四川梅花鹿的分布、数量及栖息环境的调查

1992年 7月至 1 999年 8月野外调查发现 ,四川梅花鹿现残存于青藏高原东部边缘山地、岷山山系北段 3块相互完全隔离的区域。铁布分布区 (E1 0 2°46′～ 1 0 3°1 4′、 N33°58′～ 34°1 6′)属四川省若尔盖县铁布自然保护区和占哇乡、降扎乡 ,甘肃省迭部县益哇乡、电尕乡 ,面积 860 km2 ,有鹿 630～ 650只 ;巴西分布区 (E1 0 3°0 8′～ 1 0 3°35′、 N33°33′～ 33°46′)属若尔盖县巴西乡、求吉乡、阿西茸乡、包座乡和九寨沟县的大录乡 ,面积 60 3km2 ,有鹿 1 30～ 1 50只 ;白河分布区 (E1 0 3°59′～ 1 0 4°1 0′、N33°0 5′～ 33°2 0′)属四川省九寨沟县白河自然保护区和农康乡、白河乡、罗依乡、马家乡 ,面积 390 km2 ,有鹿 30～ 45只。高原与高山峡谷的过渡地貌、山地温带气候、森林与灌丛草甸相互镶合的植被 ,加之地域偏僻、人烟稀少 ,当地藏族群众视其为神鹿 ,使上述 3个区域成为四川梅花鹿最后的避难所。     

朱鹮繁殖期的活动区和栖息地利用

20 0 0～ 2 0 0 2年 ,我们应用标记识别法和地理信息系统对朱繁殖期的活动性、活动区和栖息地利用进行了研究。结果表明 :朱在越冬期、繁殖期和繁殖后期的觅食距离存在差异 ,分别为 2 82 1± 1 4 88km、0 5 6 3± 0 6 81km和 1 70 6± 0 834km ,但同一时期中不同个体间的觅食距离无显著差异。不同年份中 ,朱在越冬期和繁殖期的觅食距离无显著差异 ;在繁殖后期 ,由于受到干旱等气候因素的影响 ,两年的觅食距离差异显著。一天中觅食距离最远的是 10 :0 0～ 12 :0 0 ,最近的是 0 6 :0 0～ 0 8:0 0。不同时间段中觅食行为的比例差异显著 ,0 6 :0 0～ 10 :0 0和 16 :0 0～ 18:0 0为取食高峰期 ,中午和夜宿前的休息和理羽行为则高于其他时间段。MCP法和 90 %Kernel法的计算结果表明 ,其中 8只观测次数较多的朱在繁殖期的平均活动区面积分别为10 0 8± 4 9 8hm2 和 175 6± 91 3hm2 ,5 0 %Kernel法计算的活动区的核心面积为 4 3 8± 2 1 5hm2 。朱个体间的繁殖活动区重叠强度较大 ,达到各自活动区的 2 4 5 %± 2 7 3%。朱营巢比较密集 ,配对亲鸟间的活动区重叠强度和其他个体的重叠强度无显著差别。栖息地利用研究表明 ,朱对针阔混交林的利用率显著低于研究区内的可利用率 ,对水田的利用     

青海湖地区普氏原羚的种群结构

普氏原羚是中国的特有动物。 1986年在青海湖地区仅发现 35 0只普氏原羚 ,分布于鸟岛、湖东 克图和元者 3个种群之中。 1996～ 1998年 7月至 8月 ,我们沿设定的 10条样线对青海湖地区的普氏原羚进行了考察。调查样线总长度为 37 5 5km。观察记录距样线两侧 10 0m以内普氏原羚足迹链和狼足迹链、粪堆和尿迹。同时记录观察样线两侧 6 0 0m以内的普氏原羚个体 ,记录群体大小、性别和年龄 ,然后 ,计算单位样带面积上普氏原羚和狼的密度。 1997年湖东 克图种群雄羚占 2 9%、雌羚占 5 0 %和幼羚占 2 1% ;元者种群雄羚占 2 9%、雌羚占 43%和幼羚占 2 7%。狼捕食是 1997年湖东 克图种群数量下降的主要原因。在湖东 克图沙漠中 ,1996年普氏原羚群体大小为 9 0± 6 9只 (平均数±方差 ) ,密度为 3 19± 3 5 9只 /km2 ,而 1997年为 4 2± 3 9只 /km2 ,密度为 1 14± 1 0 9只 /km2 。 1997年冬季猎狼后 ,湖东 克图种群数量回升到 2 14± 3 13只 /km2 ,幼羚占群体的2 7%。     

