植物体内的芳环细胞分裂素

芳环细胞分裂素包括6—苄基氨基嘌呤(BA),6—(3—羟苄基氨基)—嘌呤(mT),6—(2—羟苄基氨基)—嘌吟(oT)和它们的衍生物。它的代谢具有相互转换、羟基化作用、结合作用和氧化降解四个特征。本文从信号的感受,转导和应答阐明细胞分裂素在细胞和分子水平上的功能。     

细胞分裂素结合蛋白的研究进展

迄今为止,已从多种植物中分离到细胞分裂素结合蛋白(CBPs),它们可能在细胞分裂素的信号转导、体内运输及代谢中起作用。根据现有研究结果认为,大多数CTKs受体可能位于膜上,通过与G_蛋白耦联的信号转导系统或双组分信号转导系统完成CTKs信号的跨膜转导。少数CTKs受体可能位于细胞质中,与胞内CTKs结合后进入细胞核,直接调节基因的表达。本文综述了近年来对CBPs的研究进展,分析了CTKs受体的可能类型及CBPs作用的可能机制。     

细胞分裂素对植物基因表达的调节

细胞分裂素能显著改变植物基因转录的水平,在转录水平上或转录后水平上调控植物基因的表达。蛋白质磷酸化在细胞分裂素的信号转导过程中起着重要的作用,但迄今为止细胞分裂素的顺式作用元件和反式作用因子尚未有报道。文章最后就细胞分裂素对植物基因表达调节研究作了展望。     

小麦叶绿体中细胞分裂素结合蛋白的功能

采用ＢＡ－Ｓｅｐｈａｒｏｓｅ ６Ｂ亲和层析法从小麦叶绿体中纯化了ＣＴＫ结合蛋白并制备了抗体。小麦叶绿体经ＣＴＫ结合蛋白的抗体处理后,表现出：希尔反应活力降低;ＭＶ（包括光系统Ⅰ和Ⅱ）和ＰＭＳ（包括光系统Ⅰ）系统的毫秒延迟发光的慢相强度下降,光合磷酸化活力受到抑制,说明小麦叶绿体中的ＣＴＫ结合蛋白存在状态的状态的改变会影响叶绿体的能量转换过程。     

细胞分裂素结合蛋白的研究进展

迄今为止,已从多种植物中分离到细胞分裂素结合蛋白（ＣＢＰｓ）,它们可能在细胞分裂素的信号转导、体内运输及代谢中起作用。根据现有研究结果认为,大多数ＣＴＫｓ受体可能位于膜上,通过与Ｇ－蛋白耦联的信号转导系统或双组分信号转导系统完成ＣＴＫｓ信号的跨膜转导。少数ＣＴＫｓ受体可能位于细胞质中,与胞内ＣＴＫｓ结合后进入细胞核,直接调节基因的表达。本文综述了近年来对ＣＢＰｓ的研究进展,分析了ＣＴＫｓ受体的可能     

细胞分裂素的生物合成、代谢和受体

介绍了细胞分裂素的生物合成、代谢和受体的研究进展。     

气液色谱法定量测定植物细胞分裂素

自从Most发明了三甲基硅烷制备衍生物(以下简称TMS)方法以来,国外有许多利用该法测定细胞分裂素的报告。Horgan利用TMS衍生化方法,检测出枫树韧皮部中的玉米素核苷;Upper等用GLC配FID检测出5ng的CTK-TMS衍生物。目前,国外对细胞分裂素作定性分析测定经常采用该衍生化方法,但用于定量测     

微生物产生的细胞分裂素

微生物产生的细胞分裂素贾小明（浙江农业大学环保系,杭州３１００２９）细胞分裂素（ｃｙｔｏｋｉｎｉｎ）是一类重要的植物激素。它的主要生理功能是刺激细胞分裂,促进侧芽发育,维持蛋白质和核酸的合成,延缓离休叶片衰老等作用。细胞分裂素可用于蔬菜保鲜、防衰和延...     

