治疗性结核病疫苗研究进展

治疗性结核病疫苗主要用于接种已感染结核分枝杆菌的个体,包括化学药物治疗的患者和潜伏感染者。治疗性疫苗可逆转发生在疾病进展期的非保护性免疫反应,使其向Th1型反应发展;能打破机体的免疫耐受,有效激发宿主针对结核分枝杆菌的以抗原为基础的细胞免疫反应,诱发抗原特异性的细胞毒性T淋巴细胞免疫反应,来清除胞内寄生的结核分枝杆菌。治疗性疫苗将有助于防止潜伏结核病的复发;与药物联合使用以提高药物的治疗效果,尤其是针对耐药结核病的治疗。     

全球结核病疫苗研究进展

本文旨在对全球结核病疫苗研究进展进行系统综述,描述国际上目前进入临床试验不同阶段的新型疫苗,包括重组卡介苗、亚单位疫苗、治疗性疫苗等,分析我国结核病疫苗研究现状,介绍国际研究发展趋势,如人类疫苗计划、全细胞疫苗、多阶段疫苗等,并对存在的问题和挑战进行讨论,展望未来发展趋势。     

金黄色葡萄球菌疫苗的研究进展

金黄色葡萄球菌是引发医院内感染的主要因素之一,近年来由于其多种耐药菌株的出现,发病率迅速攀升,而且通常的抗生素治疗已不可靠。国内外研究者致力于寻找能够预防金黄色葡萄球菌感染的疫苗的有效靶点,如毒素、荚膜多糖、胞外基质结合蛋白、表面多糖、表面蛋白、毒力因子表达调控蛋白等,希望研制出能有效预防金黄色葡萄球菌感染的疫苗。本文主要介绍其近年来的相关研究。     

禽流感疫苗研究进展

禽流感是由正黏病毒科流感病毒属的A型流感病毒引起的 ,发生于各种家禽和野鸟的一种急性传染病。由于其重要的经济和公共卫生学意义 ,使得禽流感的防治显得突出重要。疫苗的使用是控制禽流感的主要手段。目前实际应用中仍以禽流感全病毒灭活疫苗为主 ,但由于其潜在的缺点使得人们将目光转向其它类型疫苗的研制。从常规疫苗、新型疫苗和交叉保护性疫苗三个方面对禽流感疫苗研究进展加以阐述。常规疫苗包括基因工程亚单位疫苗和重组活载体疫苗 :新型疫苗主要有冷适应流感弱毒疫苗 ,基因工程活流感病毒疫苗 ,复制缺陷型病毒疫苗 ,DNA疫苗 ,RNA复制子疫苗 ,表位疫苗等 :交叉保护性疫苗主要依据流感病毒表面的保守蛋白M和NP的特性 ,构建疫苗来达到交叉保护的目的。     

口蹄疫新型疫苗研究进展

口蹄疫(FMD)是一种严重威胁畜牧业发展的重要传染病,目前世界上许多国家和地区都有该病的流行与发生.其控制措施主要是疫苗免疫,虽然传统疫苗在该病的防控中起了重要的作用,但也存在着诸多的缺点.因此研制新型的FMD疫苗是今后的发展方向.本文结合实验室在FMD新型疫苗研究方面所开展的探索性研究工作,综述了国内外在FMD基因工程弱毒苗或灭活苗、蛋白质和合成肽疫苗、空衣壳疫苗、细胞因子增强型疫苗等研究领域所取得的进展.     

新型猪瘟疫苗研究进展

猪瘟是由猪瘟病毒引起猪的一种急性、热性和高度接触性传染病.该病呈世界性分布,给世界养猪业造成了巨大的经济损失.目前,疫苗接种仍然是防控猪瘟的主要手段.虽然传统的猪瘟弱毒疫苗(如C株)安全有效,但猪瘟的临床表现发生了很大变化,呈现典型猪瘟和非典型猪瘟共存、隐性感染和持续感染并现,免疫失败的现象时有报道,且不能区分野毒感染和免疫接种.因此,研制安全、高效、能区分野毒感染和疫苗免疫动物(DIVA)的新型猪瘟疫苗极为必要.文中就近年来开发的核酸疫苗、病毒活载体疫苗、基于蛋白/肽的疫苗、基因缺失疫苗、嵌合瘟病毒疫苗等新型DIVA猪瘟疫苗作一综述.     

疫苗研制技术的现状与展望

感染性病原是引起人类发病和死亡的主要原因之一。研制预防性疫苗和治疗性疫苗仍然是解决感染性疾病最有效和最有前景的方法,本文就疫苗研制领域的近来研究现状,包括疫苗研制技术的发展阶段,载体疫苗,粘膜免疫,新型佐剂和治疗性疫苗进行了综述,并对理想的新一代疫苗进行了简要的展望。     

结核病免疫机制及疫苗研究进展

结核病是一种棘手的重大传染病.虽然存在一些有一定疗效的治疗药物,亦有预防性疫苗--卡介苗(BCG);但结核病仍在世界范围流行,且发病率和病死率居高不下.结核病的免疫病理机制及疫苗研究近年来取得了一定的进展.结核分枝杆菌通过Toll样受体(TLR)等模式识别受体,激活巨噬细胞的天然免疫反应,清除细菌和调节获得性免疫反应....     

