肿瘤疫苗研发进展

通过检索 Thomson Reuters Pharma 数据库、Integrity 数据库和 Derwent Innovation Index 数据库,对肿瘤疫苗的研发技术靶点、研发状态、有关专利进行分析,把握国际肿瘤疫苗的技术研发重点领,为我国肿瘤疫苗研发发展提供信息据.     

外膜囊泡在肿瘤疫苗中的应用研究进展

肿瘤发病率逐年上升,对人类健康产生了极大的威胁。传统的肿瘤治疗方法包括手术、放射治疗、化学疗法及靶向治疗等,但这些方法都有各自的局限性,肿瘤的转移、复发及耐药性仍然是迫切需要解决的问题。肿瘤疫苗是肿瘤主动免疫治疗的主要方法,其可分为预防性肿瘤疫苗和治疗性肿瘤疫苗。细菌外膜囊泡(outer membrane vesicles, OMVs)是一种由革兰氏阴性菌外膜产生的球状结构,在促进细菌生长、感染宿主细胞中十分重要。OMVs组成成分复杂,有很强的免疫原性与不可复制性,通过基因修饰还可将外源抗原呈递于囊泡膜表面,因此OMVs具有作为疫苗、疫苗佐剂以及优良的外源抗原载体的潜力。在肿瘤免疫治疗中,以OMVs为载体将肿瘤抗原、抗癌药物或其他免疫相关因子运送到患者体内,从而在患者体内建立抗肿瘤环境、杀死肿瘤细胞,有着特异性强、不良反应少等优势。目前,不少OMVs疫苗产品已经上市,也有少数OMVs疫苗成功应用到肿瘤治疗的临床试验。本文就肿瘤疫苗、OMVs、OMVs在疫苗和肿瘤疫苗方面的应用做一概述,并对目前OMVs肿瘤疫苗的优势以及研发仍然需要克服的众多挑战进行总结,为进一步开展OMVs在肿瘤疫苗中...     

肿瘤基因疫苗的研究进展

最近,美国FDA批准上市了第一个肿瘤治疗性疫苗,成为肿瘤治疗史上的一个里程碑事件。肿瘤免疫治疗领域目前正朝着发展新型疫苗技术方向前进,理想的肿瘤疫苗应该可以产生强大、持久和有效的免疫反应,同时疫苗的制造成本低廉,可以形成标准化生产工艺。本文中所提及的基因疫苗是在肿瘤多种免疫治疗方式中新出现的一种治疗方法。多项研究已经证明,肿瘤免疫基因治疗方式可以产生有效的免疫反应,获得很好的临床效果。在本综述中,我们简要概述当前肿瘤基因疫苗的发展现状及最新研究进展,探讨肿瘤基因疫苗的未来发展趋势。     

治疗性疫苗研究进展

治疗性疫苗通过打破机体的免疫耐受,提高机体的特异性免疫反应,对一些目前尚无有效治疗药物的传染性疾病、肿瘤等起到治疗作用。介绍了治疗性疫苗的概况、机理和临床最新进展。     

肿瘤预防性疫苗的研究进展

肿瘤疫苗包括肿瘤治疗性疫苗和肿瘤预防性疫苗。流行病学调查显示,人群罹患传染病或接种疫苗可降低发生肿瘤的风险,为肿瘤的预防和控制提出了新思路。近年来,肿瘤预防性疫苗尤其是抗致癌病原体预防性疫苗的研究已取得突破性进展,如乙型肝炎疫苗已证实对原发性肝癌具有预防作用,预防宫颈癌的人乳头瘤病毒疫苗已上市并广泛应用,预防胃癌的幽门螺杆菌疫苗研究也已进入临床研究。其次,以肿瘤抗原作为有效成分也是制备肿瘤预防性疫苗的一种新思路。简述了病原体感染及疫苗接种对发生肿瘤危险性的影响,并对肿瘤预防性疫苗的研究进展进行了总结和概述。     

治疗性疫苗的研究进展

治疗性疫苗可克服机体的免疫耐受 ,提高机体的特异性免疫反应 ,对一些目前尚无有效治疗药物的传染性疾病及肿瘤等起到治疗作用。介绍了治疗性疫苗的概况、机理和临床研究的最新进展。     

