双丹胶囊对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤保护作用研究

目的：观察双丹胶囊对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤的脑梗死体积、自由基变化的影响,探讨双丹胶囊对脑缺血损伤的保护作用。方法：复制大鼠中动脉缺血再灌注模型,分别给药干预,在给药后观察行为学、脑梗死率、脑指数、脑含水量、SOD、MAD等指标。结果：双丹胶囊可改善动物的神经行为学评分,明显降低动物的脑梗死率、脑指数、脑含水量、提高脑组织SOD活性、降低MDA含量,并成剂量依赖。结论：双丹胶囊对脑缺血再灌注损伤具有保护作用。     

缺血后处理内源性心脏保护的研究进展

再灌注疗法是临床治疗心肌缺血最有效的措施,但会引起再灌注损伤,调动机体内源性保护机制可以减轻再灌注损伤,保护缺血心肌。缺血预处理（ischemic preconditioning,IPC）和后处理（ischemic postconditioning,I-postC）是缺血心脏有效的内源性保护现象,可以减轻缺血再灌注（ischemia／reperfusion,I／R）后心肌坏死与心肌功能障碍,减少恶性心律失常的发生。内源性心脏保护的机制主要是通过诱导触发因子释放,经多条细胞内信号转导途径的介导,作用于多种效应器,影响氧自由基产生、钙超载等I／R损伤的关键环节而发挥心肌细胞保护作用。特别是可以在缺血后实施的I-postC具有良好的临床应用前景。本文以I-postC为重点综述内源性心脏保护作用、机制及其临床应用现状。     

缺血预处理对缺血/再灌注离体心脏的保护作用

目的：探讨连续多次短暂缺血预处理对缺血/再灌注损伤心肌的保护作用及机制。方法：采用大鼠离体心脏Lan-gendorff灌流模型,观察缺血预处理对心肌缺血/再灌注后不同时间点冠脉流出液中AST、CPK、UDH及冠脉流量,心肌组织中SOD、LPO以及再灌注性心律失常的影响。结果：缺血预处理可以减少缺血/再灌注损伤的心肌冠脉流出液中AST、CPK、LDH的含量,提高心肌SOD活性,降低LPO水平,并且抑制再灌注性心律失常的发生,提高再灌注期间的冠脉流量。结论：缺血预处理对心肌缺血/再灌注损伤具有一定保护作用。     

调控性细胞死亡在肾脏缺血再灌注损伤中的研究进展

肾脏上皮细胞死亡是肾脏缺血再灌注损伤引起的一种明显的病理现象,而最新研究发现调控性细胞死亡在肾脏缺血再灌注损伤中发挥着重要作用。本文就程序性坏死、铁死亡和细胞焦亡等调控性细胞死亡的相关通路、调节剂和相互作用以及在肾脏缺血再灌注损伤中的作用进行综述,以期对肾脏缺血再灌注损伤的预防和治疗提供理论基础。     

心肺复苏后脑缺血再灌注损伤治疗理念及相关动物模型研究进展

心肺复苏后脑缺血再灌注损伤是一个复杂的病理生理变化过程,由多种损伤机制共同参与。自心肺复苏后系统性综合治疗和亚低温治疗在临床上广泛应用后,目前已有多种治疗理念在不同的动物实验和动物模型基础上被提出,包括缺血预处理、药物预处理、缺血后处理、和药物后处理,而后吸入麻醉药对心肺复苏后脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用受到了人们的重视,而七氟烷后处理已经成为目前研究的热点之一。为了指导临床上的心肺复苏,人们一直在利用不同动物模型,探究不同保护方法,寻找有效的脑保护药物。而各种治疗理念的提出均是建立在动物实验和动物模型的基础上,窒息性心肺复苏模型模拟围术期气道梗阻,能较贴切的复制临床上由窒息引起的心肺复苏后脑损伤,对将来指导临床复苏具有重大意义。     

