携多拷贝glaA的重组黑曲霉过量合成糖化酶的研究

以工业生产菌株黑曲霉CICIMF0410基因组DNA为模板,扩增出糖化酶glaA基因,测序并进行表达研究。GlaA基因的核苷酸序列长为2167bp,包含4个内含子。氨基酸序列比对表明此黑曲霉糖化酶与其他曲霉属来源的糖化酶有很高的同源性。将glaA基因克隆到pBC-Hygro载体中,构建重组质粒pBC-Hygro-glaA并转化A.nigerF0410。携多拷贝glaA的转化子用150μg/mL潮霉素抗性筛选并通过荧光实时定量PCR鉴定。结果表明,在染色体整合2~3倍糖化酶基因对糖化酶的过量合成是适宜的,有助于提高糖化酶活力。对转化子进行摇瓶发酵研究,发酵终止时转化子GB0506的糖化酶活力比出发菌株F0410提高了17.5%。因此,增加黑曲霉染色体糖化酶基因的拷贝数可以显著提高糖化酶活力。     

黑曲霉糖化酶高产和低产菌株糖化酶基因调控区的克隆及其分析比较

以PCR合成的糖化酶高产菌株黑曲霉(Asp. Niger)T21糖化酶基因5’近端非编码区588bp(EcoRI-BamHI)的序列为探针,从T21染色体DNA中克隆到近2.0kb的糖化酶基因5’端非编码区序列,并以此序列为探针从糖化酶低产菌株黑曲霉3.795(T21的诱变出发株)的染色体DNA中克隆到1.5kb的糖化酶基因5’端非编码区序列。该二序列的分析测定结果表明,其结构特征与文献报道的黑曲霉糖化酶基因5’端非编码区的基本一致,被称为“核心启动子”(Core promoter)的TATAAAT框及GCAAT框,分别在翻译起始点的-109bp及-178bp处。此外,在曲霉amdS,amyB基因中已发现有调控功能的CCAAT序列存在于-449bp和-799bp处。高产和低产菌株糖化酶基因5’端非编码区序列的分析比较结果表明,有9个部位的碱基发生了变化。此实验结果为进一步研究黑曲霉糖化酶基因在转录水平上的调控规律打下了基础。     

Heterologous gene expression in Aspergillus niger: a glucoamylase-porcine pancreatic prophospholipase A2 fusion protein is secreted and processed to yield mature enzyme.

The cDNA gene encoding porcine pancreatic prophospholipase A2 (proPLA2) was cloned into an Aspergillus niger expression vector downstream of the glucoamylase (glaA) gene promoter region. When this construct was transformed into A. niger, no detectable PLA2 was produced. Evidence was obtained showing that the PLA2 gene was transcribed and that PLA2 is extremely susceptible to both intracellular and extracellular proteases of A. niger, thus indicating that translation products would be rapidly degraded. By fusing the proPLA2-encoding sequence to the entire glaA gene, secreted yields of PLA2 up to 10 micrograms/ml were obtained from a transformed protease-deficient strain of A. niger. PLA2 was secreted in young cultures as a fusion protein, but in older cultures, it was processed from the glucoamylase carrier protein. Secreted PLA2 was shown to be enzymatically active and to have the correct N-terminal amino acid (aa) sequence, although another form of processed PLA2 was also produced. This form included two aa of the proregion from PLA2. The potential for improving yields of secreted heterologous proteins from A. niger still further is discussed.     

强启动子glaA介导cbhB基因在黑曲霉中的表达

黑曲霉纤维素酶三类不同酶系中,纤维二糖水解酶基因表达处于很低水平,导致纤维素酶总体活力水平不高。为构建黑曲霉纤维素酶高产菌株,采用基因工程方法,全基因合成拼接黑曲霉高表达葡萄糖淀粉酶基因glaA的强启动子片段与纤维二糖水解酶基因cbhB编码区片段,然后将杂合基因克隆到二元载体pCAMBIA1301上,重组质粒通过农杆菌介导转化黑曲霉分生孢子,携带杂合基因的T-DNA片段插入到黑曲霉转化子的染色体上,共筛选到48个具有潮霉素抗性的转化子。纤维素酶活力水平测定结果显示,转化子A3-9的CMC酶活力最高,为野生型黑曲霉菌株的1.31倍;转化子B1-7与A3-6的滤纸酶活力最高,为野生型黑曲霉菌株2.51倍。另外,初步分析了杂合基因在黑曲霉中的表达所需的诱导条件。     

