壳寡糖作用于巨噬细胞的机制初探

研究壳寡糖对免疫系统中巨噬细胞作用的具体机制.结合流式细胞仪和激光共聚焦实验检测壳寡糖与巨噬细胞相互作用,通过凝胶阻滞实验在体外验证壳寡糖的胞内定位.实验结果证明壳寡糖与巨噬细胞相互作用过程如下,先与细胞膜结合,然后进入细胞内,最后定位在细胞核的核酸(DNA/RNA)上.     

几丁寡糖,壳寡糖的应用与开发

几丁寡糖、壳寡糖的应用与开发大连理工大学化工学院１１６０１２黄丽萍刘宗明甲壳质是Ｎ—乙酰基—Ｄ—葡萄糖胺以β—１,４键结合而成的多糖,它是作为蟹、虾等甲壳类、甲虫等的外骨骼及蘑菇等菌类的细胞壁构成成分,广泛存在于自然界的天然高分子物质。它的脱Ｎ—乙酰...     

壳寡糖诱导植物防御反应中一氧化氮信号的研究

壳寡糖可以增强植物对病虫害的防御能力,为了深入研究壳寡糖的作用机理,首次运用荧光酶标仪及一氧化氮(Nitric oxide,NO)荧光探针Diaminofluorescein diacetate (DAF-2DA)对壳寡糖诱导的NO信号进行研究。研究发现,不同浓度的壳寡糖均可诱导烟草悬浮细胞产生NO;NO的清除剂Carboxy-PTIO potassium salt(cPTIO)和一氧化氮合酶(Nitric oxide synthase,NOS)抑制剂N^ω-nitro-L-arginine methyl Ester(L-NAME)可以明显抑制NO的产生;硝酸还原酶(Nitrate reductase, NR)的抑制剂叠氮化钠和钨酸钠对NO的产生无影响;Ca²⁺流相关抑制剂氯化镧和钌红均可抑制NO的产生。NO和Ca²⁺流的相关抑制剂可明显抑制壳寡糖诱导的抗性相关基因的表达。结果显示:壳寡糖主要通过NOS酶催化合成NO,且NO参与调节壳寡糖诱导的抗性相关基因的表达,在此过程中,Ca²⁺可以调节NO的合成。     

壳寡糖诱导水稻过敏性细胞死亡及抗病性的提高

作为真菌细胞壁的主要成分之一的壳寡糖(Oligo-GlcNAc)能够诱导水稻悬浮细胞和幼叶细胞发生过敏性死亡,并伴有H2O2的积累.以1 μg*mL-1壳寡糖处理水稻悬浮细胞12 h后细胞明显死亡;诱导水稻幼叶细胞出现明显的死亡所需壳寡糖浓度为5 μg*mL-1.以壳寡糖处理的水稻抗稻瘟病性也明显增强.     

壳寡糖的免疫调节效应及其机制研究进展

壳寡糖是壳聚糖的降解产物,具有多种生物学功能.从临床和大量的试验中,人们发现壳寡糖对免疫系统存在着多元、多效性调节作用.根据近年来壳寡糖的免疫调节研究进展,本文就其对各种免疫器官、免疫细胞、细胞因子的调节作用及其机制进行综述.     

壳寡糖诱导的烟草SKP1基因表达

壳寡糖是一种高效的植物抗性诱导剂,应用mRNA差异显示技术从经过壳寡糖诱导的枯斑三生烟草叶片中分离到了编号为5、31、37和46的4个基因片段.4个基因片段与本塞姆氏烟草(Nicotiana benthamiana)SKP1基因的mRNA同源性都达到82%,据此推断这4个片段是感病烟草品种枯斑三生烟草的SKP1基因.质粒双酶切及反向Northern分析结果表明,该基因表达在壳寡糖诱导下增强.由于SKP1基因与植物的抗病毒病相关,从而在mRNA水平上验证了壳寡糖的诱导抗性效应.     

壳寡糖诱导植物抗性相关基因mRNA差别显示分析

壳寡糖是一种天然的信号分子,可以诱导植物产生各种防御反应。该文利用mRNA显示技术。研究壳寡糖引起的植物抗性相关基因的变化。以50mg/l壳寡糖喷洒的烟草叶片为材料,分别提取处理8h、7d和对照的叶片总RNA,利用一个锚定引物和三个随机引物组合,通过mRNA差别显示技术共获得壳寡糖处理后发生变化的8h差别条带22条,7d后的差别条带为74条。将壳寡糖处理8h得到的17条差别条带克隆到载体上后,进行反向Northern鉴定,有6条可能为真实条带。测序结果表明：其中一条差别片段与烟草热激蛋白90基因具有97％的核苷酸同源性。说明50mg/l壳寡糖处理的烟草叶片在mRNA水平上发生了明显的变化,烟草的热激蛋白90基因可能参与到壳寡糖诱导的抗性信号传导通路中。     