缺血后处理、ATP后处理减轻兔缺血再灌注损伤:与腺苷受体激活有关

目的:近期实验研究显示,在再灌注的早期给予短暂、重复的缺血再灌(缺血后处理Postconditioning)能够减轻心肌再灌注损伤。本实验旨在探明三磷酸腺苷(ATP)用于缺血后处理是否产生上述保护效应,以及了解腺苷受体在此保护作用机制中的地位。方法:家兔开胸后左前降支均给予40min结扎和180min的再灌注,并随机分为5组:(1)对照组;(2)缺血后处理组;(3)ATP后处理组;(4)缺血后处理 SPT(硫苯茶碱)组;(5)SPT对照组。于实验终点测定心肌梗死面积(TTC染色),血浆CK-MB、SOD、MDA含量。结果:和时照组相比,缺血后处理组与ATP后处理组心梗面积减少(p<0．05),CK-MB也显著降低(p相似文献   

青藤碱抗大鼠肝脏缺血/再灌注损伤作用的机制探讨

目的:观察青藤碱时大鼠肝脏缺血再灌注损伤的影响,探讨其保护大鼠肝脏缺血再灌注损伤作用的机制.方法:通过建立大鼠全肝缺血再灌注损伤模型,应用硝酸酶还原法测定肝脏缺血再灌注后60min血清NO水平变化;测定再灌注60 min后肝组织内MDA和SOD含量变化;再灌注60min取肝组织完成肝组织显微结构的观察.结果:肝脏缺血再灌注损伤后血清NO水平降低;青藤碱能提高再灌注后血清NO水平,且能改善肝脏缺血再灌注损伤的微循环,减轻肝细胞内超微结构的损害程度.结论:青藤碱对大鼠肝脏缺血再灌注损伤有保护作用,其主要作用机制是清除氧自由基和改善微循环.     

缺血再灌注脊髓损伤动物造模研究进展

脊髓损伤目前是脊柱外科研究的热点之一,其中对于脊髓缺血再灌注损伤(spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury,SCII)的研究一直是国内外的难点。目前用于研究脊髓缺血再灌注损伤的动物模型种类很多,但是仍缺乏一种最简便、最有效、最接近人类脊髓缺血再灌注损伤的模型。脊髓缺血再灌注损伤动物模型对于研究脊髓再灌注损伤相关疾病的病因病理机制分析,以及指导临床用药、研发新药方面有着至关重要的作用。因此本文通过查阅相关文献,对SCII造模所用的动物种类、方法及运用研究现状进行综述,为建立简便有效并与人类SCII高度相似的模型提供参考。     

ATP-MgCl_2对心肌缺血再灌注产生O~-_■的清除作用

McCord的研究结果表明,心肌缺血再灌注性损伤是活性氧自由基——主要是超氧阴离子自由基的毒性引起的。我们的研究证明,ATP-MgCl_2心脏冷停搏保护液在动物实验和临床心脏外科手术中,对缺血缺氧心肌有着十分满意的保护作用。 我们用电子自旋共振波谱仪(ESR)分别检测了以含氧灌注液、含氧灌注液加入SOD和含氧灌注液加入ATP—MgCl_2对离体兔心再灌注时氧自由基的变化,以阐明ATP-MgCl_2是否具有清除活性氧自由基的作用。     

