棕点湍蛙皮肤分泌液中促胰岛素释放肽的分离纯化、基因克隆及活性分析

通过分离纯化棕点湍蛙(Amolops loloensis)皮肤分泌液中的生物活性物质,得到有促胰岛素释放活性的分离峰,并鉴定其结构.采用葡聚糖Sephadex G-50凝胶层析和反相高效液相(RP-HPLC)等手段对棕点湍蛙皮肤分泌液进行分离纯化,利用胰岛素释放实验进行活性检测,Edman降解法测定活性峰的氨基酸序列,反转录法构建cDNA文库并克隆其基因.得到一个具有显著的促胰岛素释放活性的十六肽,测得其氨基酸序列为:FMPIvGKsMSGLSGKL-NH2,命名为amolopin-1.由cDNA(开放阅读框为192bp)推导的氨基酸一级结构显示,其前体由64个氨基酸残基(aa)组成,包括高度保守的信号肽(22aa),酸性肽以及成熟肽.经过数据库序列比对,从棕点湍蛙皮肤中得到一个新的促胰岛素释放肽,进一步分析其作用机理和药代动力学,极有可能得到一个新的治疗糖尿病的降糖药物.     

蛙科两栖动物皮肤抗菌肽的分子多样性及功能

摘要: 蛙科(Ranidae)是全球分布最广泛的两栖动物, 种类超过650种。为开拓和适应广阔的栖息地及多样的生态环境, 其皮肤腺体中进化产生了结构复杂、种类繁多的抗菌肽。它们除具有广谱抗菌活性外, 还有抗肿瘤、抗病毒等生物学活性。蛙科动物皮肤抗菌肽起源于共同祖先, 在漫长的进化过程中, 基因发生了多重复制和突变, 形成了天然抗菌肽的巨大资源库。这些肽在模拟膜的溶剂中几乎都是疏水的, 并带正电荷, 以一种两亲性的α-螺旋的构象存在。根据氨基酸组成及结构的相似性, 可以将蛙科动物抗菌肽分成brevinin-1、esculentin-1、esculentin-2、temporin、ranalexin、ranatuerin-1、ranatuerin-2、plaustrin、brevinin-2、tigerinin、japonicin、nigrocin和melittin相关肽等若干个家族。文章结合作者的研究工作, 综述了目前已经鉴定的蛙科动物皮肤抗菌肽的分子多样性特点、家族性质和生物学活性的研究进展, 并阐述了东北林蛙新家族抗菌肽的特点。 关键词: 蛙科; 抗菌肽家族; 分子多样性; 生物学活性     

景东湍蛙抗菌肽jindongenin-1d的分析和活性测定

新型抗菌肽研究有助于解决细菌对抗生素的耐药性问题。本研究用SMART技术构建了景东湍蛙Amolops jingdongensis皮肤的全长cDNA文库。通过单克隆和测序获得一个抗菌肽cDNA序列,序列比对结果表明其属于jindongenin-1家族,命名为jindongenin-1d。其cDNA序列全长321bp,编码含66个氨基酸残基的多肽。该多肽包括1个信号肽和1个前肽序列。成熟jindongenin-1d多肽包含24个氨基酸残基,理论分子量为2 709.38,等电点为9.24。对人工合成的jindongenin-1d蛋白进行了抗菌和溶血活性分析,结果表明jindongenin-1d对所选的革兰氏阴性菌、革兰氏阳性菌和真菌均有显著抑制作用,同时有弱溶血活性。本研究结果有助于进一步了解两栖动物皮肤分泌物活性物质的多态性和新型抗感染药物的设计。     

粗皮蛙的骨骼系统

详细记述了我国产粗皮蛙Rana rugosa Temmict et Schegel全套骨骼形态结构特征。第8椎体双凹椎amphicoelous vertebra,属于典型的参差型脊柱DIPLASIOCOELA Noble;肩带固胸型Firmisternia,肩胸骨基部正中央缺刻或深或浅;蝶筛骨前截背面暴露区向前延伸至与鼻骨相对的水平位。在个体间并不一致,可能与年龄变化相关而呈递增的趋势。本文首次描述了位于鼻腔软骨囊外侧边缘上镶嵌的一小骨块,目前文献上尚未查到该骨块的命名及有关功能、适应的记载,为便于叙述起见,暂称“鼻腔骨”加以描述。     

