰富的国家之一,气候变化已经在对动物分布、行为和迁移,植物物候、植被和群落结构等方面造成了影响,并增加了珍稀濒危物种的灭绝风险,同时对生态系统的功能方面也造成了明显影响。未来气候变化将成为生物多样性丧失的主要驱动力之一。世界很多国家都在制定生物多样性适应气候变化的策略和采取适应行动,加强生物多样性的保护。本文在分析国外适应策略的基础上,结合中国生物多样性的现状,提出了适应气候变化的策略建议,包括制定生物多样性适应气候变化的国家战略,开展气候变化对生物多样性的影响监测和评估,针对敏感物种的就地保护和迁地保护,针对气候变化将导致退化生态系统开展恢复与重建,重点关注生物多样性适应气候变化优先区的保护,通过科学研究和国际合作,促进生物多样性适应气候变化技术的提高,期望为我国生物多样性保护和应对气候变化提供支持。     

Failure to achieve 2010 biodiversity’s target in developing countries: How can conservation help?

Conservation and wise management of biodiversity is critical for better livelihoods, especially in developing countries. Given the failure to achieve the global target set under convention on biological diversity (CBD) and Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) to reduce the rate of biodiversity loss by 2010, developing countries more than ever need better technologies to conserve and manage biodiversity. Despite billions of poor people depending on biodiversity as their main source of health care needs and food the lack of effective strategy or coherent policy instrument for biodiversity conservation remains a key issue. The importance of biodiversity conservation for the benefit of developing countries is inextricably linked to developments in biotechnology, particularly genetically modified organisms (GMOs). The Rio+20 meeting in June 2012 and CBD conference of the parties 11 in October 2012 are the next real opportunities to strengthen existing frameworks and prioritize types of technological innovation to enhance biodiversity conservation and development.     

生物多样性保护适应气候变化的管理策略

应对气候变化和保护生物多样性是2大全球性热点环境问题。气候变化导致物种多样性丧失、生态系统服务降低和区域生态安全屏障功能受损,威胁到中国国土生态安全格局和生态脆弱区域的可持续发展,给生物多样性保护带来新的挑战。做好生物多样性保护适应气候变化的风险管理工作,既是生物多样性应对气候变化风险的必要措施,也是减缓气候变化的重要途径。结合爱知目标10的实现情况,分析了欧盟、澳大利亚、美国等发达国家发布的生物多样性适应气候变化技术政策制定情况、中国生物多样性应对气候变化进展情况,剖析了中国生物多样性保护适应气候变化存在的问题,包括生物多样性应对气候变化的科学认知亟待提高、生物多样性保护适应气候变化的能力建设不足、自然保护地之间缺乏适应气候变化的生态廊道网络、生物多样性保护适应气候变化的技术标准缺乏。研究提出了中国生物多样性应对气候变化的适应性管理策略,包括制定《中国生物多样性保护协同应对气候变化的国家方案》、加强生物多样性保护适应气候变化的能力建设、开展自然保护区适应气候变化的风险管理试点、强化生物多样性应对气候变化的科技支撑,以期为推进纳入气候变化风险管理的生物多样性保护工作提供决策依据。     

Climate change-integrated conservation strategies

Aim Conservation strategies currently include little consideration of climate change. Insights about the biotic impacts of climate change from biogeography and palaeoecology, therefore, have the potential to provide significant improvements in the effectiveness of conservation planning. We suggest a collaboration involving biogeography, ecology and applied conservation. The resulting Climate Change‐integrated Conservation Strategies (CCS) apply available tools to respond to the conservation challenges posed by climate change. Location The focus of this analysis is global, with special reference to high biodiversity areas vulnerable to climate change, particularly tropical montane settings. Methods Current tools from climatology, biogeography and ecology applicable to conservation planning in response to climate change are reviewed. Conservation challenges posed by climate change are summarized. CCS elements are elaborated that use available tools to respond to these challenges. Results Five elements of CCS are described: regional modelling; expanding protected areas; management of the matrix; regional coordination; and transfer of resources. Regional modelling uses regional climate models, biotic response models and sensitivity analysis to identify climate change impacts on biodiversity at a regional scale appropriate for conservation planning. Expansion of protected areas management and systems within the planning region are based on modelling results. Management of the matrix between protected areas provides continuity for processes and species range shifts outside of parks. Regional coordination of park and off‐park efforts allows harmonization of conservation goals across provincial and national boundaries. Finally, implementation of these CCS elements in the most biodiverse regions of the world will require technical and financial transfer of resources on a global scale. Main conclusions Collaboration across disciplines is necessary to plan conservation responses to climate change adequately. Biogeography and ecology provide insights into the effects of climate change on biodiversity that have not yet been fully integrated into conservation biology and applied conservation management. CCS provide a framework in which biogeographers, ecologists and conservation managers can collaborate to address this need. These planning exercises take place on a regional level, driven by regional climate models as well as general circulation models (GCMs), to ensure that regional climate drivers such as land use change and mesoscale topography are adequately represented. Sensitivity analysis can help address the substantial uncertainty inherent in projecting future climates and biodiversity response.     

