Assessment of C:N Ratios and Water Potential for Nitrogen Optimization in Diesel Bioremediation

Sandy clay loam soil contaminated with 5000, 10,000 or 20,000 mg/kg of diesel fuel no. 2 was amended with 0 (ambient nitrogen only), 250, 500, or 1000 mg/kg nitrogen (NH₄Cl) to evaluate the role of C:N ratios and soil water potential on diesel biodegradation efficacy. The soil was incubated at 25°C for 41 days and microbial O₂ consumption measured respirometrically. Highest microbial respiration was observed in the 250 mg N/kg soil treatments regardless of diesel concentration. Higher levels of nitrogen fertilization decreased soil water potential and resulted in an extended lag phase and reduced respiration. Application of 1000 mg/kg nitrogen reduced maximum respiration by 20% to 52% depending on contaminant levels. Optimal C:N ratios among those tested were 17:1, 34:1, and 68:1 for the three diesel concentrations, respectively, and were dependent on contaminant concentration. Nitrogen fertilization on the basis of soil pore water nitrogen (mg N/kg soil H₂O) is independent of hydrocarbon concentration but takes into account soil moisture content. This method accounts for both the nutritional and osmotic aspects of nitrogen fertilization. In the soil studied the best nitrogen augmentation corresponded to a soil pore water nitrogen level of 1950 mg N/kg H₂O at all diesel concentrations.     

加气灌溉对不同施氮水平的设施甜瓜土壤CO2和N2O排放的影响

为探讨不同加气灌溉施氮模式下设施甜瓜土壤CO₂和N₂O排放的动态变化规律及其与土壤温度、湿度的关系,本研究采用密闭静态箱-气相色谱法对加气灌溉不同施氮水平下土壤CO₂和N₂O排放进行监测,并分析了加气灌溉对不同施氮量下土壤CO₂和N₂O排放的影响.试验采用加气灌溉(AI)和不加气灌溉(CK)两种灌溉方式,施氮量设不施氮(N₁)、传统施氮量的2/3(150 kg·hm^-2,N₂)和传统施氮量(225 kg·hm^-2,N₃)3个施氮水平.结果表明:加气灌溉土壤CO₂和N₂O排放量高于不加气灌溉处理,但是差异不显著;相同灌溉模式下,CO₂和N₂O排放量随施氮量的增加而显著增加,施氮量是土壤CO₂和N₂O排放的主要影响因素.加气灌溉条件下,不同施氮处理N₂O排放通量与土壤温度和湿度呈显著正相关,CO₂排放通量与土壤温度呈显著正相关.加气减氮处理在氮肥减少1/3的情况下,甜瓜产量提高了6.9%,温室气体排放引起的增温潜势值从9544.82 kg·hm^-2下降到9340.72 kg·hm^-2.综上,通过加气灌溉减少氮肥施用量来抑制农业生产系统中温室气体排放是可行的.     

加气灌溉对不同施氮水平的设施甜瓜土壤CO2和N2O排放的影响

为探讨不同加气灌溉施氮模式下设施甜瓜土壤CO₂和N₂O排放的动态变化规律及其与土壤温度、湿度的关系,本研究采用密闭静态箱-气相色谱法对加气灌溉不同施氮水平下土壤CO₂和N₂O排放进行监测,并分析了加气灌溉对不同施氮量下土壤CO₂和N₂O排放的影响.试验采用加气灌溉(AI)和不加气灌溉(CK)两种灌溉方式,施氮量设不施氮(N₁)、传统施氮量的2/3(150 kg·hm^-2,N₂)和传统施氮量(225 kg·hm^-2,N₃)3个施氮水平.结果表明:加气灌溉土壤CO₂和N₂O排放量高于不加气灌溉处理,但是差异不显著;相同灌溉模式下,CO₂和N₂O排放量随施氮量的增加而显著增加,施氮量是土壤CO₂和N₂O排放的主要影响因素.加气灌溉条件下,不同施氮处理N₂O排放通量与土壤温度和湿度呈显著正相关,CO₂排放通量与土壤温度呈显著正相关.加气减氮处理在氮肥减少1/3的情况下,甜瓜产量提高了6.9%,温室气体排放引起的增温潜势值从9544.82 kg·hm^-2下降到9340.72 kg·hm^-2.综上,通过加气灌溉减少氮肥施用量来抑制农业生产系统中温室气体排放是可行的.     

