Insensitivity to photoperiod after diapause inSemiadalia undecimnotata [Col. Coccinellidae]

To check the sensitivity to photoperiod inSemiadalia undecimnotata Schneider the beetles were transferred to laboratory short day (12 L: 12 D) and long day (18 L : 6 D) both during diapause (mid-November) and after diapause (in mid-May, when most females were still in their hibernation quarters and when the outdoor photoperiod was 16 hr 40 min.). After diapause, most parameters of reproductive activity (fecundity, oviposition intensity, duration of pre- and post-oviposition periods) were identical at both photoperiods, indicating thus insensitivity to photoperiod. Only the incidence and duration of ovipositional arrests were higher under short-day conditions. In the middle of diapause the sensitivity to photoperiod was still high, so that reproduction was inhibited under short day and 20°–24°C.

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Résumé Au cours de ce travail on a cherché à établir la sensibilité à la photopériode chezSemiadalia undecimnotata Schneider. Les insectes furent récoltés sur les lieux d'estivo-hibernation pendant (minovembre) et après la diapause (mi-mai) et placés au laboratoire sous une photopériode courte (12 J: 12 N) ou longue (18 J : 6 N). Après la diapause, la plupart des caractères de l'activité reproductrice (fécondité, intensité de l'oviposition, durée des périodes des pré-et post-oviposition) sont identiques sous les 2 photopériodes et montrent une insensibilité des insectes à la photopériode. Seulement les arrêts de l'oviposition sont sensiblement plus fréquents et plus allongés sous la photopériode courte. Au milieu de la diapause, la sensibilité à la photopériode est encore assez élevée et empêche la ponte sous une photopériode courte et à 20°–24°C.

     

Comparative biological studies on two species of predatory beetles of the genusCybocephalus [Col.: Cybocephalidae]

The development, reproduction and longevity ofCybocephalus micans Reitter andC. nigriceps nigriceps (Sahlberg) were studied under controlled laboratory conditions. The data obtained explain the distribution of the 2 predators in different climatic regions of Israel. Under constant temperatures ranging between 16° and 36° C, the duration of development of the egg. larva and pupa of the 2 species became shorter as the temperature increased. For each developmental stage, at each temperature tested, the mean duration of development ofC. n. nigriceps was higher than that ofC. micans. The average time needed for completion of a generation at 28° C was about 39 days forC. micans, as compared with 56 days forC. n. nigriceps. Progeny production of both cybocephalid species was higher and adult longevity was longer at 28° C than at 32° C.     

Impact of foraging byMonochamus titillator [Col.: Cerambycidae] on within-tree populations ofDendroctonus frontalis [Col.: Scolytidae]

The impact of foraging byMonochamus titillator (Fab.) on within-tree populations ofDendroctonus frontalis Zimm. was described. Total population estimates forD. frontalis and inner bark area foraged byM. titillator were computed for 89 loblolly pine,Pinus taeda L., sampled over a 3 year period. Frequency histograms were prepared for the surface area of habitat infested, area foraged byM. titillator, and within-tree populations ofD. frontalis. These data were used to calculate the proportion of area foraged byM. titillator, the proportionalD. frontalis mortality for the entire tree, and the proportional mortality occurring in the foraged area. Histograms showing the variation of these components were prepared and described using nonlinear mathematical models. Ca. 20% of the infested surface area was foraged byM. titillator. Mortality toD. frontalis on a per tree basis was ca. 14%. Mortality in the area foraged byM. titillator was ca. 70%. These estimates were highly variable between individual trees and a procedure for predicting the probability of a given level of foraging and mortality was described. Sources of variation influencing foraging byM. titillator and mortality toD. frontalis were investigated. Variation between years and season followed similar trends with both foraging and mortality increasing from the base to the top of the infested bole. Variation between tree size-class was highly significant. Larger size-class trees had substantially greater foraging and mortality than did the smaller size-classes. Mortality within the foraged area was also found to be greater at the extremes of the infested bole.