酶法制备壳寡糖及其生物学功能

用正交试验方法考察温度、酶浓度、pH对蜗牛酶降解壳聚糖的影响,筛选蜗牛酶降解壳聚糖的最佳反应条件,采用SDS-PAGE方法分析降解产物,制备具有生物学功能的壳寡糖。用不同浓度的壳寡糖处理人肝癌HepG2细胞,观察细胞形态学变化,MTT法检测壳寡糖对其增殖的影响,琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测DNA变化,流式细胞术检测凋亡率(AR)。结果表明:蜗牛酶降解壳聚糖的产物主要是聚合度为4以上的寡糖,更多的接近壳六糖。最佳反应条件为pH 4.0、温度40℃、酶和底物质量比为4∶50;壳寡糖质量浓度在2~4 mg/mL时,对HepG2细胞增殖有抑制效应,细胞经壳寡糖处理48 h后,开始空泡化,DNA出现明显的凋亡条带,AR明显高于对照组。在最佳反应条件下蜗牛酶能较好地降解壳聚糖,制备的壳寡糖在一定浓度范围内能通过诱导HepG2细胞发生凋亡而抑制其增殖,其作用呈浓度依赖性。     

壳寡糖对大肠杆菌抑菌活性研究

分析壳寡糖对大肠杆菌抑菌效果的影响因素.采用摇瓶法和ELISA板法对不同浓度的壳寡糖进行抑菌试验;比较不同pH、不同脱乙酰度的壳寡糖对大肠杆菌抑菌效果的差异;比较不同聚合度的单一聚合度壳寡糖抑菌效果的差异.壳寡糖浓度大于5 mg/mL时抑菌效果与同浓度苯甲酸钠相近;pH为4时,0.156 mg/mL的壳寡糖溶液抑菌活性即能超过90%;pH为7时,5 mg/mL的壳寡糖才能达到90%抑菌活性.脱乙酰度为95%时,5 mg/mL的壳寡糖溶液抑菌活性能超过97%;脱乙酰度为45%时,40 mg/mL的壳寡糖溶液抑菌活性仅有56%;聚合度大于4的单一聚合度壳寡糖40 mg/mL时抑菌活性能达到99%.结果表明:提高壳寡糖溶液浓度、降低pH、提高脱乙酰度,能提高壳寡糖的抑菌活性,单一聚合度壳寡糖聚合度越高,对大肠杆菌的抑制作用越强.此外,采用ELISA板的方法进行实验,即节省试药又方便快捷.     

壳寡糖诱导烟草对TMV长距离移动的影响

采用ELISA-DSM法和半叶枯斑法,测定了壳寡糖(50μg/mL)诱导后普通烟(Nicotiana tabacum)植株体内TMV浓度的变化.ELISA-DSM测定显示,在接种后10 d,仅在接种叶的上位叶和新生叶片中检测到病毒,且病毒浓度仅为不诱导对照的52.7%和38.8%,在下位叶中未检测到病毒;同时,接种叶内病毒增殖严重受抑,接种后10 d,病毒浓度仅为不诱导对照的23.52%.半叶枯斑法检测获得了相同结果,以壳寡糖处理植株的不同叶位的叶片为毒源,产生的枯斑数目都大幅度低于不诱导对照.以上结果证明,壳寡糖处理后TMV的上行和下行长距离移动均明显延迟和减少,下行移动受到的影响更大.透射电镜检查发现,处理植株接种叶的下位叶片韧皮部细胞中没有病毒晶体和病毒粒子,在上位叶片筛管伴胞中仅见少量病毒粒子,两者都未发现任何诱导新生物,也未见其他细胞结构变化.结果表明,壳寡糖处理使烟草对TMV病毒侵染产生了诱导抗病性,系统侵染症状明显减弱;壳寡糖处理对病毒长距离移动的不利影响可能是接种叶片病毒增殖减少所造成的.     

壳寡糖抑制脂多糖诱导的PIECs表达IL-8和VCAM-1作用的初步研究

目的：观察壳寡糖对脂多糖（LPS）诱导的猪髋动脉内皮细胞（PIECs）炎症损伤的影响以及潜在的分子机制。方法：以脂多糖（1g／mE）＊《激PIECs细胞,建立炎症损伤模型,以RT—PCR和Westernblot的方法观察壳寡糖（COS）预保护PIECs细胞24h,对白介素－8（IL－8）和血管细胞粘附分子．1（VCAM－1）表达水平的影响,以及对JNK信号蛋白磷酸化和c-Fos转录因子表达的影响。结果：壳寡糖可抑制脂多糖刺激的PIECs表达IL－8和VCAM－1,并抑制JNK信号通路的磷酸化和转录因子c-Fos的表达。结论：壳寡糖对脂多糖刺激的PIECs细胞中IL－8和VCAM—1表达的抑制作用是通过抑制上游的JNK信号通路磷酸化和转录因子c-Fos的表达实现的,从而缓解脂多糖对细胞造成的炎症损伤。     