罗浮栲林土壤微生物碳利用效率对短期氮添加的响应

作为调节土壤碳矿化过程的重要参数,微生物碳利用效率(CUE)对理解陆地生态系统中的碳循环至关重要。本研究在戴云山罗浮栲林设置对照(0 kg N·hm^-2·a^-1)、低氮(40 kg N·hm^-2·a^-1)和高氮(80 kg N·hm^-2·a^-1) 3个氮添加水平以模拟氮沉降,测定了表层(0～10 cm)土壤基本理化性质、有机碳组分、微生物生物量和酶活性;并利用¹⁸O标记水方法测定土壤微生物CUE,以更好地理解氮沉降加剧对微生物CUE的影响及其影响因素。结果表明: 短期氮添加显著降低了土壤微生物的呼吸速率、碳和氮获取酶活性,但显著增加了土壤微生物CUE。β-N-乙酰氨基酸葡糖苷酶(NAG)/微生物生物量碳(MBC)、微生物呼吸速率、β-葡萄糖苷酶(BG)/MBC、纤维素水解酶(CBH)/MBC和土壤有机碳含量是影响CUE的主要因素,且CUE与NAG/MBC、微生物呼吸速率、BG/MBC和CBH/MBC呈显著负相关,与土壤有机碳呈显著正相关。综上,短期氮添加导致土壤微生物获取碳和氮的成本降低,减少微生物呼吸,从而提高了土壤微生物CUE,这将有助于提高罗浮栲林土壤碳固存潜力。     

26年长期施肥对土壤微生物量碳、氮及土壤呼吸的影响

研究长期小麦连作施肥条件下土壤微生物量碳、氮,土壤呼吸的变化及其与土壤养分的相关性。以陕西长武长期定位试验为平台,应用氯仿熏蒸-K2SO4提取法、碱液吸收法和化学分析法分析了长达26a不同施肥处理农田土壤微生物量碳、微生物量氮和土壤呼吸之间的差异及其调控土壤肥力的作用。长期施肥及种植作物,均能提高土壤微生物量碳、氮含量,尤其是施用有机肥,土壤微生物量碳、氮含量高于单施无机肥的处理,土壤呼吸量也提高15.91%—75.73%,而施用无机肥对于土壤呼吸无促进作用。土壤微生物生物量碳氮、土壤呼吸与土壤有机质、全氮呈极显著相关。长期有机无机肥配施可以提高土壤微生物量碳氮、土壤呼吸,氮磷肥与厩肥配施对提高土壤肥力效果最好。微生物量碳氮及土壤呼吸可以反映土壤质量的变化,作为评价土壤肥力的生物学指标。     

短期施氮肥降低杉木幼林土壤的根系和微生物呼吸

土壤呼吸是陆地生态系统碳循环的重要过程。在人工林生态系统中, 施肥不仅能提高人工林的生产力和固碳能力, 而且还会对土壤呼吸产生影响。为阐明施氮肥对人工林土壤总呼吸、根系和微生物呼吸的影响, 在中亚热带地区的湖南会同, 以5年生杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)幼林为研究对象, 施氮肥1年后, 利用LI-8100对土壤呼吸进行为期12个月的野外原位定点观测。结果发现: 施氮肥使土壤总呼吸、根系呼吸和微生物呼吸分别降低了22.7%、19.6%和23.5%; 土壤呼吸的温度敏感性(Q₁₀)为1.81-2.04, 施肥使土壤微生物呼吸的Q₁₀值从对照的2.04降低为1.84, 但土壤总呼吸的Q₁₀值没有发生显著变化; 施肥没有改变土壤呼吸的季节变化, 在双因素模型中, 土壤温度和含水量可以解释土壤呼吸季节变化的69.9%-79.7%。研究表明施氮肥能降低中亚热带地区杉木人工林土壤有机碳分解对温度升高的响应, 在全球变暖背景下有利于增加土壤有机碳储量。     