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Résumé L’impact de l’activité deMonochamus titillator (Fab.) sur les populations à l’intérieur de l’arbre deDendroctonus frontalis Zimm. est décrit. Le total des évaluations de population deD. frontalis dans des zones à l’intérieur du tronc attaquées parM. titillator a été soumis à l’ordinateur pour 89 pins,Pinus taeda L., échantillonnés pendant 3 ans. Les histogrammes de fréquence ont été établis pour la surface de l’habitat infesté, la surface explorée parM. titillator et pour les populations deD. frontalis présentes dans l’arbre. A partir de ces données on a calculé la part de surface utilisée parM. titillator, la mortalité deD. frontalis extrapolée pour l’arbre entier et la mortalité se produisant dans la surface exploitée. Les histogrammes traduisant les variations de ces composantes ont été dressés en ayant recours à des modèles mathématiques non linéaires. Environ 20% de la surface infestée a été exploitée parM. titillator; la mortalité du scolyte fut d’environ 14% dans l’arbre et de 70% dans la zone attaquée parM. titillator. Ces évaluations sont très variables d’un arbre à l’autre et on a mis au point un procédé pour prévoir la probabilité d’un taux donné d’activité alimentaire du cerambycide et de mortalité du scolyte. Les causes de cette variabilité ont été étudiées. La variation suivant les années et les saisons suit les mêmes tendances à savoir l’augmentation à la fois de l’activité alimentaire et de la mortalité de la base au sommet du pin attaqué. La variation selon les classes de taille des arbres est hautement significative: les arbres les plus gros présentent une exploitation et une mortalité beaucoup plus importantes que les arbres plus petits. La mortalité du scolyte dans la zone attaquée par le cerambycide est également plus élevée aux extrémités du pin infesté.

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Texas Agricultural Experiment Station No.TA15244.     

The susceptibility ofTribolium castaneum [Col.: Tenchrionidae] toFarinocystis tribolii [Protozoa: Schizogregarinida]

The LT₅₀ ofFarinocystis tribolii Weiser to larvae ofTribolium castaneum (Herbst) increased with the age of the insect indicating that older larvae were relatively more tolerant to the infection though there was 100 % mortality ultimately. The adults were less susceptible than larvae and between sexes, females were more susceptible than males. The number of spores produced increased with the stage of the larvae, but there was no variation in the size of spores in the different instars. The LC₅₀ on 20th and 40th day of inoculation were 1.4×10⁷ and 2.1×10⁶ respectively. Mortality-time due toF. tribolii was shorter at 35 °C than at 25 °C. Sporulation occurred earlier at 35 °C than at 25 °C.     

Laboratory rearing of the predatory coccinellidCleobora mellyi [Col.: Coccinellidae] for biological control ofParopsis charybdis [Col.: Chrysomelidae] in New Zealand

Cleobora mellyi Mulstant has been introduced into New Zealand in an attempt to controlParopsis charybdis Stål. Artificial diets and a practical method for rearing the predatory Australian ladybird,C. mellyi, are described.     

Laboratory rearing ofAnaphes sordidatus [Hym.: Mymaridae] on carrot weevil eggs [Col.: Curculionidae]

A technique for rearingAnaphes sordidatus (Girault) on eggs of laboratory-reared carrot weevil,Listronotus oregonensis (Le Conte), is described. Individual rearing was possible by using polyethylene embedding capsules that enabled easy manipulation of parasitized carrot weevil eggs for use in subsequent experimental procedures. The technique described resulted in 65% parasitization of carrot weevil eggs and 90 mn per day were sufficient to obtainca. 200 parasites daily.      

Competition betweenBracon mellitor [Hym.: Braconidae] andCatolaccus grandis [Hym.: Pteromalidae] for their hostAnthonomus grandis [Col.: Curculionidae]

BioControl - Laboratory studies of competition between populations of 2 parasitoids of the cotton boll weevil,Anthonomus grandis Boheman, showed that populations ofCatolaccus grandis (Burks)...     

Effect on waterhyacinth ofNeochetina eichhorniae [Col.: Curculionidae] combined withOrthogalumna terebrantis [Acari: Galumnidae]

Seven hundred mottled waterhyacinth weevils,Neochetina eichhorniae Warner, were released in a Fort Lauderdale, Florida, canal on a mat of waterhyacinth,Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms-Laubach. At the time of weevil release, the mat contained ca. 100 adult waterhyacinth mites,Orthogalumna terebrantis Wall-work/plant, and ca. 15 immature waterhyacinth mites/cm². Waterhyacinth weevil populations increased to ca. 4 adults and 5 larvae/plant after 50 weeks, and were unaffected by weather. Waterhyacinth mite populations reached a peak of ca. 840/plant after 16 weeks, at which time they were reduced in number by low temperatures. Decrease in size and density of waterhyacinth closely followed buildup of weevil populations, with petiole length decreasing by 35% and plant density reduced by 45% over a 50 week period. The phytopathogenic fungusAcremonium zonatum (Saw.) Gams., which causes zonate leaf spot disease of waterhyacinth, developed in waterhyacinth mite tunnels after the adult mite created an emergence hole, but was not observed in weevil feeding spots.     