鼠疫新疫苗的研究进展

鼠疫传统疫苗包括死疫苗和活疫苗存在不少缺陷,特别是安全和效果不够理想,接种反应率高,对肺鼠疫不能保护。近些年来开展的鼠疫亚单位疫苗研究,证明能产生保护性抗体,并且对鼠疫毒菌皮下注射和气溶胶攻击均有较好保护效果。本文综述了鼠疫当前流行态势,传统疫苗再评价和鼠疫亚单位疫苗的研究进展。     

治疗性疫苗研究进展

治疗性疫苗通过打破机体的免疫耐受,提高机体的特异性免疫反应,对一些目前尚无有效治疗药物的传染性疾病、肿瘤等起到治疗作用。介绍了治疗性疫苗的概况、机理和临床最新进展。     

Recent developments in cancer vaccines

The adoptive transfer of cancer Ag-specific effector T cells in patients can result in tumor rejection, thereby illustrating the immune system potential for cancer therapy. Ideally, one would like to directly induce efficient tumor-specific effector and memory T cells through vaccination. Therapeutic vaccines have two objectives: priming Ag-specific T cells and reprogramming memory T cells (i.e., a transformation from one type of immunity to another, for example, regulatory to cytotoxic). Recent successful phase III clinical trials showing benefit to the patients revived cancer vaccines. Dendritic cells (DCs) are essential in generation of immune responses, and as such represent targets and vectors for vaccination. We have learned that different DC subsets elicit different T cells. Similarly, different activation methods result in DCs able to elicit distinct T cells. We contend that a careful manipulation of activated DCs will allow cancer immunotherapists to produce the next generation of highly efficient cancer vaccines.     

New therapeutic targets for the treatment of high‐risk neuroblastoma

High‐risk neuroblastoma remains a major problem in pediatric oncology, accounting for 15% of childhood cancer deaths. Although incremental improvements in outcome have been achieved with the intensification of conventional chemotherapy agents and the addition of 13‐cis‐retinoic acid, only one‐third of children with high‐risk disease are expected to be long‐term survivors when treated with current regimens. In addition, the cost of cure can be quite high, as surviving children remain at risk for additional health problems related to long‐term toxicities of treatment. Further advances in therapy will require the targeting of tumor cells in a more selective and efficient way so that survival can be improved without substantially increasing toxicity. In this review we summarize ongoing clinical trials and highlight new developments in our understanding of the molecular biology of neuroblastoma, emphasizing potential targets or pathways that may be exploitable therapeutically. J. Cell. Biochem. 107: 46–57, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

保护性病毒抗原的筛选策略及其在新型疫苗研发中的应用

随着疫苗研发技术的发展,新型疫苗在传染病的预防中得到了广泛应用。由于新型疫苗安全性良好,因此其在烈性病疫苗的应用中有着得天独厚的优势,然而研制新型疫苗的前提是筛选出保护性抗原。随着各种组学研究的发展,针对真核生物的多种生物信息学方法代表着最前沿的技术手段。相对于真核细胞,病毒具有更为简单的结构,对应着相对简单的研究方法,未来的保护性抗原筛选策略,需要结合生物信息学和传统分子生物学方法的优势。本文分别从宿主和病毒入手,论述了病毒保护性抗原的筛选策略,列举了一系列基于真核细胞开发的可能用于保护性抗原筛选的生物信息学方法,并总结了应用保护性抗原进行新型疫苗设计的案例,以便加深对病毒保护性抗原筛选策略的认知,为新型疫苗的研发提供借鉴。     

Recent developments in adjuvants for vaccines against infectious diseases

New generation vaccines, particularly those based on recombinant proteins and DNA, are likely to be less reactogenic than traditional vaccines, but are also less immunogenic. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the development of new and improved vaccine adjuvants. Adjuvants can be broadly separated into two classes, based on their principal mechanisms of action; vaccine delivery systems and 'immunostimulatory adjuvants'. Vaccine delivery systems are generally particulate e.g. emulsions, microparticles, iscoms and liposomes, and mainly function to target associated antigens into antigen presenting cells (APC). In contrast, immunostimulatory adjuvants are predominantly derived from pathogens and often represent pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMP) e.g. LPS, MPL, CpG DNA, which activate cells of the innate immune system. Once activated, cells of innate immunity drive and focus the acquired immune response. In some studies, delivery systems and immunostimulatory agents have been combined to prepare adjuvant delivery systems, which are designed for more effective delivery of the immunostimulatory adjuvant into APC. Recent progress in innate immunity is beginning to yield insight into the initiation of immune responses and the ways in which immunostimulatory adjuvants may enhance this process. However, a rational approach to the development of new and more effective vaccine adjuvants will require much further work to better define the mechanisms of action of existing adjuvants. The discovery of more potent adjuvants may allow the development of vaccines against infectious agents such as HIV which do not naturally elicit protective immunity. New adjuvants may also allow vaccines to be delivered mucosally.     