Short-term nitrogen fertilization decreased root and microbial respiration in a young Cunninghamia lanceolata plantation

Aims As the primary pathway for CO₂ emission from terrestrial ecosystems to the atmosphere, soil respiration is estimated to be 80 Pg C·a^-1 to 100 Pg C·a^-1, equivalent to 10 fold of fossil fuel emissions. As an important management practice in plantation forests, fertilization does not only increase primary production but also affects soil respiration. To investigate how nitrogen (N) fertilization affects total soil, root and microbial respiration, a N fertilization experiment was conducted in a five-year-old Cunninghamia lanceolata plantation in Huitong, Hunan Province, located in the subtropical region. MethodsOne year after fertilization, soil respiration was monitored monthly by LI-8100 from July 2013 to June 2014. Soil temperature and water content (0-5 cm soil depth) were also measured simultaneously. Available soil nutrients, fine root biomass and microbial communities were analyzed in June 2013. Important findings Total soil, root and microbial respiration rates were 22.7%, 19.6%, and 23.5% lower in the fertilized plots than in the unfertilized plots, respectively. The temperature sensitivity (Q₁₀) of soil respiration ranged from 1.81 to 2.04, and the Q₁₀ value of microbial respiration decreased from 2.04 in the unfertilized plots to 1.84 in the fertilized plots. However, neither the Q₁₀ value nor the patterns of total soil respiration were affected by N fertilization. In the two-factor model, soil temperature and moisture accounted for 69.9%-79.7% of the seasonal variations in soil respiration. These results suggest that N fertilization reduces the response of soil organic carbon decomposition to temperature change and may contribute to the increase of soil carbon storage under global warming in subtropical plantations.     

土壤水分对土壤产生气态氮的厌氧微生物过程的影响

气态氮[一氧化氮(NO)、氧化亚氮(N2O)和氮气(N2)]的释放是土壤氮损失的一种重要途径.硝化和反硝化作用是土壤气态氮损失的主要微生物过程,但是异养硝化作用、共反硝化作用和厌氧氨氧化过程对土壤气态氮损失的贡献尚不清楚.本研究利用15N标记和配对法,结合硝化抑制剂双氰胺(DCD),通过土壤培养试验来量化厌氧条件下各种...     

氮肥对玉米生长季土壤呼吸的影响

在玉米生长季,采用温室盆栽试验,利用分根箱法和根去除法,研究了氮肥对土壤呼吸、土壤基础呼吸、根系呼吸和根际微生物呼吸的影响.试验设4个处理:不种植玉米不施氮肥(CKO)、不种植玉米施氮肥(CKN)、种植玉米不施氮肥(MO)和种植玉米施氮肥(MN).结果表明:不种植玉米处理(CKN和CKO)土壤呼吸速率(土壤基础呼吸)为13.41～77.27 mg C·m-2·h-1,施用氮肥对土壤基础呼吸没有显著影响;种植玉米条件下,施氮处理(MN)的平均土壤呼吸速率为138.54 mg C·m-2·h-1,显著高于不施氮处理(MO),增幅达17.7%,尤其在玉米的抽穗期和开花期增幅明显.施氮肥处理土壤基础呼吸、根系呼吸和根际微生物呼吸对土壤呼吸的贡献率分别为36.2%、45.9%和17.9%,而不施氮肥处理分别为35.5%、36.9%和37.6%.     