Investigations on the parasitism ofOtiorrhynchus salicicola andO. Sulcatus [Col.: Curculionidae] byHeterorhabditis sp. [Nematoda]

Experiments were conducted to study the efficacy of the insect parasitic nematodeHeterorhabditis sp. (HW79) as a biological control agent ofOtiorrhynchus salicicola. This weevil species is reported as a pest of ornamental plants in Switzerland and Italy. Dipping plastic boxes containing heavily infested cuttings of laurel (Prunus laurocerasus) in a nematode suspension resulted in approximately 100% parasitisation of full-grown larvae, pupae and non-emerged young adults. The average dose resulting from dipping varied between 56,000 and 62,000 nematodes per liter soil. This experiment was run under natural outdoor conditions. In a further outdoor experiment, pottedLigustrum plants were inoculated with eggs ofO. salicicola and later 20,000 infective juvenile nematodes per liter soil were added to the soil surface. The resulting weevil mortality in the treated pots was 78%. In seven greenhouse tests using the same nematode dose in pots with horticultural soil to which weevil larvae had been added, weevil mortality varied between 76% and 100%, the arithmetic average being 90%. These results indicate that Heterorhabditid nematodes may provide an effective means of controllingO. salicicola. In an other experiment usingO. sulcatus larvae, the influence of application time on nematode efficacy was investigated. When nematodes were added a few days before weevil larvae had hatched from the eggs, no parasitic effect was obtained. Nematode applications done shortly after larval hatching however, resulted in complete weevil control. These results are of significance in timing nematode applications in practice.      

Propagation of the Colorado potato beetle [Col.: Chrysomelidae] egg parasiteEdovum puttleri, [Hym.: Eulophidae]

The parasitic wasp,Edovum puttleri Grissell, was successfully reared onLeptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) in the laboratory and increased in sufficient numbers for inoculative release studies in the spring and summer. The effects of temperature on parasite development, and host-parasite ratios in the laboratory are presented. The sex ratio of parasites reared in the laboratory are compared to those released and recovered in the field.     

Predation of eggs ofSitona hispidulus [Col.: Curculionidae] in alfalfa

The predation on egg populations ofSitona hispidus (Fabricius) [Col.: Curculionidae] in a stand of alfalfa was evaluated in 1982 and 1983. By using pitfall traps, catches of reproductive adults ofS. hispidulus were correlated with catches of carabid species, and potential egg predators were identified for further evaluation. Results indicated that predators removed 28 % of eggs under field conditions.Amara aenea DeGeer was found to be particularly efficient on eggs ofS. hispidulus under caged-field conditions.      

Naturally-occurring biological control of the boll weevil [Col.: Curculionidae]

Red imported fire ants,Solenopsis invicta Buren, are effective predators of the boll weevil,Anthonomus grandis Boheman, in east Texas cotton fields. Boll weevils caused no economic loss in 11 years due to mortality attributed primarily to ants. Removal of the ants resulted in an increase in crop damage by the boll weevil. Insecticides used for cotton pests greatly reduce the abundance of the ants. To capitalize on this effective predation of boll weevils by ants, unnecessary applications of insecticides should be eliminated.     