广东省原鸡种群数量、分布及栖息地现状的初步调查

广东原鸡栖息地分布在徐闻,雷州,信宜,高州,阳春5个县（市）,为孤立的三块,呈岛屿状分布,总面积2501.62km^2,总体数量680-750只,原鸡数量最多,面积最大的一块栖息地是由信宜,高州,阳春3块小栖息地组合而成,成为广东原鸡的主要栖息和分布地。     

甘肃白水江自然保护区藏酋猴的生态习性与资源现状

本文依据1996年白水江自然保护区综合科学考察和2 0 0 4年的实地调查结果,对甘肃白水江自然保护区内的藏酋猴的生态地理分布、资源现状、生态习性、威胁因素等进行了综合研究。2 0 0 4年调查结果表明:藏酋猴现仅分布于该区摩天岭北麓,以刘家坪、店坝、范坝、碧口、肖家等乡镇为中心的狭长地带;栖息地面积为117km2 ,个体数量为2 2 8±5 2只。与1996年调查结果相比较,藏酋猴的个体数量、栖息地面积及分布区都发生了很大的变化:个体数量及栖息地面积减少;分布区向西迁移。社访调查发现,周边社区人口增加,保护区内人类经济活动频繁,是导致藏酋猴数量和栖息地变化的主要因素。最后提出了相应的保护对策。     

矮岩羊种群生态的初步研究

利用路线调查方法分别于 1998年 3月、7～ 8月和 2 0 0 0年 5～ 8月对四川省巴塘县的矮岩羊 (Pseudoisschae feri,亦称倭岩羊 )种群进行了初步研究。结果显示 ,矮岩羊目前主要栖息在巴塘县竹笆笼到苏阿龙一带的河谷以及支流两侧地势陡峭的悬崖绝壁上的岩壁草丛中 ,在面积大约 2 0 0km2 的范围内活动 ,种群数量大约在 14 1只左右 ,活动群体的大小为 2～ 10只 ,种群平均密度为 0 .70 5只 /km2 ,种群雌雄性比为 10 0 :70 .4。幼体组、亚成体组、成体组分别占所观察到总数量的 13.0 %、2 9.8%和 5 7.2 %。矮岩羊生性胆小 ,易受惊吓 ,休息时喜欢用前脚刨地 ,这个动作约占休息时间的 1/3。从 2 0世纪 5 0年代以来 ,矮岩羊的种群数量下降很快 ,森林面积的锐减、人为猎杀、过度放牧是影响矮岩羊生存环境和种群数量的主要原因     

岷山北部竹类开花状况及对大熊猫的影响调查

2006年12月、2007年7～8月对岷山北部4县的竹类开花及大熊猫活动情况进行了调查.结果表明:(1)该区域竹种单一,仅有华西箭竹Fargesia nitida和缺苞箭竹F.denudata两种竹类,其中华西箭竹的分布面积最大;(2)该区域竹类从2004年开始出现开花现象,到2007年调查时开花过程已基本结束,开花竹面积达73 082 hm2,占竹类分布面积的51.36%;(3)在整个开花过程中,大熊猫实体被发现的频次增加,没有发现病、饿、死大熊猫的个体,现有大熊猫分布在竹类未开花的迭部县东部和舟曲县境内.此次竹类开花枯死,使该区域原有的大面积的大熊猫栖息地消失,因此需要加强对栖息地的保护和研究工作,使之尽快恢复成为大熊猫适合的栖息地.     