甲壳动物胰岛素样促雄腺激素功能及 作用机制的研究进展

甲壳动物的雄性性别分化主要由其促雄腺（AG）分泌的胰岛素样促雄腺激素（IAG）负责调控。在罗氏沼虾（Macrobrachium rosenbergii）中,通过单个IAG的操作可以成功性反转,进而实现全雄养殖。因此,基于IAG的性别调控技术具有良好的应用潜力。目前,IAG在许多经济甲壳动物中得到研究报道,发现其表达不仅局限于促雄腺,功能也更加广泛。此外,随着RNA干扰技术在水产动物中的广泛运用,基因功能的研究更易实现,IAG如何执行其生理作用的信号机制及上游的调控网络逐渐成为学者们探究的热点。本文综述了近年来有关IAG研究的进展,从IAG的分子特征、生理功能、作用机制及上游调控机理等方面展开探讨,为深入阐明IAG的生理功能及作用机制提供基础。     

抗菌肽耐药性研究进展

抗菌肽是生物体产生的一类具有抵抗外源性病原体功能的小分子多肽,具有抗细菌、真菌、病毒、癌细胞等多种活性.近几年的研究发现细菌会对抗菌肽产生耐药性.本文就细菌的构成性耐药性机制和诱导性耐药性机制等研究进展进行综述.     

抗菌肽抑菌机制研究进展

抗菌肽是由各种无脊椎动物、植物和哺乳动物的组织、细胞产生的丰富且分子多样性的一类物质。它们的氨基酸组成、两亲性、阳离子电荷和它们的大小使它们能够粘附或插入到细胞膜中形成孔洞,也就形成所谓的＂木桶式＂、＂地毯式＂和＂环孔式＂的机制。主要介绍几种不同的诱导细菌孔洞形成、细胞死亡的模型及耐药机制。     

两种方法检测促胰岛素分泌肽融合蛋白生物学活性的对比分析

目的 对比分析2种检测促胰岛素分泌肽融合蛋白(exendin-4-Fc fusion protein, Ex4-Fc)生物学活性的方法。方法 分别用细胞ELISA和报告基因法检测Ex4-Fc的生物学活性,同时对2种方法的专属性、检测范围、重复性、准确性和一致性进行考察。结果 2种检测方法均具有良好的专属性,检测范围基本一致(3.05 ng/mL～50.00μg/mL),重复性验证中RSD均<15%,回收率均在80%～120%之间,且2种方法检测结果差异无统计学意义(P=0.565)。结论 本研究评价的细胞ELISA和报告基因法对Ex4-Fc生物学活性的检测结果均具有良好的重复性和准确性,且两种方法具有良好的一致性,可根据具体的实验条件和要求选择不同的检测方法。     

酶标法检测促胰岛素分泌肽融合蛋白生物学活性

[目的]建立促胰岛素分泌肽融合蛋白(Exendin-4-Fc fusion protein,简称E4F4)生物学活性的检测方法,并对新建方法进行优化及验证。[方法]采用U2OS/GLP-1R转基因细胞系,通过酶标法检测胞内cAMP含量的改变来测定E4F4生物学活性。[结果]U2OS/GLP-1R转基因细胞系在30代以内均可用于E4F4生物学活性的检测,细胞接种密度为1.2×10^(4)/孔,药物作用时间30 min为该方法的最佳检测条件;在0.00305~50μg/mL范围内,剂量效应曲线呈典型的S型半对数曲线;3批E4F4成品分别进行加标回收试验,回收率均在80%~120%之间;对同一批E4F4成品独立测定8次,CV%值为12.81%;3批E4F4成品在3个工作日内进行生物学活性检测,每批分别测定3次,9次试验的CV%为16.73%。[结论]经过细胞接种密度、细胞代次和药物作用时间的优化,建立的U2OS/GLP-1R细胞酶标法专属性强,精密度好,准确性高,可作为E4F4生物学活性的常规检测方法。     

