‘741杨’D2类细胞周期蛋白基因的克隆及功能鉴定

D类细胞周期蛋白(D-type cyclin,CYCD)调控细胞周期G1/S期转变。CYCD与细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶(cyclin-dependent kinase,CDK)结合形成CYCD/CDK复合物,被激活的CYCD/CDK复合物通过磷酸化下游细胞周期响应因子调控细胞周期有序进行,进而影响植物的生长发育。该研究以‘741杨’为实验材料,成功鉴定得到1个D2类细胞周期蛋白基因(PtoCYCD2;1)。研究表明:(1)实时定量PCR(qRT-PCR)显示,PtoCYCD2;1基因在根、茎、叶、叶柄、树皮和木质部中均有表达,在叶中的相对表达水平最高。(2)亚细胞定位表明PtoCYCD2;1蛋白定位于细胞核。(3)与野生型(Wild-Type poplar,WT)相比,过表达PtoCYCD2;1基因的‘741杨’出现株高降低,茎直径减小,叶片明显下卷的表型。(4)扫描电镜分析(SEM)显示,转基因杨树叶片的上表皮细胞平均面积变小,细胞数量增多;树脂切片结果显示与WT相比,转基因杨树叶片的栅栏组织和海绵组织的细胞间隙疏松。(5)qRT-PCR结果显示,转基因杨树中细胞周期调控基因CDKA;1、CDKB1;1和CDKB2;1的表达水平显著上调,植物成视网膜细胞瘤相关蛋白1(retinoblastoma-related protein1,RBR1)基因、细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶抑制因子(kip-related protein,KRP)基因的表达水平显著下调。该研究结果为进一步研究木本植物CYCD2基因的功能奠定了基础。     

拟南芥CYCD2;1基因植物表达载体的构建及在烟草中的遗传转化分析

细胞分裂是生物的基本特征之一,在植物生长发育的过程中,发挥着极其重要的作用,细胞周期蛋白CYCD2;1基因作为一个调控因子,对调节细胞周期具有重要作用。本文以拟南芥细胞周期蛋白(At CYCD2;1基因)作为研究对象,利用PCR技术从拟南芥花序c DNA扩增出At CYCD2;1基因,构建植物表达载体(pROKIIAt CYCD2;1)并利用农杆菌介导的叶盘法转化野生型烟草。转基因植株的PCR检测结果表明,At CYCD2;1基因已经整合到了烟草基因组中。在T2代植株中,通过实时定量荧光PCR检测显示,At CYCD2;1在mRNA水平也均有表达。过量表达CYCD2;1的转基因烟草在花器官中存在明显表型,与野生型相比主要表现为转基因植株花冠宽度变大,花瓣和萼片长度变长,果实变大,上述结果表明At CYCD2;1基因影响花的发育。     

植物D型细胞周期蛋白

D型细胞周期蛋白(cyclinD,CycD)调控着细胞周期G1/S的转换,基本过程为CycD在外界环境刺激下积累,并与周期蛋白依赖激酶(cyclin-dependentkinase,CDK)形成有活性的激酶,促进成视网膜细胞瘤蛋白(retinoblastoma,Rb)磷酸化,使E2F因子释放,由此促使G1/S转换,这一调控系统在高等真核生物中具有很高的保守性。CycD与其他细胞周期蛋白表达有所不同,其受到生长因子的强烈诱导,去掉生长因子后,表达水平迅速下降,导致细胞被抑制在G1期。大量研究表明,CycD是细胞周期中一个关键的“感受因子”,CycD基因的表达是细胞周期进程中的限速因子,影响着植物的生长发育。现对植物CycD的特征以及在细胞周期中的功能进行综述,并探讨了其在植物生长发育中的作用。     