四川小相岭山系大熊猫种群及栖息地调查

小相岭山系是现存大熊猫种群数量最少的山系之一。根据全国第3次大熊猫及其栖息地调查结果,小相岭山系大熊猫栖息地分布在石棉、冕宁和九龙三县,栖息地总面积802.04 km²,大熊猫种群数量有32只。大熊猫在3个位于小相岭山系的自然保护区内种群数量和栖息地面积分别为:四川冶勒自然保护区9只,栖息地面积168.01 km²;四川栗子坪自然保护区14只,栖息地面积306.38 km²;四川贡嘎山自然保护区1只,栖息地面积15.19 km²。在3个保护区大熊猫栖息地总面积为489.58 km²,占各山系大熊猫栖息地总面积的61.05%;有大熊猫24只,占大熊猫种群数量的75.0%。小相岭山系大熊猫meta种群栖息地片段化比较严重,它由2个种群和2个孤立分布点组成。南北方向从成都至昆明的108国道以东的种群A有大熊猫13只,栖息地面积263.54 km², 完整性较好,大熊猫分布比较集中。108国道以西的种群B有大熊猫19只,栖息地面积为538.50 km²,栖息地破碎。该山系大熊猫数量少,栖息地片段化严重,需加强保护。
     

四川邛崃山系小熊猫分布

2000-2002年,对四川邛崃山系11个县(市)的小熊猫分布状况进行了调查.共完成调杏样线2332条,发现有小熊猫痕迹样线130条,分布在9个县,样线平均遇见率为5.57%,样线遇见率最高的是汶川县和崇州市;估算整个山系有小熊猫栖息地面积5107.82km2,以宝兴、汶川和天全3县的面积最大,分别占总面积的34.08%、30.65%和16.61%,这3个县占总面积的81.34%;小熊猫分布密度等级最高的区域是崇州市的四川鞍子河自然保护区.在山系内7个自然保护区中有小熊猫栖息地面积2166.84km2,占栖息地总面积的42.4%.小熊猫空间分布格局极不连续,存在许多空白区域,栖息地存在破碎化趋势,应进一步加强对邛崃山世界遗产地内小熊猫种群的保护.     

江苏盐城自然保护区獐栖息地的质量评价

本研究通过1999 年3 月至2000 年11 月期间的实地调查,利用地理信息系统(GIS)对江苏省盐城自然保护区及周边地区獐在产仔前期、产仔期以及产仔后期栖息地适宜性进行了评价,并对理想状况下獐的潜在栖息地和实际栖息地的范围及分布进行了比较。理想状况下3 个不同时期獐的最适宜栖息地面积分别为361.0 km² 、267. 5 km² 和338. 5 km², 主要分布在保护区核心区、东台市琼港镇南的新东乡滩涂;而实际在各个时期獐的最适宜栖息地面积只有44.75 km² 、36.00 km² 和54. 50 km² ,仅为潜在栖息地的1/7 左右。通过比较獐的潜在栖息地与实际栖息地的综合适宜性指数发现,整个研究地区适合獐生存的栖息地非常少,最适宜栖息地的面积不到总面积的1%,而不适宜的栖息地面积却达到40%,其余大部分均是次适宜的栖息地。由于獐的栖息地受到道路和居民等人为活动的影响,导致大量适宜栖息地丧失。为了有效地保护盐城保护区及周边地区的獐种群,建议减少对滩涂的各种开发活动,保护现有的适宜栖息地,引导当地居民合理利用滩涂资源。     

甘肃大熊猫生境质量评价

本研究以第四次大熊猫(Ailuropoda melanoleuca)调查、甘肃省森林资源二类清查等数据为基础资料,依据国内外有关大熊猫对生境选择利用的研究成果,结合本地本山系大熊猫分布及活动的实际情况,选取竹子分布、植被类型、海拔、坡度、坡向、道路和居民区等评价因子,建立了大熊猫生境质量评价指标体系和准则,借助Arcgis10.2软件,利用栅格赋值和空间叠加原理系统地研究了甘肃大熊猫生境质量。结果表明,甘肃大熊猫生境质量总体较好,适宜和较适宜生境面积总和占到了69.77%;四个局域种群单元中白水江单元适宜生境面积最大,其次为甘南单元;各大熊猫分布县中,文县的大熊猫生境质量最好,其次为舟曲;甘肃大熊猫适宜生境大都处于保护区中,各保护区适宜生境总和为178 771 hm~2,占全省大熊猫适宜生境的88.72%;各保护区中,白水江国家级自然保护区的适宜生境面积最大,其次为插岗梁省级保护区。     