Heterogeneity of Aspergillus niger microcolonies in liquid shaken cultures

The fungus Aspergillus niger forms (sub)millimeter microcolonies within a liquid shaken culture. Here, we show that such microcolonies are heterogeneous with respect to size and gene expression. Microcolonies of strains expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) from the promoter of the glucoamlyase gene glaA or the ferulic acid esterase gene faeA were sorted on the basis of diameter and fluorescence using the Complex Object Parametric Analyzer and Sorter (COPAS) technology. Statistical analysis revealed that the liquid shaken culture consisted of two populations of microcolonies that differ by 90 μm in diameter. The population of small microcolonies of strains expressing GFP from the glaA or faeA promoter comprised 39% and 25% of the culture, respectively. Two populations of microcolonies could also be distinguished when the expression of GFP in these strains was analyzed. The population expressing a low level of GFP consisted of 68% and 44% of the culture, respectively. We also show that mRNA accumulation is heterogeneous within microcolonies of A. niger. Central and peripheral parts of the mycelium were isolated with laser microdissection and pressure catapulting (LMPC), and RNA from these samples was used for quantitative PCR analysis. This analysis showed that the RNA content per hypha was about 45 times higher at the periphery than in the center of the microcolony. Our data imply that the protein production of A. niger can be improved in industrial fermentations by reducing the heterogeneity within the culture.     

Nucleotide sequence and expression of the glucoamylase-encoding gene (glaA) from Aspergillus oryzae.

The glucoamylase-encoding gene (glaA) from Aspergillus oryzae was cloned using its cDNA as a probe, which had been isolated previously. From comparison of nucleotide (nt) sequences of genomic clones with its cDNA, the glaA gene was found to contain four short putative introns, 45-56 nt in length. The A. oryzae glaA gene shared 62% homology at the nt level with the A. niger glaA gene with the four introns located at the same position. The 5'-flanking region contained a TATA box at nt-72 from the start codon, and two putative CAAT sequences at nt-87 and -331. Genomic Southern analysis and physical mapping showed that the glaA gene is located on the smallest chromosome (3.4 Mb) of six separated bands of chromosomes. Clones containing the glaA gene, when re-introduced intro A. oryzae, resulted in a three- to eightfold increase in glucoamylase activity.     

Expression and functional analysis of a hyperglycosylated glucoamylase in a parental host, Aspergillus awamori var. kawachi.

A modified glucoamylase gene (glaA) with an extra Thr- and Ser-rich Gp-I domain (T. Semimaru, M. Goto, K. Furukawa, and S. Hayashida, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61:2885-2890, 1995) was introduced into a mutant parental host, Aspergillus awamori var. kawachi, in which the original glaA gene had been completely deleted and replaced with the hygromycin phosphotransferase gene. The modified glaA was successfully expressed and secreted. The modified glucoamylase possessed higher digestibility of raw corn starch and higher stabilities in response to heat and extreme pH.     

黑曲霉3.795glaA基因及其5'调控区的克隆和序列分析

黑曲霉Ｔ２１是由黑曲霉３．７９５经诱变育种获得的糖化酶高产菌株,为阐明其高产的分子机制,由黑曲霉３．７９５克隆了糖化酶结构基因及其５′旁侧序列,并与黑曲霉Ｔ２１的相应序列进行了比较．由黑曲霉３．７９５菌丝体分离染色体ＤＮＡ,Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ杂交分析表明,糖化酶结构基因位于～２．５ｋｂ的ＥｃｏＲⅠ－ＥｃｏＲⅤ染色体ＤＮＡ片段上,在此ＥｃｏＲⅠ位点上游约１．０ｋｂ处有一ＳａｌⅠ位点．为构建糖化酶结构基因及其５′旁侧序列的基因组文库,该染色体ＤＮＡ分别用ＥｃｏＲⅠ＋ＥｃｏＲⅤ和ＥｃｏＲ＋ＳａｌⅠ消化,琼脂糖凝胶电泳分离并回收长度在１．０ｋｂ左右和２．５ｋｂ左右的ＤＮＡ片段,分别与ｐＵＣ１９载体连接后转化入Ｅ．ｃｏｌｉＤＨ５．用原位杂交方法筛选到了携带糖化酶基因编码区及其１５０５ｂｐ５′旁侧序列的阳性克隆．对克隆片段的ＤＮＡ序列进行了测定并与黑曲霉Ｔ２１的相应序列进行了比较,结果表明,在糖化酶基因编码区及其１５０ｂｐ３′非编码区内,未发现碱基差异,但在－３４０～－１５０５的５′上游区内发生了９个位置的碱基变化,包括缺失、插入和替换．这些结果表明,黑曲霉Ｔ２１与３．７９５的糖化酶产量的差异与其结构基因无关,但可能与其     