根系分泌物C∶N对刺槐林地土壤理化特征和土壤呼吸的影响

为探究根系分泌物C∶N对土壤养分循环及微生物活性的影响,本研究以黄土高原人工刺槐林为对象,在生境条件基本一致的15、25、35、45 a刺槐林地取原位土壤,通过模拟不同C∶N的根系分泌物(只添加N、C∶N=10、C∶N=50、C∶N=100和只添加C)添加至土壤,以去离子水作为对照,分析根系分泌物C∶N对土壤碳、氮、磷、pH值等理化特征和土壤呼吸的影响。结果表明: 1)有机碳含量与根系分泌物C∶N呈正相关,根系分泌物C∶N=10时土壤有机碳(SOC)分解较快,高根系分泌物C∶N(C∶N=100)能延缓SOC分解,而只添加C处理对SOC无显著影响。2)不同C∶N根系分泌物处理对全氮的影响不明显,碳添加能促进微生物对铵态氮的吸收,氮添加能促进铵态氮的硝化,随着根系分泌物C∶N增加,土壤中铵态氮含量下降。3)氮添加会导致土壤pH值下降,增加土壤全磷含量。4)刺槐林地土壤呼吸值与根系分泌物C∶N呈正相关,随着C∶N增加,根系分泌物对25和35 a人工刺槐林土壤呼吸的促进作用更显著。综上,根系分泌物C∶N值越高,对人工刺槐林土壤呼吸的促进作用越显著。研究结果进一步加深了对森林根系-土壤-微生物互作过程的认识。     

Microbial activity and soil respiration under nitrogen addition in Alaskan boreal forest

Climate warming could increase rates of soil organic matter turnover and nutrient mineralization, particularly in northern high‐latitude ecosystems. However, the effects of increasing nutrient availability on microbial processes in these ecosystems are poorly understood. To determine how soil microbes respond to nutrient enrichment, we measured microbial biomass, extracellular enzyme activities, soil respiration, and the community composition of active fungi in nitrogen (N) fertilized soils of a boreal forest in central Alaska. We predicted that N addition would suppress fungal activity relative to bacteria, but stimulate carbon (C)‐degrading enzyme activities and soil respiration. Instead, we found no evidence for a suppression of fungal activity, although fungal sporocarp production declined significantly, and the relative abundance of two fungal taxa changed dramatically with N fertilization. Microbial biomass as measured by chloroform fumigation did not respond to fertilization, nor did the ratio of fungi : bacteria as measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. However, microbial biomass C : N ratios narrowed significantly from 16.0 ± 1.4 to 5.2 ± 0.3 with fertilization. N fertilization significantly increased the activity of a cellulose‐degrading enzyme and suppressed the activities of protein‐ and chitin‐degrading enzymes but had no effect on soil respiration rates or ¹⁴C signatures. These results indicate that N fertilization alters microbial community composition and allocation to extracellular enzyme production without affecting soil respiration. Thus, our results do not provide evidence for strong microbial feedbacks to the boreal C cycle under climate warming or N addition. However, organic N cycling may decline due to a reduction in the activity of enzymes that target nitrogenous compounds.     