Rho小G蛋白介导的细胞周期调控

Rho小G蛋白作为一个信号分子家族具有多样化的功能, 可以调节细胞骨架重排 、细胞迁移、细胞极性、基因表达、细胞周期调控等. Rho小G蛋白家族对细胞周期 调控的研究主要集中在其对于有丝分裂期细胞的调节作用,包括调节有丝分裂期前 期细胞趋圆化、后期染色体排列及收缩环的收缩作用.近期的研究显示,Rho小G蛋白及其效应分子对于细胞周期G1、S、G2期的调控主要是通过影响细胞周期的正调控因子细胞周期蛋白D1 (cyclin D1) 和负调控因子细胞周期蛋白依赖型激酶相互作用蛋白1及细胞周期蛋白依赖型激酶抑制蛋白27 (p21cip1/p27kip1) 进行的.本文总结了Rho小G蛋白及其效应分子在细胞周期调控,尤其是对G1/S期调控的研究进展,并简要阐述了Rho小G蛋白介导的细胞周期调控异常与癌症发生的关系.     

敲除 Sam68 基因导致白血病细胞系细胞生长迟缓和 G2/M 期延长

RNA 结合蛋白 Sam68 是细胞有丝分裂期 Src 酪氨酸磷酸化的靶蛋白 . 尽管确切机制尚不清楚,一些人还是认为 Sam68 可通过调控 RNA 的代谢参与细胞周期调控 . 利用基因打靶技术,在 DT40 细胞分离出 Sam68 基因缺失的细胞系 . 利用该细胞系,进行 Sam68 的功能解析 . 与野生型细胞系相比, Sam68 基因缺失细胞表现出明显的生长速度迟缓 . 通过细胞周期研究揭示 , 这些细胞生长速度延迟是由于细胞周期中的 G2/M 期延长 . 因为参与细胞周期 G2/M 期调控的周期因子 Cdc2 激酶的活性没有改变,所以提示 Sam68 不依赖于 Cdc2 激酶的活性参与细胞周期中 G2/M 期调控 .     

Cyclin D1与细胞周期调控

细胞周期是细胞生命活动中一个最重要的过程,其关键是G1 期的启动.细胞周期蛋白(Cyclin)、细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶(CDKs)和CDK抑制因子(CKIs)是参与钿胞周期调控的主要因子.Cyclin D1是调控细胞周期G1期的关键蛋白,是一个比其他Cyclins更加敏感的指标,对细胞周期调控至关重要.综述Cyclin D1的结构和功能及其在肿瘤组织中的表达特征,初步分析Cyclin D在昆虫细胞周期调控的研究.     

14-3-3蛋白在细胞周期调节中的作用

14-3-3是一个在真核细胞中广泛表达、功能复杂的蛋白家族,主要通过磷酸化依赖的方式与靶蛋白结合,从而发挥其调控作用。细胞周期的调节对维持基因组的稳定性至关重要。近年来的研究发现,14-3—3蛋白可以和越来越多的细胞周期调节蛋白相互作用,调节G2／M期和G1／S期转换,从而对细胞周期起调控作用。简要综述了14—3—3蛋白在细胞周期调节中的作用。     

p27蛋白及其相关因子在恶性肿瘤中的功能的研究

p27蛋白是周期蛋白依赖性激酶抑制剂家族的一员,通过抑制周期蛋白-周期蛋白依赖性激酶(cyclin-CDK)复合物活性对细胞周期进行负性调节,使细胞周期停滞在G1期。p27基因表达异常与多种恶性肿瘤的发生发展及预后有关。在p27基因发挥作用过程中,有众多的因素参与调控。本文简要介绍p27基因的结构与功能、表达调控以及与恶性肿瘤关系的研究进展。     