右美托咪定预处理对小鼠肠缺血再灌注损伤的作用研究

目的:右美托咪定(Dexmedetomidine,Dex)属于α-2肾上腺素能受体激动剂具有抗焦虑、催眠、镇痛和交感神经阻滞作用。最新研究发现右美托咪定对心脏和肺的缺血再灌注损伤具有显著的保护效应,但是右美托咪定是否对肠缺血再灌注损伤具有保护作用,迄今为止还没有相关研究。因此,本研究以小鼠为模型,观察右美托咪定预处理对小鼠肠缺血再灌注损伤的影响。方法:建立肠缺血再灌注损伤小鼠模型,并分为假手术组、缺血再灌注组和右美托咪定与处理组。不同剂量(10,25,50和100μg/kg)右美托咪定预处理小鼠。提取小鼠肠组织,用不同的试剂盒分别测定超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide Dismutase,SOD),丙二醛(Malondialdehyde,MDA),谷胱甘肽(Glutathione,GSH),一氧化氮(Nitric Oxide,NO)和髓过氧化物酶(Myeloperoxidase,MPO)的水平变化。结果:右美托咪定预处理可以显著提高肠缺血再灌注损伤小鼠的存活率并呈剂量依赖性。右美托咪定预处理(100μg/kg)抑制由肠缺血再灌注损伤引起的不良效应,包括SOD水平降低,MDA水平升高,GSH水平降低,NO水平升高和MPO水平升高。结论:我们的研究表明右美托咪定可以提高小鼠肠缺血再灌注损伤的生存率,并且抑制氧化应激反应,炎症细胞的活化和侵润以及NO的水平,对肠缺血再灌注损伤具有显著的保护效应。本研究不仅进一步证实了右美托咪定的广泛的药理活性,而且为肠缺血再灌注损伤的治疗提供了潜在的治疗药物,其进一步的药理效应和作用机制值得进一步的研究。     

Hyperoxidized Peroxiredoxins and Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Immunoreactivity and Protein Levels are Changed in the Gerbil Hippocampal CA1 Region After Transient Forebrain Ischemia

Oxidative stress is a major pathogenic event occurring in several brain disorders and is a major cause of brain damage due to ischemia/reperfusion. Thiol proteins are easily oxidized in cells exposed to reactive oxygen species (ROS). In the present study, we investigated transient ischemia-induced chronological changes in hyperoxidized peroxiredoxins (Prx-SO₃) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH-SO₃) immunoreactivity and protein levels in the gerbil hippocampus induced by 5 min of transient forebrain ischemia. Weak Prx-SO₃ immunoreactivity is detected in the hippocampal CA1 region of the sham-operated group. Prx-SO₃ immunoreactivity was significantly increased 12 h and 1 day after ischemia/reperfusion, and the immunoreactivity was decreased to the level of the sham-operated group 2 days after ischemia/reperfusion. Prx-SO₃ immunoreactivity in the 4 days post-ischemia group was increased again, and the immunoreactivity was expressed in glial components for 5 days after ischemia/reperfusion. GAPDH-SO₃ immunoreactivity was highest in the CA1 region 1 day after ischemia/reperfusion, the immunoreactivity was decreased 2 days after ischemia/reperfusion. Four days after ischemia/reperfusion, GAPDH-SO₃ immunoreactivity increased again, and the immunoreactivity began to be expressed in glial components from 5 days after ischemia/reperfusion. Prx-SO₃ and GAPDH-SO₃ protein levels in the ischemic CA1 region were also very high 12 h and 1 day after ischemia/reperfusion and returned to the level of the sham-operated group 3 days after ischemia/reperfusion. Their protein levels were increased again 5 days after ischemia/reperfusion. In conclusion, Prx-SO₃ and GAPDH-SO₃ immunoreactivity and protein levels in the gerbil hippocampal CA1 region are significantly increased 12 h-24 h after ischemia/reperfusion and their immunoreactivity begins to be expressed in glial components from 4 or 5 days after ischemia/reperfusion.     

Preconditioning decreases ischemia/reperfusion-induced peroxynitrite formation

The role for peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)) in the mechanism of preconditioning is not known. Therefore, we studied effects of preconditioning and subsequent ischemia/reperfusion on myocardial ONOO(-) formation in isolated rat hearts. Hearts were subjected to a preconditioning protocol (three intermittent periods of global ischemia/reperfusion of 5 min duration each) followed by a test ischemia/reperfusion (30 min global ischemia and 15 min reperfusion). When compared to nonpreconditioned controls, preceding preconditioning improved postischemic cardiac performance and significantly decreased test ischemia/reperfusion-induced formation of free nitrotyrosine measured in the perfusate as a marker for cardiac endogenous ONOO(-) formation. During preconditioning, however, the first period of ischemia/reperfusion increased nitrotyrosine formation, which was attenuated after the third period of ischemia/reperfusion. We conclude that classic preconditioning inhibits ischemia/reperfusion-induced cardiac formation of ONOO(-) and that subsequent periods of ischemia/reperfusion result in a gradual attenuation of ischemia/reperfusion-induced ONOO(-) generation. This mechanism might be involved in ischemic adaptation of the heart.     