超抗原SEA的GPI锚定修饰和在CHO-dhfr~-细胞膜上的表达

将GPI锚定修饰的免疫分子直接转移到肿瘤细胞膜上,是研究治疗性肿瘤疫苗的一种有潜力的新策略。通过将从衰变加速因子(DAF)来源的GPI修饰性信号序列与SEA嵌合,获得了GPI修饰的SEA分子,构建的真核表达载体pCIGPI-SEA,用脂质体方法转染到CHOdhfr-细胞中,并用氨甲喋呤(MTX)进行筛选,细胞免疫荧光分析证实,SEA能够在细胞膜上表达。上述GPI锚定修饰的SEA,可用于进一步研究治疗性肿瘤疫苗。     

mRNA技术应对病毒传染病的研究进展

信使核糖核酸(messenger RNA,mRNA)疫苗和抗体是近年来兴起的一种新型疫苗和抗体技术。与传统疫苗相比,mRNA疫苗具有安全性高、均衡免疫性好、研发周期短、生产成本低等优势,mRNA抗体比其他形式递送的抗体在体内发挥生物学效应的时间更早也更持久。随着mRNA修饰与递送技术的快速发展,mRNA技术迅速走向成熟,在肿瘤治疗、病毒传染疾病的预防和治疗等方面展现出广阔的应用前景,特别是新型冠状病毒mRNA疫苗以创纪录的速度完成研发并成功应用,为未来mRNA技术的推广铺平了道路。本文综述了mRNA技术领域的重要突破,重点关注mRNA疫苗和抗体在应对病毒传染病中的重大进展,并展望了未来该技术在抗病毒感染领域的研究趋势。     

mRNA疫苗非病毒载体递送系统研究进展*

新型冠状病毒肺炎(Corona Virus Disease 2019,COVID-19)疫情的暴发导致全球迫切需要大量有效的疫苗来应对。mRNA疫苗具有良好的安全性,且研发周期短,成为目前最有潜力的疫苗之一,在传染病和肿瘤研究领域也引发了更多关注。随着技术创新,mRNA不稳定性、翻译效率低等缺点得到较大改善。如何安全高效地将mRNA递送至靶细胞仍是阻碍mRNA研究的一大挑战。综述目前应用于mRNA疫苗体内递送的非病毒载体递送系统,以及mRNA在传染病疫苗和肿瘤疫苗中的应用现状,旨在为mRNA疫苗研发提供参考。     

Antitumor therapeutic effects of e7 subunit and DNA vaccines in an animal cervical cancer model: antitumor efficacy of e7 therapeutic vaccines is dependent on tumor sizes, vaccine doses, and vaccine delivery routes

We previously reported that E7 subunit and DNA vaccines are both capable of inducing antitumor protection through induction of antigen-specific CTL. In this study, we investigated their ability to control established tumors according to tumor size, vaccine doses, and vaccine delivery routes. Antitumor therapeutic efficacy of both vaccine types was dependent on tumor burden. However, E7 subunit vaccines induced a higher level of antitumor therapeutic activities at the tested dose compared to DNA vaccines. This was concomitant with induction of antibody, CTL, and IFN-gamma responses, as well as histologic changes (heavy infiltration of lymphocytes and presence of apoptotic bodies). In vaccine dose titration assays, 50 and 100 microg of DNA vaccines exhibited an equivalent antitumor efficacy to 0.5 and 1 microg of E7 subunit vaccines, respectively, i.e., a 100-fold difference in E7 dosage, suggesting the importance of vaccine doses for achieving antitumor immunity. Furthermore, tumors of a larger size were controlled by intratumoral injection with E7 subunit vaccines, underscoring the importance of vaccine delivery routes for antitumor therapeutic efficacy. Thus, these data suggest that antitumor therapeutic efficacy of E7 therapeutic vaccines is determined by vaccine doses, vaccine delivery routes, and tumor sizes, and that these vaccines could be another addition to conventional therapy modalities against cervical cancer.     

全球结核病疫苗研究进展

本文旨在对全球结核病疫苗研究进展进行系统综述,描述国际上目前进入临床试验不同阶段的新型疫苗,包括重组卡介苗、亚单位疫苗、治疗性疫苗等,分析我国结核病疫苗研究现状,介绍国际研究发展趋势,如人类疫苗计划、全细胞疫苗、多阶段疫苗等,并对存在的问题和挑战进行讨论,展望未来发展趋势。     

Development of effective therapeutics for polysubstance use disorders

Traditional pharmacotherapies for substance use disorders have focused on mono-substance abuse. However, recent epidemiological studies have found polysubstance use disorders (PUD) are becoming more prevalent and the abuse of adulterated drugs has led to increasing unintentional overdose deaths. Unfortunately, there are no approved pharmacological agents for PUD. Hence, a therapeutic model of interest to address this growing epidemic is immunopharmacotherapy, where individuals are inoculated with conjugate vaccines formulated with haptens that mimic the drug of abuse. These conjugate vaccines have demonstrated significant therapeutic potential against mono-substance abuse, thus recent studies have applied this model to address PUD. This review presents immunopharmacotherapeutic advancements against polysubstance abuse and discusses necessary developments for conjugate vaccines in order to effectively treat this unaddressed epidemic.     