促胰岛素分泌肽融合蛋白对2型糖尿病小鼠模型的降糖研究

目的 研究促胰岛素分泌肽融合蛋白(glucagon-like peptide fusion protein,简称E4F4)皮下给药对2型糖尿病小鼠的降糖作用,评价E4F4的降糖效果,为该蛋白的进一步研究提供依据。方法 选取雄性C57BL/6小鼠,采用高脂饲料联合腹腔注射低剂量链脲佐菌素(streptozotocin, STZ)的方法,构建2型糖尿病小鼠模型,随机分为模型对照组和E4F4高(500μg/kg)、中(250μg/kg)、低剂量(125μg/kg)组。药物干预后,测量小鼠体质量和摄食量的变化,测定随机和空腹血糖。2周给药结束后,进行口服葡萄糖耐量试验,并测定血清胰岛素水平及附睾脂肪含量。结果 E4F4给药2周,各剂量组小鼠随机体质量在3 d时降幅最大,9～10 d开始恢复至基线值水平;高、中、低剂量组小鼠平均每日摄食量分别为4.8、5.2和5.5 g,均低于模型对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05);高、中、低剂量组随机血糖与模型对照组相比平均下降率分别为25.2%、20.3%和16.9%,空腹血糖与模型对照组相比平均下降率分别为44.3%、42.1%和38.7%...     

Two novel antimicrobial peptides from skin secretions of the frog,Rana nigrovittata

Two novel antimicrobial peptides with similarity to brevinin‐2 family are purified and characterized from the skin secretions of the frog, Rana nigrovittata. Their amino acid sequences were determined as GAFGNFLKGVAKKAGLKILSIAQCKLSGTC (brevinin‐2‐RN1) and GAFGNFLKGVAKKAGLKILSIAQCKLFGTC (brevinin‐2‐RN2), respectively, by Edman degradation. Different from brevinin‐2, which is composed of 33 amino acid residues (aa), both brevinin‐2‐RN1 and ‐RN2 contain 30 aa. Five cDNA sequences (Genbank accession numbers, EU136465‐9) encoding precursors of brevinin‐2‐RN1 and ‐RN2 were screened from the skin cDNA library of R. nigrovittata. These precursors are composed of 72 aa including a predicted signal peptide, an acidic spacer peptide, and a mature brevinin‐2‐RN. Both brevinin‐2‐RN1 and ‐RN2 showed strong antimicrobial activities against gram‐positive and gram‐negative bacteria and fungi. The current work identified and characterized two novel antimicrobial peptides with unique primary structure. Copyright © 2010 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

抗菌肽作用机制的研究进展

抗菌肽是一类来源于多种生物、能有效杀灭病原体的小分子多肽,具有活性谱广、作用强且迅速、不易产生耐药等众多优点.作为新一代抗感染候选药物,抗菌肽的作用机制还未完全清楚,但目前有两种观点已得到公认,即胞膜渗透作用破坏胞膜结构完整性和作用于胞内不同靶点干扰细菌生长及代谢平衡.本文主要就抗菌肽理化性质、二级结构、作用机制以及后两者间的关系做一总结,以便更好的理解抗菌肽的构效关系,为合理设计抗菌肽提供理论基础.     

Cytotoxic peptides with insulin‐releasing activities from skin secretions of the Italian stream frog Rana italica (Ranidae)

