天然免疫系统新成员Akirin的研究进展

天然免疫系统是多细胞动物抵御细菌感染的第一道防线。Akirin是新近发现于果蝇中的天然免疫系统新成员,它在果蝇免疫缺陷(Imd)通路中发挥重要作用。Akirin同源基因广泛存在于从低等多细胞生物到高等脊椎动物中,进化上高度保守。已有的研究表明:Akirin在果蝇Imd通路和脊椎动物TLR通路下游,与NF-κB家族转录因子形成复合物,参与调控免疫相关靶基因的转录,是天然免疫调控机制中不可或缺的转录因子,其过表达或缺失直接影响动物对细菌的防御能力。近年来,Akirin在相关信号通路中的功能研究取得重大进展。该文对Akirin的结构、参与天然免疫的分子调控机制以及基因进化等方面进行综述。     

ERα的辅调节因子与乳腺癌关系的研究进展

雌激素受体α（estrogen receptorα,ERα）是配体依赖的转录因子,属于核受体超家族成员。ERα介导转录的经典途径是与雌激素结合后作用于靶基因启动子区的雌激素反应元件（estrogen response element,ERE）,进而诱导靶基因转录。ERα招募辅调节因子（共激活子和共抑制子）参与ERα介导的基因转录调控。辅调节因子主要通过乙酰化、磷酸化、甲基化等表观遗传机制参与转录调控,影响靶蛋白表达水平。ΕRα介导的基因转录调控在乳腺癌的增殖、分化、侵袭转移等过程中发挥重要作用。综述在ERα介导的基因转录调控中几类辅调节因子对乳腺癌发生发展的影响。     

鼠疫耶尔森氏菌基因转录调控的研究进展

细菌基因转录调控是多种调控机制中研究最为广泛的一种模式。复杂而精细的基因转录调控网络有助于细菌应答外界环境压力,在病原菌致病与传播中均发挥着关键作用。本文以鼠疫耶尔森氏菌基因转录调控的相关研究进展为基础展开论述,重点阐述细菌的转录调控机制、转录调控的研究策略及鼠疫菌致病与传播中转录调控的作用,以期为深入研究鼠疫菌致病与传播中的基因转录调控分子机制提供新思路。     

细菌转录起始调控机制*

原核生物同一种群的每个细胞都是和外界环境直接接触的,它们主要通过开启或关闭某些基因的表达来适应环境条件。所以,环境因子往往是调控的效应因子,必须严格调控转录来确保细胞对环境改变做出有效且充分的反应。原核生物基因的表达受多种因素的调控,而对于大多数细菌来说,调控基因表达的关键步骤是启动子识别和RNA聚合酶启动转录。在细菌的细胞中,可以通过调节RNA聚合酶的活性以及改变RNA聚合酶对启动子的结合来优化基因的转录过程以适应不同环境变化。总结了目前已发现的参与细菌细胞转录调节的各类因子,从这些因子对启动子的作用、RNA聚合酶的作用以及两者的相互作用等方面阐述它们调控基因表达的分子机制。总结多种基因调控的作用,加深对转录起始过程的认识,希望能对未来调控转录起始过程来实现目标基因的高效表达和不利基因的抑制表达提供思路,为以后的工业菌株改造提供依据。     

转录因子Oct-4调控下游靶基因及其与胚胎发育全能/多能性的关系

作为一个和胚胎发育全能／多能性相关的转录因子,Oct-4通过多种多样的调控机制激活或抑制不同靶基因的转录,从而在细胞的全能／多能性及未分化状态的调控维持中发挥重要的作用。已知受Oct-4调控的靶基因中,不仅有一些重要的转录因子如Rex-I,而且有一些参与重要细胞活动的基因如Fgf-4,因此对Oct-4调控下游靶基因的研究将有助于对其在分化发育中所起作用的进一步了解,同时对全能／多能性这一发育学基本问题及其调控网络有一个新的认识。     