Dexamethasone attenuates neutrophil infiltration in the rat kidney in ischemia/reperfusion injury: the possible role of nitroxyl

Neutrophil infiltration to the tissue, which is one of the important pathogenetic factors in ischemia/reperfusion injury, can be inhibited by glucocorticoids. The purpose of the present study was to clarify the mechanisms by which glucocorticoids inhibit neutrophil infiltration in renal ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats. Pretreatment with dexamethasone significantly attenuated the enhanced neutrophil infiltration and expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 induced by renal ischemia/reperfusion. Treatment with nitroxyl anion releaser known as Angeli's salt abolished the beneficial effect of dexamethasone in renal ischemia/reperfusion. Renal dysfunction and tubular damage induced by renal ischemia/reperfusion were not ameliorated by pretreatment with dexamthasone. These results indicate that the attenuation by dexamethasone of neutrophil infiltration and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression during renal ischemia/reperfusion may be mediated by the suppressed production of nitroxyl anion. Thus, neutrophil infiltration in renal ischemia/reperfusion injury may be mediated, at least in part, by the enhanced production of nitroxyl anion.     

培养心肌细胞内的SDH图象分析——大豆磷脂脂质体对缺血再灌心肌膜损伤的影响

琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)的活性在判断心肌缺血,再灌性损伤中起重要作用。本文通过IBAS图象分析系统对缺血再灌的培养心肌细胞内的SDH定量评估,以求探讨大豆磷脂脂质体对心肌缺血再灌性损伤的保护作用。结果表明,在缺血及再灌组的心肌细胞内出现较强的SDH损伤性反应,大豆磷脂脂质体能明显减轻这种反应,提示大豆磷脂脂质体对缺血及缺血/再灌心肌具有明显的保护作用。     

Studies on hepatic injury and antioxidant enzyme activities in rat subcellular organelles following in vivo ischemia and reperfusion

The activities of rat hepatic subcellular antioxidant enzymes were studied during hepatic ischemia/reperfusion. Ischemia was induced for 30 min (reversible ischemia) or 60 min (irreversible ischemia). Ischemia was followed by 2 or 24 h of reperfusion. Hepatocyte peroxisomal catalase enzyme activity decreased during 60 min of ischemia and declined further during reperfusion. Peroxisomes of normal density (d = 1.225 gram/ml) were observed in control tissues. However, 60 min of ischemia also produced a second peak of catalase specific activity in subcellular fractions corresponding to newly formed low density immature peroxisomes (d = 1.12 gram/ml). The second peak was also detectable after 30 min of ischemia followed by reperfusion for 2 or 24 h. Mitochondrial and microsomal fractions responded differently. MnSOD activity in mitochondria and microsomal fractions increased significantly (p < 0.05) after 30 min of ischemia, but decreased below control values following 60 min of ischemia and remained lower during reperfusion at 2 and 24 h in both organelle fractions. Conversely, mitochondrial and microsomal glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity increased significantly (p < 0.001) after 60 min of ischemia and was sustained during 24 h of reperfusion. In the cytosolic fraction, a significant increase in CuZnSOD activity was noted following reperfusion in animals subjected to 30 min of ischemia, but 60 min of ischemia and 24 h of reperfusion resulted in decreased CuZnSOD activity. These studies suggest that the antioxidant enzymes of various subcellular compartments respond to ischemia/reperfusion in an organelle or compartment specific manner and that the regulation of antioxidant enzyme activity in peroxisomes may differ from that in mitochondria and microsomes. The compartmentalized changes in hepatic antioxidant enzyme activity may be crucial determinant of cell survival and function during ischemia/reperfusion. Finally, a progressive decline in the level of hepatic reduced glutathione (GSH) and concomitant increase in serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) activity also suggest that greater tissue damage and impairment of intracellular antioxidant activity occur with longer ischemia periods, and during reperfusion.     