多尺度流域生态脆弱性评价及其空间关联性——以甘肃白龙江流域为例

生态脆弱性研究对区域生态环境保护及可持续发展具有重要意义.甘肃白龙江流域是长江上游重要的水源涵养和水土保持区,开展流域生态脆弱性研究十分必要.本研究以流域内各乡镇为研究单元,基于生态敏感性-生态恢复力-生态压力度模型,并结合景观格局指数和流域典型生态系统类型构建生态脆弱性评价指标体系,综合运用辅助回归法、熵权法、综合指数法及空间自相关等方法,从乡镇、县区、流域3个尺度深入分析2002、2014年甘肃白龙江流域生态脆弱性的时空格局,并探讨了流域生态脆弱性的空间关联关系.结果表明: 乡镇尺度上,2002和2014年处于重度、极度脆弱的乡镇均集中分布在武都大部及宕昌西北,且12年来流域乡镇的生态脆弱性从以中度脆弱为主向轻度脆弱转变;2002-2014年,县区尺度上,仅舟曲县生态脆弱性的变化程度较平稳,武都、文县、宕昌、迭部相对剧烈,且武都、文县、迭部的生态脆弱性在一定程度上发生好转,而宕昌县在逐渐恶化;流域尺度上,2002和2014年流域生态脆弱性指数的平均值分别为0.2976和0.2904,呈小幅下降趋势,表征12年来流域的生态脆弱性有所降低;变异系数分别为0.3905和0.4358,呈增加趋势,说明流域生态脆弱性的空间格局向不均衡方向发展;2002年流域生态脆弱性指数的Moran I值为0.5460,表明2002年流域生态脆弱性在空间上呈集聚现象,高高聚集区主要分布在武都北部及中部,零散分布在宕昌西北;2014年流域生态脆弱性指数的Moran I值增加至0.5635,空间集聚更为显著,高高聚集区集中分布在武都中部及宕昌西北.     

西部山区流域生态系统服务权衡与协同关系——以甘肃白龙江流域为例

甘肃白龙江流域是长江上游重要水源涵养和生态屏障区,生态系统服务研究对该流域生态保护与经济发展的双赢具有重要意义。本研究基于InVEST模型进行4种典型生态系统服务(如土壤保持、水源涵养、食物供给、生境质量)评估,并通过相关性和均方根偏差(RMSD)开展服务间多尺度权衡及其成因分析。结果表明: 土壤保持、水源涵养和生境质量两两之间为显著协同关系,食物供给分别与生境质量、土壤保持和水源涵养间为显著权衡关系。3对协同服务和食物供给与生境质量的权衡强度高值主要集中于文县、迭部和舟曲的中高山阴陡坡林区;食物供给与土壤保持、食物供给与水源涵养间的权衡强度高值主要集中于宕昌和武都的中低山阳缓坡农牧区。人类活动驱使下的土地利用/覆被格局空间差异是影响服务权衡程度及其尺度效应的重要因素。     

基于景观连接度的土地整理生态效应评价

近年来,土地整理区的生物多样性保护和景观功能的维持受到广泛关注。本文选取贵州省道真县洛龙镇国家重点土地整理项目区,运用基于结构与功能相结合景观连接度模型(综合连接度(IIC)和连接度概率(PC)),计算了500、1000、2000、3000和4000m种群迁移扩散距离阈值情景下,土地整理前后各生境斑块对景观连接度的重要程度,识别重要斑块变化范围,从功能角度评价整理后的生态效应。结果表明:连接度指数能较好地识别土地整理前后各生境斑块的重要类别及其改变;其中,巨型斑块所占面积最大,分别占总面积的57.0%和57.2%;小型斑块数目整理前后分别占斑块总数的48.0%和48.9%;空间上,斑块的重要性分布也产生一定的变化。整理后生境斑块的连通性较整理前也有所下降,IIC和PC平均值分别为0.434和0.680,且随着距离阈值的增大,连接度逐渐增大。巨型斑块对生境斑块景观连通性的相对重要值最大,中型斑块和大型斑块次之,小型斑块最低。研究表明,土地整理过程中,大面积生境斑块和"踏脚石"斑块对维持土地整理生态效益具有重要作用。     