Gene Transfer by DNA/mannosylated Chitosan Complexes into Mouse Peritoneal Macrophages

Chitosan is a biodegradable and biocompatible polymer and is useful as a non-viral vector for gene delivery. In order to deliver pDNA/chitosan complex into macrophages expressing a mannose receptor, mannose-modified chitosan (man-chitosan) was employed. The cellular uptake of pDNA/man-chitosan complexes through mannose recognition was then observed. The pDNA/man-chitosan complexes showed no significant cytotoxicity in mouse peritoneal macrophages, while pDNA/man-PEI complexes showed strong cytotoxicity. The pDNA/man-chitosan complexes showed much higher transfection efficiency than pDNA/chitosan complexes in mouse peritoneal macrophages. Observation with a confocal laser microscope suggested differences in the cellular uptake mechanism between pDNA/chitosan complexes and pDNA/man-chitosan complexes. Mannose receptor-mediated gene transfer thus enhances the transfection efficiency of pDNA/chitosan complexes.     

Chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) inhibits LPS-induced inflammatory effects in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells

The focus of this study was to clarify the relation between the nitric oxide (NO) production and cytokine expression including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), and also investigated the effect of COS on LPS stimuli from RAW 264.7 cell. The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Gram-negative bacteria induces the expression of cytokines and potent inducers of inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-alpha and IL-6. In this experiment, upon stimulation with increasing concentrations of chitosan, the LPS-stimulated TNF-alpha and IL-6 secretion was significantly recovered within the incubation media of RAW 264.7 cells. Consistently, RT-PCR with mRNA and Western blot with anti-cytokine antiserum including TNF-alpha and IL-6 showed that the amount of TNF-alpha and IL-6 secretion in the incubation media recovered with the concentration of chitosan. The LPS-stimulated NO secretion was significantly recovered within the 6h and 12h incubation media of RAW 264.7 cells, too. The recovery effect of chitosan on IL-6 and NO secretion may be induced via the stimulus of TNF-alpha in RAW 264.7 cell. These results once again suggest that chitosan oligosaccharide may have the anti-inflammatory effect via the stimulus of TNF-alpha in the LPS-stimulated inflammation in RAW 264.7 cells.     

Enzymatic production and biological activities of chitosan oligosaccharides (COS): A review

Many researchers have focused chitosan as a source of potential bioactive material during past few decades. However, chitosan has several drawbacks to be utilized in biological applications, including poor solubility under physiological conditions. Therefore, a new interest has recently been emerged on partially hydrolyzed chitosan, chitosan oligosaccharides (COS). During the resent past, several technological approaches have been taken to prepare COS and, enzymatic preparation methods captured a great interest due to safe and non-toxic concerns. With time, new improvements were introduced to enzymatic production and presently it has been developed to a continuous production process. Many of the biological activities reported for COS, such as antimicrobial, anticancer, antioxidant, and immunostimulant effects are depend on their physico-chemical properties. In this review, we have summarized different enzymatic preparation methods of COS and some of their reported biological activities.     

Chitosan oligosaccharides, dp 2-8, have prebiotic effect on the Bifidobacterium bifidium and Lactobacillus sp

In order to investigate the prebiotic potential of chitosan oligosaccharide (COS), prepared by enzymatic hydrolysis of fully deacetylated chitosan polymer, the effect of COS on bacterial growth was studied. The degree of polymerization (dp) of COS was determined by MALDI-ToF mass spectrometry, and the COS was found to be composed of dimer (33.6%), trimer (16.9%), tetramer (15.8%), pentamer (12.4%), hexamer (8.3%), heptamer (7.1%), and octamer (5.9%). The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of chitosan polymer against lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria were below 0.31%. However, this only applied to two strains, the other bacteria tested grew on MRS broth containing 5% COS. The effects of COS on the growth of bifidobacteria and lactic acid bacteria were compared with those of fructo-oligosaccharide (FOS). FOS was found to have a growth stimulatory effect on only three strains: Bifidobacterium bifidium, B. infantis and Lactobacillus casei. However, COS stimulated the growth of most Lactobacillus sp. and B. bifidium KCTC 3440. The amount of the growth and the specific growth rate of B. bifidium increased with increasing COS concentration. The cultivation time required to obtain maximum growth was reduced to about 25% in MRS broth supplemented with 0.2-0.4% COS. These results demonstrate that COS has considerable bifidogenic potential. Both cell growth and specific growth rates of L. brevis in MRS broth supplemented with 0.1% COS increased by 25%. The present study shows that COS stimulates the growth of some enteric bacteria, and that COS has potential use as a prebiotic health-food.     