黑曲霉糖化酶基因启动子区的克隆及其功能测定

利用PCR技术,以黑曲霉糖化酶高产株T21的基因组DNA为模板合成了糖化酶基因5＇端上游850bp的非编码区,并作了序列测定。将该合成片段与细菌潮霉素磷酸转移酶结构基因融合建成表达质粒,转化黑曲霉,获得了高潮霉素抗性转化子,证实该合成片段具有丝状真菌启动子功能。抗性转化子的Southern分析表明,潮霉素磷酸转移酶基因已整合到受体黑曲霉的基因组DNA中。     

黑曲霉糖化酶基因表达调控的研究：I.高产及低产菌株糖化酶表达…

对黑曲霉高产菌株Ｔ２１和原始菌株３．７９５糖化酶的基因表达从菌体生长、酶形成动力学、ｇｌａＡ基因拷贝数、糖化酶ｍＲＮＡ含量及其稳定性等多个方面进行了分析和比较。Ｔ２１和３．７９５糖化酶的大量产生均自菌体生长的静止期开始。培养７２ｈ捂得的菌体浓度相同,但Ｔ２１产生的糖化酶量为３．７９５的１０￣１７倍,说明糖化酶产量的差异不是因生物量或酶起始合成期不同引起的,而是由于细胞内酶表达量不同引起的。Ｎｏｒｔ     

黑曲霉糖化酶基因表达调控的研究 Ⅰ.高产及低产菌株糖化酶表达的总体分析和比较

对黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)高产菌株T21和原始菌株3.795糖化酶的基因表达从菌体生长、酶形成动力学、glaA基因拷贝数、糖化酶mRNA含量及其稳定性等多个方面进行了分析和比较。T21和3.795糖化酶的大量产生均自菌体生长的静止期开始。培养72h后,两者的菌体浓度相同,但T2l产生的糖化酶量为3.795的10～17倍,说明糖化酶产量的差异不是因生物量或酶起始合成期不同引起的,而是由于细胞内酶表达量不同引起的。Northern杂交显示T21总RNA中糖化酶mRNA含量为3.795的4.3～4.4倍.两菌株glaA基因拷贝数及糖化酶mRNA的稳定性分析结果排除了这两个因素的影响,因此T21糖化酶mRNA含量的增加主要是glaA基因转录水平提高的结果。T21与3.795之间糖化酶水平差异(10～17倍)与糖化酶mRNA水平差异(4.3～4.4倍)的不一致性,提示T21和3.795之间除转录水平外可能还存在着翻译水平上的差异(2～4倍)。此外,T21和3.795均存在着对糖化酶基因表达的碳源调控机制,根据两者在淀粉、麦芽糖和葡萄糖培养条件下所产生的mRNA比均为4:3:2,可以认为,这种调控作用发生在转录水平上,并且具有相同的调控方式。     

黑曲霉糖化酶基因表达调控的研究：Ⅱ.A.niger T21和3.795glaA基因 …

对糖化酶高产菌株Ａ．ｎｉｇｅｒＴ２１和原始菌株Ａ．ｎｉｇｅｒ３．７９５和ｇｌａＡ５′上游区的序列分析证明,两者在１．５ｋｂ的区域内有９个部位的碱基不同。为考察这些碱基差异是否是引起Ｔ２１ｇｌａＡ基因转录水平提高的原因,构建了以Ｔ２１和３．７９５ａｌａＡ基因转录调控区及Ａ．ｎｉｄｕｌａｎｓ ｔｒｐＣ基因终止子为表达元件的Ｅ．ｃｏｌｉ ｈｐｈ基因表达载体（ｐＸＨ１２和ｐＧＨ１）,用ｐＸＨ２和ｐＧＨ１分