Wnt/β-catenin信号通路对靶基因转录的调控

Wnt/β-catenin信号通路又被称为经典Wnt信号通路,在早期胚胎发育、成体组织稳态维持、干细胞干性调控和肿瘤发生等过程中均发挥重要作用.经典Wnt信号通路的核心信号转导因子β-catenin与核内转录因子TCF/LEF家族成员结合后,通过募集或替换一系列协同作用因子,诱导染色质结构变化,调控Wnt信号靶基因的转录.本文将从Wnt信号靶基因转录调控的基本模式、分子机制、表观遗传学调控和意义等方面,总结近年来有关Wnt信号靶基因转录调控的研究成果,方便读者更好地理解Wnt信号通路靶基因的转录调控.     

人类miRNA上游转录因子及下游靶基因的基因本体分析

目的研究人类miRNA转录因子及靶基因之间的相关关系。方法利用生物信息学方法预测miR-NA的上游转录因子和下游靶基因,并对预测结果做基因本体分析,得到参与各生物学过程及分子功能的比例,用统计学软件PASW做相关性分析。结果人类382个miRNA参与应激、代谢、发育等10个生物学过程和行使转录调控、翻译调控、催化活性等12个分子功能,miRNA上游转录因子之间、下游靶基因之间以及上下游之间存在着广泛的正负相关关系。结论基因在参与生物学过程及行使分子功能的过程中,通过miRNA实现协同作用或隔离效应。     

长链非编码RNA顺式调节作用机制的研究进展

长链非编码RNA (long non-coding RNA, lncRNA)种类众多,生物学功能复杂,与不同的分子相互作用,实现其特有的基因调控功能。可参与细胞核染色质结构的调控、m RNA的转录及转录后的加工运输、蛋白质的翻译等过程。此外,lncRNAs在邻近基因或靶基因的顺式调节机制中也发挥了重要作用,本综述主要对近年来lncRNAs通过顺式调节作用影响基因表达的机制进行综述。     

转录因子FboR调控耻垢分枝杆菌抗氧化生长的机制研究

结核病的致病菌结核分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium tuberculosis)在宿主内面临着多种氧化胁迫环境因子的压力,因而进化形成了一系列自己的抗氧化生长机制。转录因子作为细菌快速响应外界环境的重要因子,通过调控其靶基因的表达来帮助细菌适应环境胁迫如抗氧化等。然而,目前分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium)中有关转录因子调控细菌抗氧化生长的分子机制还不是十分清楚。本研究以耻垢分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium smegmatis)作为模式菌株,发现了转录因子FboR调控分枝杆菌的抗氧化能力并检测了相关重组菌株的抗氧化生长情况,证实了FboR负调控细菌的抗氧化能力。随后通过转录组测序分析、凝胶阻滞实验(electrophoretic mobility shift assay, EMSA)、实时定量PCR(real-time quantitative PCR, RT-qPCR)和β-半乳糖苷酶活性检测鉴定了影响细菌抗氧化生长的相关靶基因,成功解析了具体的调控通路与分子机制。     

Roles of metal ions and hydrogen peroxide in modulating the interaction of the Bacillus subtilis PerR peroxide regulon repressor with operator DNA

The inducible response to H(2)O(2) stress in Bacillus subtilis is under the control of PerR, one of three Fur homologues in this organism. PerR was purified in both an inactive, metal-dependent form and an active, metal-containing form as determined using DNA-binding assays. Active PerR contains both zinc and iron and is designated PerR:Zn,Fe. Added manganous ion competes for binding to the iron site and can restore DNA-binding activity to the metal-dependent form of PerR, presumably generating PerR:Zn,Mn. The DNA-binding activity of PerR:Zn,Fe is eliminated by exposure to H(2)O(2) whereas PerR:Zn,Mn is comparatively resistant. DNA-binding activity can be restored by a thiol-reducing agent, suggesting that redox-active cysteines are involved in peroxide sensing. Experiments using reporter fusions demonstrate that elevated levels of manganese repress PerR regulon genes and prevent their full induction by H(2)O(2). In contrast, in cells grown with iron supplementation, a PerR-repressed gene is completely derepressed by H(2)O(2). These results are consistent with the idea that the intracellular form of the PerR metalloprotein, and therefore its hydrogen peroxide sensitivity, can be altered by growth conditions.     