气候变化对7种乔木植物分布的潜在影响

利用CART（classification and regression tree,分类和回归树）生态位模型,采用A2和B2气候情景,分析了气候变化对秦岭冷杉、祁连圆柏、楠木、麦吊云杉、马尾树、领春木和连香树分布范围及空间格局的影响。结果显示：气候变化下,这些植物目前适宜分布范围呈现缩小趋势;新适宜及总适宜分布范围,连香树、马尾树、楠木和祁连圆柏呈现减少趋势,秦岭冷杉在1991-2020年及2021-2050年时段呈现减少趋势,之后增加,其它植物呈现增加趋势。气候变化下,马尾树目前适宜分布的东南部一些区域将不再适宜,新适宜分布区将向西南、北部、西部和东北部一些区域扩展;秦岭冷杉目前适宜分布的东南部和东部一些区域将不再适宜,新适宜分布区将向西南部、西北部和西部一些区域扩展;其它植物目前适宜分布的东部、东南部、南部及东北部一些区域将不再适宜,新适宜分布区将向西部和西南部一些区域扩展。气候变化下,这些植物适宜分布范围与年均气温和降水量变化相关性并不一致,一些植物适宜分布范围与年均气温和降水量变化相关系数不显著。另外,一些植物适宜范围与年降水量和年均气温变化多元线性回归关系决定系数较小。结果说明,气候变化下,目前适宜范围缩小,新适宜范围主要向高海拔扩展,不同植物适宜分布范围与年均气温和年降水量变化的关系不同。     

Climate change and freshwater biodiversity: detected patterns, future trends and adaptations in northern regions

Current rates of climate change are unprecedented, and biological responses to these changes have also been rapid at the levels of ecosystems, communities, and species. Most research on climate change effects on biodiversity has concentrated on the terrestrial realm, and considerable changes in terrestrial biodiversity and species’ distributions have already been detected in response to climate change. The studies that have considered organisms in the freshwater realm have also shown that freshwater biodiversity is highly vulnerable to climate change, with extinction rates and extirpations of freshwater species matching or exceeding those suggested for better‐known terrestrial taxa. There is some evidence that freshwater species have exhibited range shifts in response to climate change in the last millennia, centuries, and decades. However, the effects are typically species‐specific, with cold‐water organisms being generally negatively affected and warm‐water organisms positively affected. However, detected range shifts are based on findings from a relatively low number of taxonomic groups, samples from few freshwater ecosystems, and few regions. The lack of a wider knowledge hinders predictions of the responses of much of freshwater biodiversity to climate change and other major anthropogenic stressors. Due to the lack of detailed distributional information for most freshwater taxonomic groups and the absence of distribution‐climate models, future studies should aim at furthering our knowledge about these aspects of the ecology of freshwater organisms. Such information is not only important with regard to the basic ecological issue of predicting the responses of freshwater species to climate variables, but also when assessing the applied issue of the capacity of protected areas to accommodate future changes in the distributions of freshwater species. This is a huge challenge, because most current protected areas have not been delineated based on the requirements of freshwater organisms. Thus, the requirements of freshwater organisms should be taken into account in the future delineation of protected areas and in the estimation of the degree to which protected areas accommodate freshwater biodiversity in the changing climate and associated environmental changes.     

Forest biodiversity in a changing climate: which logic for conservation strategies?

Climate change has direct and indirect impacts on forest ecosystems worldwide. In this context, changing site conditions and altered disturbance regimes as well as forest management responses are challenging the conservation of biodiversity in forests. Climate-induced dynamics and uncertainties related to future forest ecosystem development are calling into question current conservation strategies and concepts. Given the longevity of trees, slow development rates of forest ecosystems and slow migration rates of many forest species, the planning of adaptation measures in response to climate change are especially difficult though highly important for forest biodiversity conservation. This paper introduces a special issue with eight contributions which deal with a variety of aspects of forest biodiversity conservation in the face of climate change. More specifically, the papers address direct impacts of climate change on forest biodiversity, adaptation measures for forest and conservation management, as well as resulting challenges for conservation strategies and concepts. In conclusion, adaptation measures that enhance diversity and provide different options for future action, thereby maintaining ecosystems’ resilience, as well as conservation management operating on a landscape level, are promoted as being beneficial for coping with uncertainties related to climate change. Adaptive management, which constantly reviews conservation goals and measures, and which takes into account both science-based and local ecological knowledge on climate change can be a valuable tool to inform decisions for forest biodiversity conservation.