广谱流感疫苗的研究进展

流行性感冒(简称流感)的频频暴发严重危害人类健康和公共卫生,已引起全球范围内的高度关注。预防流感最有效和经济的措施是接种疫苗,但流感病毒的持续变异可逃逸人群已有的免疫应答,目前使用的季节性流感疫苗仅对亚型内抗原匹配较好的毒株产生免疫保护作用,难以有效应对因抗原漂移或抗原转换而产生的无法预料的流感大流行。因此,研发对流感病毒不同亚型均具有交叉免疫保护作用的广谱流感疫苗具有重要意义。近年来,流感病毒广谱中和抗体的发现、对流感病毒抗原保守区域及细胞免疫机制的深入研究、疫苗免疫策略的优化等都为广谱流感疫苗的研发提供了新思路。本文简述了近几年基于血凝素、基质蛋白、核蛋白等多种流感靶抗原的广谱流感疫苗的研究进展。     

基于血凝素(HA)的新型流感疫苗研究进展

新型广谱流感疫苗是预防和控制不断变异的流感病毒的重要手段。血凝素(HA)是流感病毒表面的糖蛋白,具有免疫原性,但其变异性强,是A型流感病毒发生抗原变异的主要原因。近年来研究发现,HA存在保守的恒定区,可诱导机体产生流感病毒特异性广谱中和抗体,拮抗多种流感病毒的感染。因此,如何采取不同策略和方法,研发基于HA的新型疫苗成为流感防治研究的重点。就基于HA的新型流感疫苗研究进展作一综述。     

抗人类免疫缺陷病毒1型广谱中和抗体的研究进展

现行抗反转录病毒治疗药物的联合应用可有效抑制艾滋病进程并显著延长患者寿命,但由于人类免疫缺陷病毒1型(human immunodeficiency virus type 1,HIV-1)潜伏库的存在,艾滋病迄今尚无法治愈。近年发现抗HIV广谱中和抗体能有效降低患者体内病毒载量并延缓疾病进程,为研发艾滋病疫苗和治愈策略带来了曙光,尤其是序贯免疫策略的使用极大推进了广谱中和抗体的开发和应用进程。2018年,美国食品药品管理局(Food and Drug Administration,FDA)批准了第1个临床应用的广谱中性单克隆和抗体,无疑为抗HIV单克隆抗体药物的研发注入了一支强心剂。本文围绕近年来抗HIV广谱中和抗体的研究进展进行综述,探讨未来广谱中和抗体研发面临的挑战。     

HIV-1感染长期不进展者的B细胞谱系研究进展

高效抗反转录病毒治疗(highly active anti-retroviral therapy, HAART)在人类免疫缺陷病毒1型(human immunodeficiency virus type 1, HIV-1)感染方面取得了显著成效,但仍无法治愈艾滋病。研发出能够诱导中和多种HIV-1毒株能力的广谱中和抗体HIV-1疫苗,已成为防治HIV-1感染的重要目标。HIV-1感染长期不进展者是广谱中和抗体的主要提供者,阐明长期不进展者的B细胞谱系特征,将为广谱中和抗体成熟的相关研究奠定重要基础,为HIV-1疫苗研发提供新思路。现就HIV-1感染长期不进展者的B细胞谱系研究进展作一概述。     

临床试验中的流感通用疫苗研发进展

人类与流感病毒的斗争史已经过去一百多年,在人群抗体选择的压力下,流感病毒不断发生突变、重组等方式的进化和流行,在流感病毒的危险因素下,人类的预防医学、病原生物学和疫苗学也取得了巨大进步。对流感通用疫苗的研发成为流感疫苗研发的下一个征程,同时需要全球范围内的广泛协作和科技发展。为此本文综述了近期流感通用疫苗的研究进展,并对已经进入临床试验阶段的通用疫苗进行了分析,为流感疫苗研究提供参考。     