Derepression of the Bacillus subtilis PerR peroxide stress response leads to iron deficiency

The Bacillus subtilis PerR repressor regulates the adaptive response to peroxide stress. The PerR regulon includes the major vegetative catalase (katA), an iron storage protein (mrgA), an alkylhydroperoxide reductase (ahpCF), a zinc uptake system (zosA), heme biosynthesis enzymes (hemAXCDBL), the iron uptake repressor (fur), and perR itself. A perR null strain is resistant to hydrogen peroxide, accumulates a porphyrin-like compound, and grows very slowly. The poor growth of the perR mutant can be largely accounted for by the elevated expression of two proteins: the KatA catalase and Fur. Genetic studies support a model in which poor growth of the perR null mutant is due to elevated repression of iron uptake by Fur, exacerbated by heme sequestration by the abundant catalase protein. Analysis of the altered-function allele perR991 further supports a link between PerR and iron homeostasis. Strains containing perR991 are peroxide resistant but grow nearly as well as the wild type. Unlike a perR null allele, the perR991 allele (F51S) derepresses KatA, but not Fur, which likely accounts for its comparatively rapid growth.     

PerR acts as a switch for oxygen tolerance in the strict anaerobe Clostridium acetobutylicum

Clostridia belong to those bacteria which are considered as obligate anaerobe, e.g. oxygen is harmful or lethal to these bacteria. Nevertheless, it is known that they can survive limited exposure to air, and often eliminate oxygen or reactive derivatives via NAD(P)H-dependent reduction. This system does apparently contribute to survival after oxidative stress, but is insufficient to establish long-term tolerance of aerobic conditions. Here we show that manipulation of the regulatory mechanism of this defence mechanism can trigger aerotolerance in the obligate anaerobe Clostridium acetobutylicum. Deletion of a peroxide repressor (PerR)-homologous protein resulted in prolonged aerotolerance, limited growth under aerobic conditions and rapid consumption of oxygen from an aerobic environment. The mutant strain also revealed higher resistance to H2O2 and activities of NADH-dependent scavenging of H2O2 and organic peroxides in cell-free extracts increased by at least one order of magnitude. Several genes encoding the putative enzymes were upregulated and identified as members of the clostridial PerR regulon, including the heat shock protein Hsp21, a reverse rubrerythrin which was massively produced and became the most abundant protein in the absence of PerR. This multifunctional protein is proposed to play the crucial role in the oxidative stress defence.     

Peroxide Responsive Regulator PerR of group A Streptococcus Is Required for the Expression of Phage-Associated DNase Sda1 under Oxidative Stress

The peroxide regulator (PerR) is a ferric uptake repressor-like protein, which is involved in adaptation to oxidative stress and iron homeostasis in group A streptococcus. A perR mutant is attenuated in surviving in human blood, colonization of the pharynx, and resistance to phagocytic clearance, indicating that the PerR regulon affects both host environment adaptation and immune escape. Sda1 is a phage-associated DNase which promotes M1T1 group A streptococcus escaping from phagocytic cells by degrading DNA-based neutrophil extracellular traps. In the present study, we found that the expression of sda1 is up-regulated under oxidative conditions in the wild-type strain but not in the perR mutant. A gel mobility shift assay showed that the recombinant PerR protein binds the sda1 promoter. In addition, mutation of the conserved histidine residue in the metal binding site of PerR abolished sda1 expression under hydrogen peroxide treatment conditions, suggesting that PerR is directly responsible for the sda1 expression under oxidative stress. Our results reveal PerR-dependent sda1 expression under oxidative stress, which may aid innate immune escape of group A streptococcus.