我国北方几种玉米和设施菜地土壤的N2O和N2排放特征

为了探究旱地土壤施入氮肥后的气态氮(N₂O和N₂)损失规律,本研究通过室内好氧培养试验(60 d,25 ℃,80%孔隙含水量),运用¹⁵N同位素示踪技术,研究了4个玉米地土壤(哈尔滨、沈阳、栾城、寿光)和2个设施菜地土壤(沈阳、寿光)在施入尿素后的氮转化、N₂O和N₂排放动态。试验中尿素添加量为167 mg N·kg^-1,以模拟田间氮肥施用量200 kg N·hm^-2。结果表明: 在4个玉米地土壤中,尿素施用60 d内N₂O累积排放量为寿光(20 mg N·kg^-1)>栾城(14 mg N·kg^-1)>沈阳(5 mg N·kg^-1)>哈尔滨(0.5 mg N·kg^-1),N₂累积排放量为栾城(176 mg N·kg^-1)>沈阳(106 mg N·kg^-1)>寿光(75 mg N·kg^-1)>哈尔滨(12 mg N·kg^-1);在2个设施菜地土壤中,寿光土壤N₂O累积排放量(21 mg N·kg^-1)是沈阳(2 mg N·kg^-1)的10倍,而两个站点N₂累积排放量分别为28和24 mg N·kg^-1。不同土壤N₂O排放占两种气体排放总量的5%～40%,其中寿光土壤(30%～40%)显著高于其他样地土壤(1%～10%)。在土壤排放的N₂O和N₂中,土壤氮库分别贡献了56%和61%,高于添加当季氮肥的贡献率。相关分析表明,N₂O累积排放量与本底土壤pH呈正相关,说明土壤本底pH可能是调控不同旱地土壤N₂O和N₂排放的重要环境因子。在华北碱性土壤区,采用能降低土壤pH值的措施可能具有较好的气态氮减排效果。     

Evaluating the effects of gross nitrogen mineralization,immobilization, and nitrification on nitrogen fertilizer availability in soil experimentally contaminated with diesel

Sandy clay loam soil was contaminated with 5000 mg kg⁻¹ diesel, and amended with nitrogen (15.98 atom% ¹⁵N) at 0, 250, 500, and 1000 mg kg⁻¹ to determine gross rates of nitrogen transformations during diesel biodegradation at varying soil water potentials. The observed water potential values were −0.20, −0.47, −0.85, and −1.50 MPa in the 0, 250, 500, and 1000 mg kg⁻¹ nitrogen treatments respectively. Highest microbial respiration occurred in the lowest nitrogen treatment suggesting an inhibitory osmotic effect from higher rates of nitrogen application. Microbial respiration rates of 185, 169, 131, and 116 mg O₂ kg⁻¹ soil day⁻¹ were observed in the 250, 500, control and 1000 mg kg⁻¹ nitrogen treatments, respectively. Gross nitrification was inversely related to water potential with rates of 0.2, 0.04, and 0.004 mg N kg⁻¹ soil day⁻¹ in the 250, 500, and 1000 mg kg⁻¹ nitrogen treatments, respectively. Reduction in water potential did not inhibit gross nitrogen immobilization or mineralization, with respective immobilization rates of 2.2, 1.8, and 1.8 mg N kg⁻¹ soil day⁻¹, and mineralization rates of 0.5, 0.3, and 0.3 mg N kg⁻¹ soil day⁻¹ in the 1000, 500, and 250 mg kg⁻¹ nitrogen treatments, respectively. Based on nitrogen transformation rates, the duration of fertilizer contribution to the inorganic nitrogen pool was estimated at 0.9, 1.9, and 3.2 years in the 250, 500, and 1000 mg kg⁻¹ nitrogen treatments, respectively. The estimation was conservative as ammonium fixation, gross nitrogen immobilization, and nitrification were considered losses of fertilizer with only gross mineralization of organic nitrogen contributing to the most active portion of the nitrogen pool.     

茶园及相邻林地土壤N2O排放的垂直分布特征

对茶园及相邻林地土壤N2O排放的垂直分布特征进行研究.结果表明: 在0～100 cm土层,茶园和林地土壤全氮（TN）、N₂O排放速率及积累量均随着土层增加而减少,且茶园均值大于林地.土壤pH、TN、水溶性有机氮(WSON)、微生物生物量氮(MBN)、NO₃^--N及NH₄⁺-N含量随着土层增加总体呈下降趋势,茶园各土层TN、WSON、MBN、NO₃^--N及NH₄⁺-N含量显著大于林地,而不同土层pH值均小于林地.茶园和林地土壤N₂O排放速率与TN、MBN及NH₄⁺-N含量呈显著正相关,而与pH相关性不显著.茶园土壤N₂O排放速率与NO₃^--N含量的相关性显著,与WSON的相关性不显著,而在林地土壤中呈相反趋势.0~100 cm土层内茶园 WSON/SON和N₂O N/MBN平均值大于林地,而MBN/SON平均值小于林地.这表明茶园土壤氮库有较高的代谢效率,N₂O排放速率较高,不利于土壤氮库的储量积累,也不利于维持土壤质量和持续利用的潜力.     