Rethinking patch size and isolation effects: the habitat amount hypothesis

I challenge (1) the assumption that habitat patches are natural units of measurement for species richness, and (2) the assumption of distinct effects of habitat patch size and isolation on species richness. I propose a simpler view of the relationship between habitat distribution and species richness, the ‘habitat amount hypothesis’, and I suggest ways of testing it. The habitat amount hypothesis posits that, for habitat patches in a matrix of non‐habitat, the patch size effect and the patch isolation effect are driven mainly by a single underlying process, the sample area effect. The hypothesis predicts that species richness in equal‐sized sample sites should increase with the total amount of habitat in the ‘local landscape’ of the sample site, where the local landscape is the area within an appropriate distance of the sample site. It also predicts that species richness in a sample site is independent of the area of the particular patch in which the sample site is located (its ‘local patch’), except insofar as the area of that patch contributes to the amount of habitat in the local landscape of the sample site. The habitat amount hypothesis replaces two predictor variables, patch size and isolation, with a single predictor variable, habitat amount, when species richness is analysed for equal‐sized sample sites rather than for unequal‐sized habitat patches. Studies to test the hypothesis should ensure that ‘habitat’ is correctly defined, and the spatial extent of the local landscape is appropriate, for the species group under consideration. If supported, the habitat amount hypothesis would mean that to predict the relationship between habitat distribution and species richness: (1) distinguishing between patch‐scale and landscape‐scale habitat effects is unnecessary; (2) distinguishing between patch size effects and patch isolation effects is unnecessary; (3) considering habitat configuration independent of habitat amount is unnecessary; and (4) delineating discrete habitat patches is unnecessary.     

甘肃白龙江流域鸡皮衣属地衣的研究

<正> 1 INTRODUCTION Bailong River, a tributary of Jialing River belonging to the Yangtse River system, is located in the southern part of Gansu Province and the northeast rimland of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, with total length of over 600km and drainage area of about 31,800km~2. Originating from Dagcanglhamo, Luqu     

Do invasive species undergo metapopulation dynamics? A case study of the invasive Caspian gull,Larus cachinnans,in Poland

Aim The mechanisms of initial dispersal and habitat occupancy by invasive alien species are fundamental ecological problems. Most tests of metapopulation theory are performed on local population systems that are stable or in decline. In the current study we were interested in the usefulness of metapopulation theory to study patch occupancy, local colonization, extinction and the abundance of the invasive Caspian gull (Larus cachinnans) in its initial invasion stages. Location Waterbodies in Poland. Methods Characteristics of the habitat patches (waterbodies, 35 in total) occupied by breeding pairs of Caspian gulls and an equal sample of randomly selected unoccupied patches were compared with t‐tests. Based on presence–absence data from 1989 to 2006 we analysed factors affecting the probability of local colonization, extinction and the size of local populations using generalized linear models. Results Occupied habitat patches were significantly larger and less isolated (from other habitat patches and other local populations) and were located closer to rivers than empty patches. The proximity of local food resources (fish ponds, refuse dumps) positively affected the occurrence of breeding pairs. The probability of colonization was positively affected by patch area, and negatively by distances to fish ponds, nearest habitat patch, nearest breeding colony and to a river, and by higher forest cover around the patch boundaries. The probability of extinction was lower in patches with a higher number of breeding pairs and with a greater area of islets. The extinction probability increased with distances to other local populations, other habitat patches, fish ponds and to refuse dumps and with a higher cover of forest around the patch boundaries. The size of the local population decreased with distances to the nearest habitat patch, local population, river, fish pond and refuse dump. Local abundance was also positively affected by the area of islets in the patch. Main conclusions During the initial stages of the invasion of Caspian gulls in Poland the species underwent metapopulation‐like dynamics with frequent extinctions from colonized habitat patches. The results prove that metapopulation theory may be a useful conceptual framework for predicting which habitats are more vulnerable to invasion.     