阳性表达表皮钙粘蛋白增加G0/G1期人乳腺癌细胞比例及其分子机制

表皮钙粘蛋白（E-cadherin）阴性的乳腺癌细胞株MDA-MB-231和MDA-MB-435转染野生型表皮钙粘蛋白基因,通过流式细胞仪测量细胞周期发现表皮钙粘蛋白阳性细胞生长变慢,更多细胞停滞在G0/G1期,蛋白质印迹证实由G0/G1期进入S期的重要调控分子细胞周期蛋白-D1（cyclin D1）下降了,并发现表皮钙粘蛋白还能降低直接激活细胞周期蛋白-D1基因转录的β-连环蛋白的蛋白质浓度.蛋白激酶B（PKB）能通过抑制糖原合成激酶-3β(GSK-3β)的活性来抑制β-连环蛋白降解,并在乳腺癌高转移细胞株中普遍过表达,其表达同样受到了表皮钙粘蛋白的抑制.并且在表皮钙粘蛋白阳性细胞中,作为PKB上游信号分子并能激活PKB的粘着斑激酶 (FAK) 和整联蛋白相关激酶(ILK)蛋白量也发生下降,能抑制PKB激活的PTEN蛋白量却增加了.结果显示,表皮钙粘蛋白能通过降低乳腺癌细胞中的PKB蛋白浓度,并通过上游信号分子抑制PKB的激活,进而降低PKB对β-连环蛋白降解的抑制作用,导致β-连环蛋白直接调控的靶基因细胞周期蛋白D1的表达量下降,引起更多的细胞停止在G0/G1期.     

NF-κB信号转导通路对细胞周期的调控

核转录因子NF-κB是哺乳动物Rel蛋白家族成员,属DNA结合蛋白,具有结合某些基因启动子κB序列并启动靶基因转录的功能。静息状态下,NF-κB二聚体在胞浆肉没有活性,当细胞受刺激后,它在NF-κB信号转导通路的上游激酶级联作用下被激活,并易位到细胞核内,增强靶基因表达。NF-κB是细胞分裂和生存的关键调节因子,参与调控细胞周期、细胞增殖和细胞分化。现就NF-κB对细胞周期的影响作一综述,着重阐述NF-κB通过细胞周期蛋白和CDK／CKI作用G1/S期检测点、G2/M期检测点,调控细胞周期进程。     

A distinct type of cyclin D, CYCD4;2, involved in the activation of cell division in Arabidopsis

The Arabidopsis genome encodes 10 D-type cyclins (CYCD); however, their differential role in cell cycle control is not well known. Among them, CYCD4;2 is unique in the amino acid sequence; namely, it lacks the Rb-binding motif and the PEST sequence that are conserved in CYCDs. Here, we have shown that CYCD4;2 suppressed G1 cyclin mutations in yeast and formed a kinase complex with CDKA;1, an ortholog of yeast Cdc28, in insect cells. Hypocotyl explants of CYCD4;2 over-expressing plants showed faster induction of calli than wild-type explants on a medium containing lower concentration of auxin. These results suggest that CYCD4;2 has a promotive function in cell division by interacting with CDKA;1 regardless of the unusual primary sequence.     

The D-type cyclin CYCD3;1 is limiting for the G1-to-S-phase transition in Arabidopsis

The G1-to-S-phase transition is a key regulatory point in the cell cycle, but the rate-limiting component in plants is unknown. Overexpression of CYCLIN D3;1 (CYCD3;1) in transgenic plants increases mitotic cycles and reduces endocycles, but its effects on cell cycle progression cannot be unambiguously determined. To analyze the cell cycle roles of plant D-type cyclins, we overexpressed CYCD3;1 in Arabidopsis thaliana cell suspension cultures. Changes in cell number and doubling time were insignificant, but cultures exhibited an increased proportion of G2- over G1-phase cells, as well as increased G2 arrest in response to stationary phase and sucrose starvation. Synchronized cultures confirm that CYCD3;1-expressing (but not CYCD2;1-expressing) cells show increased G2-phase length and delayed activation of mitotic genes such as B-type cyclins, suggesting that CYCD3;1 has a specific G1/S role. Analysis of putative cyclin-dependent kinase phosphorylation sites within CYCD3;1 shows that mutating Ser-343 to Ala enhances CYCD3;1 potency without affecting its rate of turnover and results in a fivefold increase in the level of cell death in response to sucrose removal. We conclude that CYCD3;1 dominantly drives the G1/S transition, and in sucrose-depleted cells the decline in CYCD3;1 levels leads to G1 arrest, which is overcome by ectopic CYCD3;1 expression. Ser-343 is likely a key residue in modulating CYCD3;1 activity in response to sucrose depletion.     