甲型流感病毒M2e通用疫苗的研究进展

流感严重地影响人们的身体健康和工作生活,给社会带来巨大经济损失。疫苗接种是预防流感的有效措施之一,市场上的流感疫苗包括流感灭活疫苗、减毒活疫苗和亚单位疫苗等。这些流感疫苗只能预防相同亚型流感病毒的感染,无法预防不同亚型流感病毒引起的季节性流感和流感大流行,因此迫切需要研发广谱的能预防不同亚型的甲型流感病毒感染的通用疫苗。在此简要介绍甲型流感病毒M2e通用疫苗的研究进展。     

美研究发现抗多种流感病毒人单克隆抗体

美国研究人员2009年2月22日发表报告说,他们发现了能中和多种流感病毒毒株的人单克隆抗体。这些抗体由单个B淋巴细胞分泌合成,可中和的流感病毒包括H5N1型高致病性禽流感病毒和季节性流感病毒,将来在此研究基础上有望开发出高效流感疫苗。研究人员介绍说,组成流感病毒的血凝素蛋白共有16种亚     

利用马赛克策略设计靶向神经氨酸酶抗原的广谱流感疫苗

季节性流感病毒仍对全球公共卫生安全构成巨大威胁,对老人、儿童以及免疫功能低下人群的危害尤其严重。疫苗接种是目前应对季节性流感疫情重要手段,然而由于抗原转换和抗原漂移,常出现疫苗株与实际病毒流行株的不匹配现象,因此迫切需要开发一种安全高效的广谱流感疫苗来对抗季节性流感病毒和潜在的流感大流行。抗原设计是研发新型疫苗的关键前提,我们利用马赛克（mosaic）遗传算法设计研发了一种具有广谱抗原表位覆盖率的靶向流感病毒神经氨酸酶（Neuraminidase,NA）的新型抗原（Mosaic-NA）。该抗原在最大程度上涵盖了所有已报道甲型流感病毒的NA1蛋白与NA2蛋白序列中的细胞毒性T淋巴细胞（Cytotoxic T lymphocyte,CTL）抗原表位,并保留了天然蛋白空间构象。因此,这种新型抗原预期可有效诱导出靶向保守表位的CTL反应和抗体反应,从而为研发通用流感疫苗提供新思路和理论基础。     

利用马赛克策略设计靶向神经氨酸酶抗原的广谱流感疫苗

季节性流感病毒仍对全球公共卫生安全构成巨大威胁，对老人、儿童以及免疫功能低下人群的危害尤其严重。疫苗接种是目前应对季节性流感疫情重要手段，然而由于抗原转换和抗原漂移，常出现疫苗株与实际病毒流行株的不匹配现象，因此迫切需要开发一种安全高效的广谱流感疫苗来对抗季节性流感病毒和潜在的流感大流行。抗原设计是研发新型疫苗的关键前提，我们利用马赛克（mosaic）遗传算法设计研发了一种具有广谱抗原表位覆盖率的靶向流感病毒神经氨酸酶（Neuraminidase,NA）的新型抗原（Mosaic-NA）。该抗原在最大程度上涵盖了所有已报道甲型流感病毒的NA1蛋白与NA2蛋白序列中的细胞毒性T淋巴细胞（Cytotoxic T lymphocyte,CTL）抗原表位，并保留了天然蛋白空间构象。因此，这种新型抗原预期可有效诱导出靶向保守表位的CTL反应和抗体反应，从而为研发通用流感疫苗提供新思路和理论基础。     

新型冠状病毒及泛β冠状病毒广谱中和单抗的研究进展

新型冠状病毒的全球大流行,给人类的生命健康和社会秩序带来了巨大的危害。疫苗、小分子药物及各类抗体药物的研发在遏制新型冠状病毒感染传播、降低重症率和死亡风险上发挥了积极的作用。然而,由于新冠病毒庞大的感染基数及自身易突变的特征,当前已经演化出多种能逃逸疫苗及中和抗体的变异株,显著削弱了抗体的保护效果。研发新型冠状病毒广谱甚至泛β冠状病毒广谱的中和抗体对于未来新冠变异株及其他高致病性β冠状病毒的防治具有重要意义。本文从新型冠状病毒中和抗体的筛选制备策略、作用机制、中和效果及广谱性等方面进行了系统综述,并对当前面临的挑战和未来的发展方向进行了讨论和展望,以期为后续相关研究提供参考。     