甘露寡糖及壳聚糖对四氧嘧啶致糖尿病小鼠血糖血脂的影响

目的研究甘露寡糖和壳聚糖对四氧嘧啶致实验性糖尿病小鼠血糖、血脂的影响。方法随机选取70只健康小鼠,10只为正常对照组,其余由腹腔注射四氧嘧啶(150mg/kg),建立糖尿病模型,用快速血糖仪测血糖值,血糖值>11.1mmol/L的小鼠则为造模成功小鼠,将造模成功的小鼠随机分成5组,每组各12只。分别为模型对照组,高剂量、低剂量甘露寡糖处理组,高剂量、低剂量壳聚糖处理组。高低剂量分别以400mg/kg和200mg/kg糖溶液进行灌胃,空白组和模型组灌予等体积的生理盐水。12d后测定小鼠血清中血糖(GLU)、总胆固醇(CHO)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)和甘油三酯(TG)的浓度。结果甘露寡糖和壳聚糖使糖尿病小鼠的血糖与模型对照组相比有显著的降低,CHO和TG的浓度也显著降低,HDL-C显著升高;且高剂量的甘露寡糖和壳聚糖的降血糖、血脂效果优于低剂量。     

Poly(N-Acetyllactosaminyl) Oligosaccharides of Chromaffin Granule Membrane Glycoproteins

Poly(N-acetyllactosaminyl) oligosaccharides have been identified, on the basis of their susceptibility to endo-beta-galactosidase, in a large-molecular-size glycopeptide fraction derived from chromaffin granule membrane glycoproteins. The glycoproteins containing poly(N-acetyl-lactosaminyl) oligosaccharides were selectively labeled by treatment of chromaffin granule membranes with endo-beta-galactosidase to expose N-acetylglucosamine residues, followed by incubation with galactosyltransferase and UDP-[14C]galactose. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and fluorography demonstrated specific labeling in the 41-47 kilodalton (kD) region and in a distinct band at 90 kDa. Two-dimensional SDS-PAGE revealed that the poly(N-acetyllactosaminyl) oligosaccharides are predominantly present in glycoprotein IV, together with lesser labeling of glycoproteins II and III, whereas they are absent from dopamine beta-hydroxylase and carboxypeptidase H, which are the major glycoproteins of chromaffin granule membranes.     

Enhancement of Serum Lysozyme Activity by Injecting a Mixture of Chitosan Oligosaccharides Intravenously in Rabbits

Mycophenolic acid (MPA, 1), an inhibitor of IMP-dehydrogenase (IMPDH) and a latent PPARγ agonist, is used as an effective immunosuppressant for clinical transplantation and recently entered clinical trials in advanced multiple myeloma patients. On the other hand, suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA), a non-specific histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, has been approved for treating cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. MPA seemed to bear a cap, a linker, and a weak metal-binding site as a latent inhibitor of HDAC. Therefore, the hydroxamic acid derivatives of mycophenolic acid having an effective metal-binding site, mycophenolic hydroxamic acid (MPHA, 2), 7-O-acetyl mycophenolic acid (7-O-Ac MPHA, 3), and 7-O-lauroyl mycophenolic hydroxamic acid (7-O-L MPHA, 4) were designed and synthesized. All these compounds inhibited histone deacetylase with IC₅₀ values of 1, 0.9 and 0.5 μM, and cell proliferation at concentrations of 2, 1.5 and 1 μM, respectively.     

大豆寡糖对断奶环江香猪生长性能和营养物质代谢的影响

为了探讨大豆寡糖(SBOS)作为抗生素替代物对断奶仔猪生长性能的影响及其作用机制,饲养试验选用21日龄断奶的环江香猪12头,随机分为2组,每组6头,分别饲喂添加0.5%SBOS日粮和抗生素对照日粮,试验期为14 d。记录每天的采食量,分别于试验开始和结束时称取空腹体重并采集血液,肝素抗凝离心分离血浆,测定生化参数和游离氨基酸水平。消化试验选用10头环江香猪,随机分为2组,处理同饲养试验。预试期4 d,正试期3 d,收集粪样,指示剂法测定干物质、粗蛋白和粗脂肪的消化率。结果表明,与抗生素对照组相比,SBOS组仔猪平均日采食量、日增重和料重比均无显著变化;血浆尿素氮和血氨含量显著下降,总蛋白含量显著升高(P<0.05);血浆甘氨酸、组氨酸、赖氨酸、精氨酸和蛋氨酸的含量均显著升高(P<0.05);粗蛋白和粗脂肪消化率有提高趋势。提示SBOS可替代抗生素用于断奶仔猪日粮。