细胞分裂素对植物衰老的延缓作用

细胞分裂素是一类重要的植物激素,它可在一定程度上延缓植物的衰老。主要从3个方面综述了细胞分裂素与植物衰老之间的关系,即:(1)植物衰老过程中内源细胞分裂素含量变化;(2)外源细胞分裂素的影响;(3)转入与细胞分裂素的合成、降解相关的基因对植物衰老产生的影响。此外,还从细胞分裂素与糖、与脂质氧化反应以及与其它植物激素的关系方面探讨了细胞分裂素在延缓植物衰老中的作用机理。     

Alterations of Endogenous Cytokinins in Transgenic Plants Using a Chimeric Isopentenyl Transferase Gene

Cytokinins, a class of phytohormones, appear to play an important role in the processes of plant development. We genetically engineered the Agrobacterium tumefaciens isopentenyl transferase gene, placing it under control of a heat-inducible promoter (maize hsp70). The chimeric hsp70 isopentenyl transferase gene was transferred to tobacco and Arabidopsis plants. Heat induction of transgenic plants caused the isopentenyl transferase mRNA to accumulate and increased the level of zeatin 52-fold, zeatin riboside 23-fold, and zeatin riboside 5[prime]-monophosphate twofold. At the control temperature zeatin riboside and zeatin riboside 5[prime]-monophosphate in transgenic plants accumulated to levels 3 and 7 times, respectively, over levels in wild-type plants. This uninduced cytokinin increase affected various aspects of development. In tobacco, these effects included release of axillary buds, reduced stem and leaf area, and an underdeveloped root system. In Arabidopsis, reduction of root growth was also found. However, neither tobacco nor Arabidopsis transgenic plants showed any differences relative to wild-type plants in time of flowering. Unexpectedly, heat induction of cytokinins in transgenic plants produced no changes beyond those seen in the uninduced state. The lack of effect from heat-induced increases could be a result of the transient increases in cytokinin levels, direct or indirect induction of negating factor(s), or lack of a corresponding level of competent cellular factors. Overall, the effects of the increased levels of endogenous cytokinins in non-heat-shocked transgenic plants seemed to be confined to aspects of growth rather than differentiation. Since no alterations in the programmed differentiation pattern were found with increased cytokinin levels, this process may be controlled by components other than absolute cytokinin levels.     

Rehydration of Sugar Beet Plants after Water Stress: Effect of Cytokinins

The possibility to improve the recovery of sugar beet plants after water stress by application of synthetic cytokinins N⁶-benzyladenine (BA) or N⁶-(m-hydroxybenzyl)adenosine (HBA) was tested. Relative water content (RWC), net photosynthetic rate (P_N), transpiration rate (E), stomatal conductance (g_s), chlorophyll (Chl) a and Chl b contents, and photosystem 2 efficiency characterized by variable to maximal fluorescence ratio (F_v/F_m) were measured in control plants, in water-stressed plants, and after rehydration (4, 8, 24, and 48 h). Water stress markedly decreased parameters of gas exchange, but they started to recover soon after irrigation. Application of BA or HBA to the substrate or sprayed on leaves only slightly stimulated recovery of P_N, E, and g_s in rehydrated plants, especially during the first phases of recovery. Chl contents decreased only under severe water stress and F_v/F_m ratio was not significantly affected by water stress applied. Positive effects of BA or HBA application on Chl content and F_v/F_m ratio were mostly not observed.     

Cytokinins in macroalgae

Thirty-one seaweeds were collected from the warmer KwaZulu-Natal coast and the cooler Cape waters (South Africa). Plant material was extracted with 70% ethanol supplemented with deuterium labelled standards of all known isoprenoid cytokinins. The samples were then centrifuged and purified by combined DEAE-Sephadex×octadecylsilica column and immunoaffinity chromatography and finally analysed for cytokinins by HPLC-linked mass spectrometry and a photodiode array detector. The cytokinin profiles were similar in all the macroalgae regardless of their taxonomy and growing locality. The main type of isoprenoid cytokinins present were zeatins with cis forms being more common than trans forms and isopentenyladenine (iP) derivatives. Only a few dihydrozeatin-type cytokinins were detected at very low levels in only nine species. Aromatic cytokinins were also present but at lower levels and were represented by benzyladenine (BA) and ortho- and meta-topolin derivatives. The topolins were present in greater diversity and concentrations than BA. For all the cytokinin types, the free bases, O-glucosides and nucleotides were the most common with no N-glucosides being detected and ribosides present at very low levels. The results suggest that different pathways for regulating cytokinin concentrations operate in macroalgae than in higher plants.     