Cloning and morphological properties of Nicgl;CYCD3;1 gene in genetic tumors from interspecific hybrid of N. langsdorffii and N. glauca

Plant genetic tumors represent neoplastic growths, which arise spontaneously in hybrid plants without apparent external induction. To understand the molecular nature of unregulated cell proliferation, a cyclin D cDNA clone encoding a cyclin D of 1104bp was isolated from a genetic tumor and designated Nicgl;CYCD3;1 gene. DNA gel blot analysis suggested that there are two copies of Nicgl;CYCD3;1 in the genetic tumors. Northern analysis showed that this gene had the highest expression level in genetic tumor compared to Nicotiana glauca, N. langsdorffii and hybrid plants. Plant morphology of hybrid plant was an intermediate between N. glauca and N. langsdorffii and was altered in the genetic tumors. The cell cycle distribution in N. glauca was G0/G1, 90.59; S, 0.60; G2/M, 8.81; in N. langsdorffii it was G 0/G1, 86.22; S, 6.90; G2/M, 6.88; in hybrid plants it was G 0/G1, 96.40; S, 1.79; G2/M, 1.81; and in genetic tumors G 0/G1, 74.70; S, 2.35; G2/M, 22.94. These data provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying genetic tumor formation from interspecific hybrid between N. langsdorffii and N. glauca.     

拟南芥CYCD3;1基因的克隆及功能研究

从拟南芥基因组中克隆出CYCD3;1基因,将其插入植物双元载体pER8中,使其受一个嵌合转录启动子的控制;利用农杆菌介导通过真空渗透法将外源基因导入拟南芥中,经潮霉素抗性筛选出转化植株后,用PCR鉴定出阳性转化植株,对阳性转化植株进行连续光照培养并观察其表型变化,发现转基因株系与野生型之间在抽苔和开花时间上有较大差别。结果表明,CYCD3;1低水平误表达会影响植物的生长发育。     

Expression of genomic AtCYCD2;1 in Arabidopsis induces cell division at smaller cell sizes: implications for the control of plant growth

The Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) CYCD2;1 gene introduced in genomic form increased cell formation in the Arabidopsis root apex and leaf, while generating full-length mRNA, raised CDK/CYCLIN enzyme activity, reduced G1-phase duration, and reduced size of cells at S phase and division. Other cell cycle genes, CDKA;1, CYCLIN B;1, and the cDNA form of CYCD2;1 that produced an aberrantly spliced mRNA, produced smaller or zero increases in CDK/CYCLIN activity and did not increase the number of cells formed. Plants with a homozygous single insert of genomic CYCD2;1 grew with normal morphology and without accelerated growth of root or shoot, not providing evidence that cell formation or CYCLIN D2 controls growth of postembryonic vegetative tissues. At the root apex, cells progressed normally from meristem to elongation, but their smaller size enclosed less growth and a 40% reduction in final size of epidermal and cortical cells was seen. Smaller elongated cell size inhibited endoreduplication, indicating a cell size requirement. Leaf cells were also smaller and more numerous during proliferation and epidermal pavement and palisade cells attained 59% and 69% of controls, whereas laminas reached normal size. Autonomous control of expansion was therefore not evident in abundant cell types that formed tissues of root or leaf. Cell size was reduced by a greater number formed in a tissue prior to cell and tissue expansion. Initiation and termination of expansion did not correlate with cell dimension or number and may be determined by tissue-wide signals acting across cellular boundaries.