心肌缺血／再灌注损伤后血清和心肌组织Leptin水平的变能

目的：观察大鼠心肌缺血／再灌注损伤对血清和心肌组织瘦素（Leptin）表达的影响,探讨Leptin在心肌缺血／再灌注损伤中的作用。方法：建立大鼠心肌缺血／再灌注模型,检测血清乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）和Leptin浓度,并用HE染色和免疫组织化学观察心肌组织病理学及Lepfin表达水平。结果：缺血组、再灌注组血清LDH水平显著升高（P〈0．05）,表明该模型制作成功,造成心肌局部一定程度的损伤。缺血组血清Leptin含量（6．34±2．49）ng／ml显著低于对照组（7．50±2．93ng／ml,P〈0．05）;再灌注后Leptin水平缓慢恢复,于再灌注2h时Leptin达到（8．32±1．74）ng／ml,恢复到损伤前水平（8．38±2．56）ng／ml,且随再灌注时间延长有升高趋势。免疫纽化显示与假手术纽心肌Leptin蛋白表达水平相比,其他四组均有显著降低（P〈0．01）,按缺血45min后再灌注1h组、缺血45min后再灌注3h组、单纯缺血45min组、缺血45min后再灌注2h组依次递减。结论：Leptin在心肌缺血／再灌注损伤后早期45min血中有明显减少,心肌组织中也明显表达下降。心肌组织病理损伤与Leptin的改变可能有一定的关系。     

脑缺血和缺血再灌注大鼠皮层神经元自噬的动态变化

目的：探讨脑缺血和缺血/再灌注不同时间大鼠大脑皮层神经元自噬的变化。方法：健康雄性SD大鼠60只,随机分为：假手术（Sham）组（n=10）,脑缺血和缺血/再灌注模型组（n=50）.模型组分别在缺血30min、2h,缺血2h再灌注1h、6h、24h五个时间点,随机抽取10只大鼠,测定脑梗死体积和脑含水量,同时采用Western印迹法测定各组大鼠大脑皮层中微管相关蛋白轻链3-Ⅱ（LC3-Ⅱ）的水平,透射电镜检测大脑皮层神经细胞自噬情况。结果：脑缺血30min时LC3-Ⅱ/Ⅰ比值未见明显上升,缺血2h时LC3-Ⅱ/Ⅰ比值开始升高,明显高于Sham组（P<0.01）;缺血/再灌注1h、6h时LC3-Ⅱ/Ⅰ比值虽较缺血2h组有所下降,但仍明显高于Sham组（P<0.05）;缺血/再灌注24h时LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰ比值达高峰,明显高于Sham组（P<0.01）。透射电镜观察进一步证实该现象。缺血/再灌注6h和24h时大鼠脑梗死体积明显增加,与Sham组比较有统计学差异（P<0.01）。缺血/再灌注24h大鼠脑组织含水量明显增加,明显高于Sham组（P<0.05）。HE染色显示：仅在缺血/再灌注24h组大鼠皮层见组织水肿、疏松,部分细胞变性、凋亡,海马区见大量神经元细胞核皱缩、深染呈变性凋亡状。结论：局灶性脑缺血和缺血/再灌注模型中大脑皮层缺血2 h神经元自噬即明显激活,缺血/再灌注1 h、6 h自噬均持续增高,缺血/再灌注24 h自噬达高峰。     

Fetuin-A exerts a protective effect against experimentally induced intestinal ischemia/reperfusion by suppressing autophagic cell death