茶园及相邻林地土壤N2O排放的垂直分布特征

对茶园及相邻林地土壤N2O排放的垂直分布特征进行研究.结果表明: 在0～100 cm土层,茶园和林地土壤全氮（TN）、N₂O排放速率及积累量均随着土层增加而减少,且茶园均值大于林地.土壤pH、TN、水溶性有机氮(WSON)、微生物生物量氮(MBN)、NO₃^--N及NH₄⁺-N含量随着土层增加总体呈下降趋势,茶园各土层TN、WSON、MBN、NO₃^--N及NH₄⁺-N含量显著大于林地,而不同土层pH值均小于林地.茶园和林地土壤N₂O排放速率与TN、MBN及NH₄⁺-N含量呈显著正相关,而与pH相关性不显著.茶园土壤N₂O排放速率与NO₃^--N含量的相关性显著,与WSON的相关性不显著,而在林地土壤中呈相反趋势.0~100 cm土层内茶园 WSON/SON和N₂O N/MBN平均值大于林地,而MBN/SON平均值小于林地.这表明茶园土壤氮库有较高的代谢效率,N₂O排放速率较高,不利于土壤氮库的储量积累,也不利于维持土壤质量和持续利用的潜力.     

氮沉降和施生物质炭对毛竹林土壤N2O通量的影响

本研究于2019年7月—2020年7月在浙江省杭州市典型毛竹林布置野外控制实验,采用静态箱-气相色谱法测定毛竹林土壤N₂O通量,分析生物质炭(10 t·hm^-2)、氮沉降(60 kg N·hm^-2·a^-1)、生物质炭+氮沉降混合处理对土壤N₂O通量的影响,并探讨了土壤N₂O通量与环境因子的关系。结果表明: 与对照相比,氮沉降处理使毛竹林土壤N₂O年累积排放量增加了14.6%,而施用生物质炭及其与氮沉降混合处理则分别降低了20.8%和10.6%。相关分析表明,在所有处理下,毛竹林土壤N₂O排放速率与土壤温度、硝态氮含量、脲酶和蛋白酶活性之间均呈极显著相关,与土壤铵态氮含量均呈显著相关。在氮沉降背景下,施用生物质炭对毛竹林土壤N₂O通量仍具有显著的减排效应。     

不同氮肥对东北春玉米农田温室气体周年排放的影响

为探明不同氮肥条件下高纬度农田土壤的温室气体排放特性,采用静态箱-气相色谱法研究了常规施氮(CN)、施用缓释肥(SLN)、尿素添加硝化抑制剂和脲酶抑制剂(NIUI)、不施氮肥(NN)对东北春玉米农田土壤温室气体排放的影响.结果表明: CN、SLN和NIUI处理产量分别为9618、9376和9645 kg·hm^-2.与CN处理相比,SLN促进了玉米生长季土壤N₂O的排放,降低了非生长季土壤N₂O的排放;NIUI处理N₂O累积排放量比CN降低了39.0%;各处理土壤CO₂周年累积排放通量无显著差异;东北春玉米田是大气中CH₄的弱汇,NIUI处理较CN促进了玉米生长季土壤对CH₄的吸收.综上,尿素添加脲酶抑制剂和硝化抑制剂可以在实现玉米高产的同时有效减少土壤温室气体排放.     

林龄对红松和落叶松人工林土壤温室气体通量的影响

探讨人工林发育过程中土壤温室气体排放及其机制,可为森林温室气体通量估算提供理论依据.采用室内培养方法研究了黑龙江省帽儿山地区不同林龄(15、30和50年生)红松(Pinus koraiensis)和落叶松(Larix gmelinii)人工林土壤温室气体排放/吸收速率及其调控因素.结果 表明:30年生红松和落叶松人工林...     