Peptidomic analysis of norepinephrine‐stimulated skin secretions from Italian stream frog Rana italica led to the purification and characterization of two host‐defense peptides differing by a single amino acid residue belonging to the brevinin‐1 family (brevinin‐1ITa and ‐1ITb), a peptide belonging to the temporin family (temporin‐ITa) and a component identified as prokineticin Bv8. The secretions contained relatively high concentrations of the methionine‐sulphoxide forms of brevinin‐1ITa and ‐1ITb suggesting that these peptides may have a role as antioxidants in the skin of this montane frog. Brevinin‐1ITa (IVPFLLGMVPKLVCLITKKC) displayed potent cytotoxicity against non‐small cell lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells (LC₅₀ = 18 μM), breast adenocarcinoma MDA‐MB‐231 cells (LC₅₀ = 8 μM) and colorectal adenocarcinoma HT‐29 cells (LC₅₀ = 18 μM), but the peptide was also strongly hemolytic against mouse erythrocytes (LC₅₀ = 7 μM). Temporin‐ITa (VFLGAIAQALTSLLGKL.NH₂) was between three and fivefold less potent against these cells. Brevinin‐1ITa inhibited growth of both Gram‐positive Staphylococcus epidermidis and Gram‐negative Escherichia coli as well as a strain of the opportunist yeast pathogen Candida parapsilosis, whereas temporin‐ITa was active only against S. epidermidis and C. parapsilosis. Both peptides stimulated the release of insulin from BRIN‐BD11 clonal β‐cells at concentrations ≥1 nM, but brevinin‐1ITa was cytotoxic to the cells at concentrations ≥3 μM. Copyright © 2017 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

蜜蜂抗菌肽研究及其应用进展

抗菌肽是一类由特定基因编码的小分子多肽,广泛分布于各种生物中,是生物天然免疫的重要效应分子,其对缺乏获得性免疫系统的昆虫尤为重要。蜜蜂是一种对环境极其重要的社会性模式昆虫,又有着极高的经济价值,因此蜜蜂抗菌肽有着较大的研究意义。本文对蜜蜂4种天然免疫抗菌肽(Apidaecin、Abaecin、Hymenoptaecin和Defensin)和蜂产品中的抗菌肽(Jelleines、Melittin和Apamin)研究进展进行了综述,介绍了它们的功能、作用机制及其应用,提出了蜜蜂抗菌肽未来可行的研究方向,旨在推动蜜蜂抗菌肽的研究。     

抗菌肽融合表达研究进展

抗菌肽抗菌谱广、活性稳定,且具有与抗生素不同的抗菌机制,在抑杀病原微生物的同时不易产生耐药性,因而在食品、饲料、医药等领域具有重要的应用价值。基因工程技术是降低抗菌肽生产成本的主要方式,其中融合表达在提高抗菌肽产量方面起到了重要作用。文中综述了抗菌肽融合表达的国内外研究进展,探讨了部分融合标签用于抗菌肽表达的策略,并对今后的发展提出了自己的看法。     

Purification and characterization of antimicrobial and vasorelaxant peptides from skin extracts and skin secretions of the North American pig frog Rana grylio

Eight peptides with differential growth–inhibitory activity against the gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus, the gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli and the yeast, Candida albicans were isolated from an extract of the skin of the North American pig frog Rana grylio. The primary structures of these antimicrobial peptides were different from previously characterized antimicrobial peptides from Ranid frogs but on the basis of sequence similarities, the peptides may be classified as belonged to four previously characterized peptide families: the ranatuerin-1, ranatuerin-2 and ranalexin families, first identified in the North American bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana, and the temporin family first identified in the European common frog Rana temporaria. Peptides belonging to the brevinin-1, brevinin-2, esculentin-1, and esculentin-2 families, previously isolated from the skins of other species of Ranid frogs, were not identified in the extracts. The ranatuerin-1 and ranalexin peptides showed broadest spectrum of antimicrobial activity whereas the temporins were active only against S. aureus. Synthetic replicates of temporin-1Gb (SILPTIVSFLSKFL.NH₂) and temporin-1Gd (FILPLIASFLSKFL.NH₂) produced concentration-dependent relaxation of preconstricted vascular rings from the rat thoracic aorta (EC₅₀=2.4±0.1 μM for temporin-1Gb and 2.3±0.2 μM for temporin-1Gd). The antimicrobial peptides that were isolated in extracts of the skin R. grylio were present in the same molecular forms in electrically-stimulated skin secretions of the animal demonstrating that the peptides are stored in the granular glands of the skin in their fully processed forms.     