活载体疫苗的研究进展

免疫学与生物工程等领域取得的巨大进步,为发展基因工程疫苗提供了更多的理论和技术支持。活载体疫苗(Live Vector Vaccine,LVV),是以细菌或病毒作为外源抗原和治疗因子的载体系统,是目前最具发展潜力的基因工程疫苗之一。不同疫苗载体、抗原呈递方式和对宿主细胞免疫系统启动机制等研究的深入,开拓了活载体疫苗的实用价值。对国际上相关研究予以重点综述,以期为深入开展该领域研究提供依据。     

后基因组时代的结核新疫苗研究

利用蛋白质组技术、生物信息学的DNA芯片等技术筛选适当的保护性抗原,重点在亚单位疫苗的DNA疫苗方面构建预防性和治疗性的疫苗,并配合使用亚单位疫苗,DNA疫苗和减毒活疫苗是值得重视的方向。     

BiVax: a peptide/poly-IC subunit vaccine that mimics an acute infection elicits vast and effective anti-tumor CD8 T-cell responses

Therapeutic vaccines for the treatment of cancer are an attractive alternative to some of the conventional therapies that are currently used. More importantly, vaccines could be very useful to prevent recurrences when applied after primary therapy. Unfortunately, most therapeutic vaccines for cancer have performed poorly due to the low level of immune responses that they induce. Previous work done in our laboratory in cancer mouse models demonstrated that vaccines consisting of synthetic peptides representing minimal CD8 T-cell epitopes administered i.v. mixed with poly-IC and anti-CD40 antibodies (TriVax) were capable of inducing massive T cell responses similar to those found during acute infections. We now report that some peptides are capable of inducing similarly large T cell responses after vaccination with poly-IC alone (BiVax). The results show that amphiphilic peptides are more likely to function as strong immunogens in BiVax and that systemic immunizations (i.v. or i.m.) were more effective than local (s.c.) vaccine administration. The immune responses induced by BiVax were found to be effective against established tumors in two mouse cancer models. The roles of various immune-related pathways such as type-I IFN, CD40 costimulation, CD4 T cells, TLRs and the MDA5 RNA helicase were examined. The present findings could facilitate the development of simple and effective subunit vaccines for diseases where CD8 T cells provide a therapeutic benefit.     

Adjuvants--essential components of new generation vaccines

Adjuvants are essential components of vaccines that augment an immunological reaction of organism. New vaccines based on recombinant proteins and DNA, are more save than traditional vaccines but they are less immunogenic. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the development of new, improved vaccine adjuvants. There are two classes of adjuvants: vaccine delivery systems (e.g. emulsions, microparticles, immune-stimulating complexes ISCOMs, liposomes) and immunostimulatory adjuvants (e.g. lipopolysaccharide, monophosphoryl lipid A, CpG DNA, or muramylpeptides). The discovery of more potent and safer adjuvants may allow to development better prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines against chronic infectious (e.g., HSV, HIV, HCV, HBV, HPV, or Helicobacter pylori) and noninfectious diseases as multiple sclerosis, insulin-dependent diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, allergy and tumors (e.g., melanoma, breast, or colon cancer).     

Peptide‐based therapeutic cancer vaccine: Current trends in clinical application

The peptide‐based therapeutic cancer vaccines have attracted enormous attention in recent years as one of the effective treatments of tumour immunotherapy. Most of peptide‐based vaccines are based on epitope peptides stimulating CD8⁺ T cells or CD4⁺ T helper cells to target tumour‐associated antigens (TAAs) or tumour‐specific antigens (TSAs). Some adjuvants and nanomaterials have been exploited to optimize the efficiency of immune response of the epitope peptide to improve its clinical application. At present, numerous peptide‐based therapeutic cancer vaccines have been developed and achieved significant clinical benefits. Similarly, the combination of peptide‐based vaccines and other therapies has demonstrated a superior efficacy in improving anti‐cancer activity. We delve deeper into the choices of targets, design and screening of epitope peptides, clinical efficacy and adverse events of peptide‐based vaccines, and strategies combination of peptide‐based therapeutic cancer vaccines and other therapies. The review will provide a detailed overview and basis for future clinical application of peptide‐based therapeutic cancer vaccines.     

Human immunodeficiency virus-1 vaccine design: where do we go now?

Numerous human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 vaccines have been developed over the last three decades, but to date an effective HIV-1 vaccine that can be used for prophylactic or therapeutic purposes in humans has not been identified. The failures and limited successes of HIV-1 vaccines have highlighted the gaps in our knowledge with regard to fundamental immunity against HIV-1 and have provided insights for vaccine strategies that may be implemented for designing more effective HIV-1 vaccines in the future. Recent studies have shown that robust mucosal immunity, high avidity and polyfunctional T cells, and broadly neutralizing antibodies are important factors governing the induction of protective immunity against HIV-1. Furthermore, optimization of vaccine delivery methods for DNA or live viral vector-based vaccines, elucidating the immune responses of individuals who remain resistant to HIV-1 infections and also understanding the core immune responses mediating protection against simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIV) and HIV-1 in animal models following vaccination, are key aspects to be regarded for designing more effective HIV-1 vaccines in the future.