Predators ofBathyplectes curculionis [Hym.: Ichneumonidae], a parasite ofHypera postica [Col.: Curculionidae]

Invertebrate predation was shown to be the greatest mortality factor on diapausing larvae ofBathyplectes curculionis (Thomson) in Illinois. Feeding tests were conducted in which specific predators were determined by exposingB. curculionis larvae to various surface dwelling invertebrates found in alfalfa fields. In addition, field plantings of parasite larvae in modified cages were used to determine the size of predators, and also, if litter density affected predation. Seasonal activity ofB. curculionis predators was also measured from 4 April 1975 to 18 November 1975 via 15 pitfall traps located in 3 alfalfa fields. Results from feeding studies showed that spiders,Cicindelidae, Formicidae and smallStaphylinidae never preyed uponB. curculionis larvae in cocoons. The 2 groups of predators which consumed the larvae were field crickets,Gryllus pennsylvanicus Burm., and various species ofCarabidae. Predation on the parasite larvae planted in the field was mainly caused by moderately sized invertebrates, and was not significantly affected by litter density. The greatest number of total predators (G. pennsylvanicus plus Carabids) caught/day/pitfall trap, and the greatest predation on field-plantedB. curculionis larvae, occurred concurrently during September and October. These data suggest that predation during September and October may be significant in reducing field populations of diapausing parasite larvae. Based on feeding studies and pitfall trap catches,Gryllus pennsylvanicus and the carabids,Abacidus permundus (Say),Evarthrus sodalis LeConte,Harpalus pennsylvanicus DeGeer andScarites subterraneus Fab., were the most important predators onB. curculionis larvae.

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Résumé Il a été montré que les prédateurs invertébrés sont le plus grand facteur de mortalité des larves en diapause deBathyplectes curculionis (Thomson) en Illinois. On a fait des essais alimentaires dans lesquels on a déterminé des prédateurs spécifiques en exposant les larves deB. curculionis à divers invertébrés trouvés dans les champs de luzerne. De plus, des larves du parasite, dans des cages modifiées implantées dans les champs, ont été employées pour vérifier la taille des prédateurs et aussi pour savoir si la densité de la litière a influencé les prédateurs. L'activité saisonnière des prédateurs deB. curculionis a été mesurée du 4 avril 1975 au 18 novembre 1975 au moyen de 15 pièges placés dans 3 champs de luzerne. Les résultats des essais alimentaires montrent que les araignées,Cicindelidae, Formicidae et de petitsStaphylinidae n'ont jamais utilisé comme proie les larves en cocon deB. curculionis. Deux groupes de prédateurs ont consommé les larves: les grillons,Gryllus pennsylvanicus Burm., et des espèces variées deCarabidae. Pour la plupart ce sont des invertébrés de taille modérée qui ont utilisé comme proie les larves implantées dans les champs, la densité de litière n'étant pas significative. Le plus grand nombre de prédateurs au total (G. pennsylvanicus plusCarabidae) attrapés par jour et par piège et la plus grande consommation de larves deB. curculionis se sont produits concurremment en septembre et en octobre. Ces données indiquent que les prédateurs en septembre et octobre peuvent être très importants pour réduire le nombre de larves parasites en diapause. Si l'on juge selon les essais alimentaires et selon ce qu'on a attrapé dans les pièges,Gryllus pennsylvanicus et lesCarabidae, Abacidus permundus (Say)tEvarthrus sodalis LeConte,Harpalus pennsylvanicus DeGeer,et Scarites subterraneus Fab., on, constitué les prédateurs spécifiques les plus importants des larves deB. curculionis.

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This publication was supported by the Illinois Natural History Survey, The Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station, National Science Foundation, and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, through a grant (NSF GB-34718) to the University of California. The findings, opinions and recommentations expressed herein are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the University of California, the National Science Foundation and the Environmental Protection Agency.     

The observed sex ratio ofPediobius foveolatus [Hym.: Eulophidae] in field populations ofEpilachna varivestis [Col.: Coccinellidae]

Larvae ofEpilachna varivestis Mulsant, parasitized byPediobius foveolatus (Crawford), were collected in soybean fields in Maryland during 1975. AdultP. foveolatus emerging from the larvae were sexed and counted. The ratio of males to females increased as the availability of food within the host decreased. This information is useful in development of exponential models predicting hostparasite interactions.     

Trophic regulation of postdiapause ovariole maturation inCoccinella septempunctata [Col.: Coccinellidae]

In 1977 the vernal maturation ofCoccinella septempunctata L. females was investigated in relation to the variation in aphid population density on alfalfa and cereals in central Bohemia. The ovarioles do not ripen unless the aphid population density reaches a certain threshold. This leads to considerable variability in the time of vernal reproductive activity (up to 1.5 months in the same geographic locality) among subpopulations living on crops with different aphid densities. This mechanism enables the reproduction of the aphidophagous insect to synchronize with the population development of the aphid.     