Intestinal tissue is highly susceptible to ischemia/reperfusion injury in many hazardous health conditions. The anti-inflammatory and antioxidant glycoprotein fetuin-A showed efficacy in cerebral ischemic injury; however, its protective role against intestinal ischemia/reperfusion remains elusive. Therefore, this study investigated the protective role of fetuin-A supplementation against intestinal structural changes and dysfunction in a rat model of intestinal ischemia/reperfusion. We equally divided 72 male rats into control, sham, ischemia/reperfusion, and fetuin-A-pretreated ischemia/reperfusion (100 mg/kg/day fetuin-A intraperitoneally for three days prior to surgery and a third dose 1 h prior to the experiment) groups. After 2 h of reperfusion, the jejunum was dissected and examined for spontaneous contractility. A jejunal homogenate was used to assess inflammatory and oxidative stress enzymes. Staining of histological sections was carried out with hematoxylin, eosin and Masson’s trichrome stain for evaluation. Immunohistochemistry was performed to detect autophagy proteins beclin-1, LC3, and p62. This study found that fetuin-A significantly improved ischemia/reperfusion-induced mucosal injury by reducing the percentage of areas of collagen deposition, increasing the amplitude of spontaneous contraction, decreasing inflammation and oxidative stress, and upregulating p62 expression, which was accompanied by beclin-1 and LC3 downregulation. Our findings suggest that fetuin-A treatment can prevent ischemia/reperfusion-induced jejunal structural and functional changes by increasing antioxidant activity and regulating autophagy disturbances observed in the ischemia/reperfusion rat model. Furthermore, fetuin-A may provide a protective influence against intestinal ischemia/reperfusion complications.     

小鼠短暂前脑缺血海马中半胱天冬酶-３酶原表达的变化

通过测定脑缺血再灌注时海马中半胱天冬酶-3酶原(procaspase-3)的表达变化, 从细胞凋亡的角度探讨脑缺血再灌注损伤的分子生物学机制及procaspase-3的活化机制.将C57BL/6N小鼠随机分为假手术组(正常对照组)、缺血再灌注组(I/R组), 后者夹闭双侧颈总动脉20 min后再通血流, 建立前脑缺血再灌注模型, 分别于再灌注6 h、12 h、24 h和48 h取海马.采用蛋白免疫印迹(Western blotting)方法检测海马中procaspase-3的表达变化.结果显示, 12 h I/R及24hI/R组海马中总procaspase-3水平与假手术组相比有明显升高, 且差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),24 h I/R组海马中去磷酸化水平与假手术组相比有明显升高, 且差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),而各组procaspase-3磷酸化水平与假手术组相比差异无统计学意义.结果提示, 脑缺血再灌注损伤诱发procaspase-3表达增加,其中procaspase-3去磷酸化水平高明显, 提示脑缺血再灌注损伤可能诱发procaspase-3去磷酸化, 继而促进procaspase-3转化为活性形式.     

Prevention of ischemia-reperfusion injury in rat ovarian tissue with the on-off method

Ischemia is defined as cell death caused by insufficient perfusion of the tissue due to reduction in arterial or venous blood flow, depletion of cellular energy storages, and accumulation of toxic metabolites. The positive effects of controlled reperfusion are known and are used clinically. But the positive effects of controlled reperfusion on ovarian tissue have not been seen in the literature yet. The biochemical and histopathological comparative investigation of rat ovaries that were experimentally exposed to ischemia (IG), ischemia-reperfusion (I/R), and ischemia-controlled reperfusion (ICR) was aimed. Forty rats were divided into four groups (10 rats per group). First group: 3 h ischemia by vascular clips on ovarian tissue. Second group: 3 h ischemia + 1 h reperfusion. Third group: 3 h ischemia + 1 h controlled reperfusion (on-off method: controlled reperfusion by opening and closing the clips (on/off) in 10-second intervals, for 5 times for a total of 100 seconds). Fourth group: healthy rats. Biochemical (tGSH, MDA, and DNA damage level and SOD activity) and histopathological analysis were performed. The highest glutathione and superoxide dismutase measurements were found in ischemia/controlled reperfusion group among the ischemia or ischemia/reperfusion groups. Similarly the damage indicators (malondialdehyde, DNA damage level and histopathological damage grade) were the lowest in ischemia/controlled reperfusion group. These results indicate that controlled reperfusion can be helpful in minimizing ischemia-reperfusion injury in ovarian tissue exposed to ischemia for various reasons (ovarian torsion, tumor, etc.).