Integrating population size analysis into habitat suitability assessment: implications for giant panda conservation in the Minshan Mountains,China

Compared to conventional approaches, the integration of population size analysis with habitat suitability assessment on a large scale can provide more evidence to explain the mechanisms of habitat isolation and fragmentation, and thus make regional conservation plans. In this paper, we analyzed the habitat suitability for giant pandas in the Minshan Mountains, China, using the ecological-niche factor analysis (ENFA) method, and then evaluated the current conservation status of this endangered species. The results showed that (1) giant pandas were distributed in a narrow altitudinal range in which vegetation cover was dominated by coniferous forest, mixed coniferous and deciduous broadleaf forest, and deciduous broadleaf forest with scattered bamboo understory, and (2) roads and human settlements had strong negative effects on the panda habitat selection. According to habitat analysis, the total habitat area of giant panda in the Minshan Mountains was 953,173 ha, which was fragmented into 12 habitat units by major roads, rivers, and human settlements. The habitat of the mid-Minshan was less fragmentized, but was seriously fragmented in the north. The panda population size estimation showed that 676 individuals inhabited the study area, and 94.53% of them were in the mid-Minshan, but small panda populations less than 30 individuals inhabited the isolated and fragmented habitat patches in the north. The nature reserves in the Minshan Mountains have formed three conservation groups, which covered 41.26% of panda habitat and protected 70.71% of panda population of the study area, but there still exists two conservation gaps, and the connectivity among these reserves is still weak. Due to habitat isolation and extensive human disturbances, giant pandas in the north (i.e., Diebu, Zhouqu, and Wudou) are facing threats of local extinction. In order to protect pandas and their habitats in this area, some effective conservation approaches, such as establishing new reserves in gap areas, creating corridors among patches, and seasonally controlling traffic flux in key roads, should be implemented in the future to link these isolated habitats together.     

基于景观格局的甘肃白龙江流域生态风险评价与管理

流域生态风险评价是流域生态保护与环境管理的重要研究内容.开展以人类活动为风险源的生态风险评价,揭示流域生态风险的空间变化规律,对于促进流域生态保护和环境管理及社会发展具有重要的指导意义.本文基于景观格局指数和生态环境脆弱度构建了流域生态风险综合指数,以甘肃白龙江流域2010年土地利用数据为基础,以ArcGIS和Fragstats软件为平台,通过空间采样和地统计空间插值得到白龙江流域生态风险的空间分布规律.结果表明：白龙江流域生态风险空间分布差异明显,总体而言,白龙江流域西北部和北部的生态风险高于流域的西部和南部山区;在白龙江流域各县区中,武都和宕昌县的生态风险较高,迭部县和文县的生态风险较低.今后应加强流域土地利用综合管理和人类活动调控,开展植被恢复和生态重建,降低不合理人为干扰的生态风险和危害,实现流域经济、社会与生态保护的“多赢”,促进区域可持续发展.     

Thyme and isolation for the Sinai baton blue butterfly (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pseudophilotes sinaicus</Emphasis>)

The distribution of the narrowly endemic butterfly Pseudophilotes sinaicus (Lycaenidae) was studied. Potential habitat within its range was first located and then the quality of that habitat assessed. Degree of shelter, diversity of plant species, and resource area of an individual food plant (Thymus decussatus) all affected habitat quality and together were used to develop an index of habitat suitability applicable to each site. The butterfly's distribution was then studied within the identified network of suitable habitat patches: isolated patches with a small resource area were least likely to contain butterflies. Population size in a patch (as opposed merely to patch occupancy) was affected by resource area and the quality of habitat within that patch. Metapopulation processes and variation in habitat quality therefore appear to combine to describe the distribution of patches occupied by P. sinaicus and their population sizes. This finding provides insights into some of the processes operating on an endemic species throughout its geographical range and has important implications for the conservation of this rare butterfly.