抗结核分枝杆菌疫苗的研究进展

结核病是由结核分枝杆菌感染引起的传染病,细胞免疫中的CD4+T细胞、CD8+T细胞、Th17细胞在对抗结核分枝杆菌感染中发挥重要作用,新近研究显示抗体特定的糖链修饰有助于清除病原体,提示体液免疫也可能参与免疫保护。目前使用的疫苗——卡介苗对婴幼儿重症结核病具有良好的保护力,但是对成人肺结核保护力欠佳,所以需要研发新的疫苗。目前已有数个新型疫苗进入临床试验。本文就结核分枝杆菌的免疫保护机制作一简要介绍,主要阐述现用疫苗——卡介苗及新型疫苗的研究现状,让读者对上述知识的进展有所了解。     

Comparative evaluation of therapeutic DNA vaccines against Trypanosoma cruzi in mice

Chagas disease, caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, is a major public health problem in most of Latin America. A key priority is the development of new treatments, due to the poor efficacy of current ones. We report here the comparative evaluation of therapeutic DNA vaccines encoding various T. cruzi antigens. ICR mice infected with 500 parasites intraperitoneally were treated at 5 and 12 days postinfection with 20 microg of plasmid DNA encoding T. cruzi antigens TSA-1, TS, ASP-2-like, Tc52 or Tc24. Treatment with plasmid encoding TS and/or ASP-2-like antigens had no significant effect on parasitemia or survival. Treatment with Tc52 DNA significantly reduced parasitemia, as well as cardiac parasite burden, and improved survival, although myocarditis was not significantly affected. Finally, treatment with plasmids encoding Tc24 and TSA-1 induced the most complete control of disease as evidenced by significant reductions in parasitemia, mortality, myocarditis and heart parasite burden. These data demonstrate that therapeutic vaccine efficacy is dependent on the antigen and suggest that DNA vaccines encoding Tc24, TSA-1, and Tc52 represent the best candidates for further studies of a therapeutic vaccine against Chagas disease.     

结核分枝杆菌抗原Rv2389的T细胞表位的生物信息学分析

目的:分析结核分枝杆菌(MTB)抗原Rv2389的T细胞表位,确定和筛选优势表位,为研制更加有效的诊断标志物,和更安全、高效的表位疫苗奠定基础。方法:应用在线预测软件IEDB和SYFPEITHI对MTB抗原Rv2389的T细胞表位进行预测,并与ESAT-6相比较;采用SOPMA Sever软件预测其编码蛋白的二级结构;用Ex PASy在线软件预测Rv2389的三级结构,综合分析Rv2389的T细胞抗原决定簇。结果:经软件分析,Rv2389多肽预测分值普遍高于ESAT-6,Rv2389分值较高的T细胞表位区域氨基酸位于35~43、85~93、107~126和184~200。MTB抗原Rv2389蛋白无规则卷曲占71.89%,β折叠占5.53%,主要覆盖的氨基酸区域位14~23,51~67,72~112,117~127和134~212。说明这些肽段存在潜在的抗原表位优势区域的可能性;三级结构预测显示,85~93位氨基酸和107~126位氨基酸暴露于蛋白表面,是最有可能的抗原表位。结论:经生物信息学软件预测MTB抗原Rv2389有2个T细胞优势表位,即85~93位和107~126位氨基酸。     

Therapeutic vaccines for chronic diseases: successes and technical challenges

Chronic, non-communicable diseases are the major cause of death and disability worldwide and have replaced infectious diseases as the major burden of society in large parts of the world. Despite the complexity of chronic diseases, relatively few predisposing risk factors have been identified by the World Health Organization. Those include smoking, alcohol abuse, obesity, high cholesterol and high blood pressure as the cause of many of these chronic conditions. Here, we discuss several examples of vaccines that target these risk factors with the aim of preventing the associated diseases and some of the challenges they face.     

A review of vaccines for HIV prevention

HIV/AIDS has become the most devastating pandemic in recorded history. It has killed 40 million people in the last 20 years and the World Health Organisation estimated that at least 14,000 new infections occurred daily in 2001. There will be up to 100 million new infections in the next 10 years (for current updates, visit http://www.unaids.org/epidemic_update/). Most HIV infections occur in the developing world, and the adverse social and economic impact of the HIV/AIDS pandemic, particularly in the developing world, is unprecedented. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has had significant effects on HIV/AIDS in the developed world. The drugs have acted to prolong survival, reduce the viral load, and to alleviate suffering. However, the incidence of side effects and resistance is high and the drugs are unaffordable and unavailable in the developing world. HAART regimens are difficult to comply with. Public health efforts to modify the behaviour, attitude and culture that accelerate the spread of HIV/AIDS have had only modest success. There is urgent need for a prophylactic and/or therapeutic HIV vaccine. This is a review of the obstacles and current trends in HIV vaccine development.