The challenges of eliciting neutralizing antibodies to HIV-1 and to influenza virus

The ability to elicit broadly neutralizing antibody responses against HIV-1 is a crucial goal for a prophylactic HIV-1 vaccine. Here, we discuss the difficulties of achieving broad HIV-1 neutralization in the context of both the effective annual human influenza virus vaccine and the need to develop a pandemic influenza vaccine. Immunogen-design strategies are underway to target functionally conserved regions of the HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins, and similar strategies might be applicable to pandemic influenza virus vaccine development. Efforts to develop broadly neutralizing vaccines against either HIV-1 or influenza virus might establish a paradigm for future vaccines against highly variable pathogens.     

Induction of unnatural immunity: prospects for a broadly protective universal influenza vaccine

The immune system normally responds to influenza virus by making neutralizing antibodies to regions of the viral spike, the hemagglutinin, that vary year to year. This natural response protects against circulating subtypes but necessitates production of new vaccines annually. Newer vaccine approaches have succeeded in eliciting broadly neutralizing antibodies to highly conserved yet vulnerable regions of the hemagglutinin and suggest potential pathways for the development of universal influenza vaccines.     

Baculovirus Displaying Hemagglutinin Elicits Broad Cross-Protection against Influenza in Mice

The widespread influenza virus infection further emphasizes the need for novel vaccine strategies that effectively reduce the impact of epidemic as well as pandemic influenza. Conventional influenza vaccines generally induce virus neutralizing antibody responses which are specific for a few antigenically related strains within the same subtype. However, antibodies directed against the conserved stalk domain of HA could neutralize multiple subtypes of influenza virus and thus provide broad-spectrum protection. In this study, we designed and constructed a recombinant baculovirus-based vaccine, rBac-HA virus, that expresses full-length HA of pandemic H1N1 influenza virus (A/California/04/09) on the viral envelope. We demonstrated that repeated intranasal immunizations with rBac-HA virus induced HA stalk-specific antibody responses and protective immunity against homologous as well as heterosubtypic virus challenge. The adoptive transfer experiment shows that the cross-protection is conferred by the immune sera which contain HA stalk-specific antibodies. These results warrant further development of rBac-HA virus as a broad-protective vaccine against influenza. The vaccine induced protection against infection with the same subtype as well as different subtype, promising a potential universal vaccine for broad protection against different subtypes to control influenza outbreaks including pandemic.     

Universal influenza B vaccine based on the maturational cleavage site of the hemagglutinin precursor

Conventional influenza vaccines can prevent infection, but their efficacy depends on the degree of antigenic "match" between the strains used for vaccine preparation and those circulating in the population. A universal influenza vaccine based on invariant regions of the virus, able to provide broadly cross-reactive protection, without requiring continuous manufacturing update, would solve a major medical need. Since the temporal and geographical dominance of the influenza virus type and/or subtype (A/H3, A/H1, or B) cannot yet be predicted, a universal vaccine, like the vaccines currently in use, should include both type A and type B influenza virus components. However, while encouraging preclinical data are available for influenza A virus, no candidate universal vaccine is available for influenza B virus. We show here that a peptide conjugate vaccine, based on the highly conserved maturational cleavage site of the HA(0) precursor of the influenza B virus hemagglutinin, can elicit a protective immune response against lethal challenge with viruses belonging to either one of the representative, non-antigenically cross-reactive influenza B virus lineages. We demonstrate that protection by the HA(0) vaccine is mediated by antibodies, probably through effector mechanisms, and that a major part of the protective response targets the most conserved region of HA(0), the P1 residue of the scissile bond and the fusion peptide domain. In addition, we present preliminary evidence that the approach can be extended to influenza A virus, although the equivalent HA(0) conjugate is not as efficacious as for influenza B virus.     