Neutralization of bacterial endotoxins by frog antimicrobial peptides

The ability of skin antimicrobial peptides of the southern bell frog, Litoria raniformis, to neutralize in vitro the endotoxin, proinflammatory lipopolysaccharide (LPS) complex, from two different gram‐negative bacterial pathogens, human pathogen Escherichia coli (0111:B4) and frog pathogen Klebsiella pneumoniae, was investigated. The LPS neutralization activity of the natural mixture of skin antimicrobial peptides was measured using chromogenic Limulus amebocyte lysate assays. These skin antimicrobial peptides neutralized the LPSs from both pathogens at physiologically relevant concentrations (IC₅₀ < 100 µg/mL) showing their potential for non‐specific LPS neutralization in vivo in the skin of infected frogs and for development of anti‐endotoxin agents.     

From frog integument to human skin: dermatological perspectives from frog skin biology

For over a century, frogs have been studied across various scientific fields, including physiology, embryology, neuroscience, (neuro)endocrinology, ecology, genetics, behavioural science, evolution, drug development, and conservation biology. In some cases, frog skin has proven very successful as a research model, for example aiding in the study of ion transport through tight epithelia, where it has served as a model for the vertebrate distal renal tubule and mammalian epithelia. However, it has rarely been considered in comparative studies involving human skin. Yet, despite certain notable adaptations that have enabled frogs to survive in both aquatic and terrestrial environments, frog skin has many features in common with human skin. Here we present a comprehensive overview of frog (and toad) skin ontogeny, anatomy, cytology, neuroendocrinology and immunology, with special attention to its unique adaptations as well as to its similarities with the mammalian integument, including human skin. We hope to provide a valuable reference point and a source of inspiration for both amphibian investigators and mammalian researchers studying the structural and functional properties of the largest organ of the vertebrate body.     

New caerin antibacterial peptides from the skin glands of the Australian tree frog Litoria xanthomera

The secretion of the skin glands of the ‘orange-thighed frog’ Litoria xanthomera contains seven peptides. One of these is the known hypotensive peptide caerulein. Two new peptides, caerin 1.6 [GLFSVLGAVAKHVLPHVVPVIAEKL(NH₂)], and caerin 1.7 [GLFKVLGSVAKHLLPHVAPVIAEKL(NH₂)] show antibacterial properties. Two other peptides lack the first two amino acid residues of caerins 1.6 and 1.7 and show no antibacterial activity. The identification of the peptides in Litoria xanthomera confirms that this species is related to Litoria caerula, Litoria gilleni and Litoria splendida but not as closely as those three species are related to each other. © 1997 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Purification and characterization of antimicrobial and vasorelaxant peptides from skin extracts and skin secretions of the North American pig frog Rana grylio

Eight peptides with differential growth–inhibitory activity against the gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus, the gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli and the yeast, Candida albicans were isolated from an extract of the skin of the North American pig frog Rana grylio. The primary structures of these antimicrobial peptides were different from previously characterized antimicrobial peptides from Ranid frogs but on the basis of sequence similarities, the peptides may be classified as belonged to four previously characterized peptide families: the ranatuerin-1, ranatuerin-2 and ranalexin families, first identified in the North American bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana, and the temporin family first identified in the European common frog Rana temporaria. Peptides belonging to the brevinin-1, brevinin-2, esculentin-1, and esculentin-2 families, previously isolated from the skins of other species of Ranid frogs, were not identified in the extracts. The ranatuerin-1 and ranalexin peptides showed broadest spectrum of antimicrobial activity whereas the temporins were active only against S. aureus. Synthetic replicates of temporin-1Gb (SILPTIVSFLSKFL.NH₂) and temporin-1Gd (FILPLIASFLSKFL.NH₂) produced concentration-dependent relaxation of preconstricted vascular rings from the rat thoracic aorta (EC₅₀=2.4±0.1 μM for temporin-1Gb and 2.3±0.2 μM for temporin-1Gd). The antimicrobial peptides that were isolated in extracts of the skin R. grylio were present in the same molecular forms in electrically-stimulated skin secretions of the animal demonstrating that the peptides are stored in the granular glands of the skin in their fully processed forms.