Survival of within-treeIps calligraphus [Col.: Scolytidae]: Effect of insect associates

Mechanical exclusion methods were used on the preferred portion of the hosttree bole to evaluateIps calligraphus brood mortality caused by the insect associate complex with and without the contribution ofMonochamus sawyer foraging. The studies compared brood adultIps calligraphus emergence from beetle infested bolts from which all insect associates were excluded, from which onlyMonochamus sawyers were excluded, and those bolts which were exposed to all insect associates. The least mortality occurred in bolts from which all insect associates were excluded, significantly more mortality occurred in bolts from which only sawyers were excluded, and the greatest mortality occurred in bolts exposed to all insect associates. Average monthly mortality due to insect associates was 89%, with 51% due to sawyer foraging. Insect associates were found to be more effective from May through July, while sawyer foraging produced the greatest within-bolt mortality from August through October.     

Superparasitism ofEpilachna varivestis [Col.: Coccinellidae] byPediobus foveolatus [Hym.: Eulophidae]: Influence of temperature and parasitoid-host ratio

Superparasitism ofEpilachna varivestis Mulsant larvae by the hymenopterous parasitoid,Pediobius foveolatus (Crawford), occurred under laboratory conditions. However,P. foveolatus avoided previously parasitized larvae in a manner which was directly related to the number of times host larvae were initially parasitized. Increasing the parasitoid-host ratio also increased percent host mortality and highest overall host mortality occurred at 15.6°C when the parasitoid-host ratio was 10∶10. Higher temperatures (22° and 28°C) and higher parasitoid-host ratios yielded higher numbers of parasitized larvae although a significant number of parasitoids failed to emerge at the highest parasitoid-host ratio. Higher temperatures along with increasing parasitoid-host ratios favored production of more male parasitoids.     

Preference for medium dense grass tussocks byHippodamia convergens [Col.: Coccinellidae]

The preference in the choice of hibernacula of the convergent lady beetle,Hippodamia convergens Guérin-Meneville, was investigated with regard to morphological aspects of 2 introduced range grasses,Panicum coloratum (L.), andEragrostis curvula (Schrad.) Beetles strongly preferred tussocks with a ratio in the range of 1.0–3.0 stems per cm² for lovegrass. Preference for klein grass tussocks ranging from 110–130 stems/clump was found. No preference was shown for a particular tussock circumference. It was demonstrated that tussocks could successfully be designated as suitable for beetle aggregation.     

Laelius utilis [Hym.: Bethylidae], a parasitoid ofAnthrenus fuscus [Col.: Dermestidae] in Iowa

Larvae ofAnthrenus fuscus Olivier, an Old World dermestid beetle, are established in Ames, Iowa, and are parasitized locally by the native bethylid wasp,Laelius utilis Cockerell; this is a new state record. Life history and new host information forL. utilis is presented, as well as morphological and biological means for differentiating it fromL. pedatus Say of similar appearance. Journal Paper N^o 10661 of the Iowa Agriculture and Home Economics Experiment Station, Ames. IA 50011. Project N^o 2259.     

Effects ofBathyplectes curculionis andBathyplectes anurus [Hym.: Ichneumonidae] on the growth and development ofHypera postica [Col.: Curculionidae]

Observations, linear measurements, dissections, and histological preparations were made of parasitized and nonparasitized larvae of the alfalfa weevil,Hypera postica (Gyllenhal), on a daily basis. The observed developmental period lasted from 24 h after oviposition byBathyplectes curculionis (Thomson) orBathyplectes anurus (Thomson) until parasite larvae emerged from their hosts. Adult and larval parasites significantly altered growth and development ofH. postica larvae.B. curculionis andB. anurus caused 24 and 29% greater premature mortality in young host larvae than that observed in the unparasitized controls. Rate of development for parasitized larvae during the 1st 12 days was essentially the same as for nonparasitized larvae. Nonparasitized larvae reached maximum size in 17–18 days, whereas larvae parasitized byB. curculionis andB. anurus required 14–21 and 19–22 days, respectively. Larvae parasitized byB. curculionis are smaller in overall lengths, widths and head capsule widths than nonparasitized larvae and those parasitized byB. anurus.