Chimeric Hemagglutinin Influenza Virus Vaccine Constructs Elicit Broadly Protective Stalk-Specific Antibodies

Current influenza virus vaccine strategies stimulate immune responses toward the globular head domain of the hemagglutinin protein in order to inhibit key steps of the virus life cycle. Because this domain is highly variable across strains, new vaccine formulations are required in most years. Here we demonstrate a novel vaccine strategy that generates immunity to the highly conserved stalk domain by using chimeric hemagglutinin constructs that express unique head and stalk combinations. By repeatedly immunizing mice with constructs that expressed the same stalk but an irrelevant head, we specifically stimulated a stalk-directed response that provided broad-based heterologous and heterosubtypic immunity in mice. Notably, our vaccination scheme provides a universal vaccine approach that protects against challenge with an H5 subtype virus. Furthermore, through in vivo studies using passively transferred antibodies or depletion of CD8⁺ T cells, we demonstrated the critical role that humoral mechanisms of immunity play in the protection observed. The present data suggest that a vaccine strategy based on the stalk domain of the hemagglutinin protein could be used in humans to broadly protect against a variety of influenza virus subtypes.     

Conserved synthetic peptides from the hemagglutinin of influenza viruses induce broad humoral and T-cell responses in a pig model

Outbreaks involving either H5N1 or H1N1 influenza viruses (IV) have recently become an increasing threat to cause potential pandemics. Pigs have an important role in this aspect. As reflected in the 2009 human H1N1 pandemia, they may act as a vehicle for mixing and generating new assortments of viruses potentially pathogenic to animals and humans. Lack of universal vaccines against the highly variable influenza virus forces scientists to continuously design vaccines à la carte, which is an expensive and risky practice overall when dealing with virulent strains. Therefore, we focused our efforts on developing a broadly protective influenza vaccine based on the Informational Spectrum Method (ISM). This theoretical prediction allows the selection of highly conserved peptide sequences from within the hemagglutinin subunit 1 protein (HA1) from either H5 or H1 viruses which are located in the flanking region of the HA binding site and with the potential to elicit broader immune responses than conventional vaccines. Confirming the theoretical predictions, immunization of conventional farm pigs with the synthetic peptides induced humoral responses in every single pig. The fact that the induced antibodies were able to recognize in vitro heterologous influenza viruses such as the pandemic H1N1 virus (pH1N1), two swine influenza field isolates (SwH1N1 and SwH3N2) and a H5N1 highly pathogenic avian virus, confirm the broad recognition of the antibodies induced. Unexpectedly, all pigs also showed T-cell responses that not only recognized the specific peptides, but also the pH1N1 virus. Finally, a partial effect on the kinetics of virus clearance was observed after the intranasal infection with the pH1N1 virus, setting forth the groundwork for the design of peptide-based vaccines against influenza viruses. Further insights into the understanding of the mechanisms involved in the protection afforded will be necessary to optimize future vaccine formulations.     

Mechanisms of Hemagglutinin Targeted Influenza Virus Neutralization

Human monoclonal antibodies have been identified which neutralize broad spectra of influenza A or B viruses. Here, we dissect the mechanisms by which such antibodies interfere with infectivity. We distinguish four mechanisms that link the conserved hemagglutinin (HA) epitopes of broadly neutralizing antibodies to critical processes in the viral life cycle. HA-stem binding antibodies can act intracellularly by blocking fusion between the viral and endosomal membranes and extracellularly by preventing the proteolytic activation of HA. HA-head binding antibodies prevent viral attachment and release. These insights into newly identified ways by which the human immune system can interfere with influenza virus infection may aid the development of novel universal vaccines and antivirals.     

人乳头瘤病毒中和表位及抗体中和作用机制的研究进展

人乳头瘤病毒(Human papillomavirus,HPV)是一类无包膜的小DNA病毒,其衣壳蛋白由主要衣壳蛋白L1和次要衣壳蛋白L2组成,持续感染HPV将引起宫颈癌和尖锐湿疣等多种疾病。HPV衣壳蛋白L1和L2中分布着大量中和表位,并具有较强的免疫原性,HPV疫苗可诱导机体产生高滴度的中和抗体并阻碍病毒感染,进而预防宫颈癌等疾病的发生。分析阐述HPV衣壳蛋白中和表位及抗体的中和作用机理,有助于阐明HPV疫苗预防病毒感染的作用机制,为今后设计新一代保护范围更广的HPV疫苗奠定良好的基础。本文就HPV衣壳蛋白中和表位及抗体的中和作用机制进行综述。