The Distribution of Cytokinins in Tuberizing Potatoes

Potato tubers (Solanum tuberosum L.) stored at low temperaturein the dark for a prolonged period of time develop a disorderknown as ‘little potato’. This phenomenon involvesthe formation of stolons and new tubers, the reserves for thelatter being obtained from the parent tubers. A study of thedistribution of endogenous cytokinins in the various regionsof the system showed it to be very complex. Zeatin ribosideappeared to be the major cytokinin throughout the whole system.It was present in the highest levels at the stolon tips andin the smallest little potatoes. The internodal sprout tissue,which can be regarded as a link between the parent tubers andthe bulking little potatoes, contained the highest total levelof cytokinin. The total activity was greater due to the presenceof higher levels of compounds which co-eluted with zeatin andzeatin glucoside. It is possible that the cytokinin glucosideis either a translocatoly or storage form in the present system.The decreased levels of the glucoside at the stolon tips andin the bulking little potatoes could well be the result of hydrolysisor perhaps its active participation in the tuberizing process.     

The Biosynthesis of Cytokinins in Germinating Lupin Seeds

Imbibed intact seeds, and excised embryos and cotyledons ofyellow lupin (Lupinus luteus L. cv. Weiko III) have been incubatedwith [¹⁴C]-adenine to investigate cytokinin biosynthesis duringthe early stages of germination. Following incubation the tissueswere extracted and purified by solvent partition and chromatographyon cellulose phosphate, diethylaminoethyl cellulose and SephadexLH-20 columns. Using a variety of thin layer chromatographic,high performance liquid chromato-graphic and chemical procedures,incorporation of ¹⁴C into dihydrozeatin riboside and its nucleotidewas demonstrated in extracts of intact embryos, intact cotyledonsand excised embryos. However, radioactivity was not found associatedwith cytokinins in fractions derived from the isolated cotyledons.This is the first direct demonstration of cytokinin biosynthesisin germinating seeds and the results indicate that the capacityfor cytokinin biosynthesis is probably confined to the embryonicaxes. If this is so, the levels of [¹⁴CJ-dihydrozeatin ribosideassociated with intact embryo and intact cotyledon fractionsindicate that the synthesized cytokinin is transported to andaccumulates in the cotyledons. Key words: Lupinus luteus, cytokinin biosynthesis, seed germination     

Regulation by Cytokinins of Endogenous Levels of Jasmonic and Salicylic Acids in Mechanically Wounded Tobacco Plants

Plants respond differentially to wounding and pathogens usingdistinct signaling pathways, so that wound signals are transmittedto jasmonic acid (JA) which induces basic pathogenesis-related(PR) proteins, whereas pathogenic signals cause, in additionto JA, accumulation of salicylic acid (SA) which stimulatesproduction of acidic PR proteins. Transgenic tobacco plantsexpressing a gene for a small GTP binding protein respond abnormallyto mechanical wounding to produce SA and consequently acidicPR proteins, suggesting that wound signals cross with pathogensignaling pathways [Sano et al. (1994) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.USA 91: 10556]. This unusual signal crossing is associated witha highly sensitive wound-response of transgenic plants which,upon wounding, produce JA at least eighteen hours earlier thanwild-type plants. When wildtype plants are wounded in the presenceof the synthetic cytokinin, benzylaminopurine, production ofJA begins six hours earlier than in untreated samples, and alsoSA begins to accumulate. The cytokinin antagonist, 2-chloro-4-cyclohexylamino-6-ethylamino-s-triazine,erases these effects. Because transgenic plants constitutivelyproduce four-to six-fold higher amounts of endogenous cytokininsthan wild-type plants, it is concluded that cytokinins are indispensablefor control of endogenous levels of SA and JA. (Received April 23, 1996; Accepted June 10, 1996)