Structure and characterization of platinum(II) and platinum(IV) complexes with protonated nucleobase ligands

The reaction of H₂[PtCl₆] · 6H₂O and (H₃O)[PtCl₅(H₂O)] · 2(18C6) · 6H₂O (18C6 = 18-crown-6) with 9-methylguanine (MeGua) proceeded with the protonation of MeGua forming 9-methylguaninium hexachloroplatinate(IV) dihydrate (MeGuaH)₂[PtCl₆] · 2H₂O (1).The same compound was obtained from the reaction of Na₂[PtCl₆] with (MeGuaH)Cl.On the other hand, the reaction of guanosine (Guo) with (H₃O)[PtCl₅(H₂O)] · 2(18C6) · 6H₂O in methanol at 60 °C proceeded with the cleavage of the glycosidic linkage and with ligand substitution to give a guaninium complex of platinum(IV), [PtCl₅(GuaH)] · 1.5(18C6) · H₂O (2).Within several weeks in aqueous solution a slow reduction took place yielding the analogous guaninium platinum(II) complex, [PtCl₃(GuaH)] · (18C6) · 2Me₂CO (3).H₂[PtCl₆] · 6H₂O and guanosine was found to react in water, yielding (GuoH)₂[PtCl₆] (4) and in ethanol at 50 °C, yielding [PtCl₅(GuoH)] · 3H₂O (5).Dissolution of complexes 2 and 5 in DMSO resulted in the substitution of the guaninium and guanosinium ligands, respectively, by DMSO forming [PtCl₅(DMSO)]⁻.Reactions of 1-methylcytosine (MeCyt) and cytidine (Cyd) with H₂[PtCl₆] · 6H₂O and(H₃O)[PtCl₅(H₂O)] · 2(18C6) · 6H₂O resulted in the formation of hexachloroplatinates with N3 protonated pyrimidine bases as cation (MeCytH)₂[PtCl₆] · 2H₂O (6) and (CydH)₂[PtCl₆] (7), respectively. Identities of all complexes were confirmed by ¹H, ¹³C and ¹⁹⁵Pt NMR spectroscopic investigations, revealing coordination of GuoH⁺ in complex 5 through N7 whereas GuaH⁺ in complex 3 may be coordinated through N7 or through N9. Solid state structure of hexachloroplatinate 1 exhibited base pairing of the cations yielding (MeGuaH⁺)₂, whereas in complex 6 non-base-paired MeCytH⁺ cations were found. In both complexes, a network of hydrogen bonds including the water molecules was found. X-ray diffraction analysis of complex 3 exhibited a guaninium ligand that is coordinated through N9 to platinum and protonated at N1, N3 and N7. In the crystal, these NH groups form hydrogen bonds N–HO to oxygen atoms of crown ether molecules.     

秸秆、氮肥和食细菌线虫交互作用对土壤活性碳氮和温室气体排放的影响

采用3因素2水平交互设计室内恒温培养试验,通过调控秸秆施用、氮肥用量及食细菌线虫,探讨三者对土壤微生物生物量碳氮(C_mic和N_mic)、可溶性碳氮(DOC、DON)、矿质氮(NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N)及温室气体排放(CO₂、N₂O和CH₄)的交互影响.结果表明： 施用秸秆显著增加了食细菌线虫数量、C_mic和N_mic,而随着氮肥用量增加,C_mic和N_mic降低,食细菌线虫对C_mic和N_mic的影响则依赖于秸秆和氮肥用量.秸秆、氮肥和食细菌线虫对可溶性碳氮和矿质氮表现出强烈的交互作用,其中秸秆和氮肥均增加了DOC、NH₄⁺ -N和NO₃^--N;食细菌线虫对DOC的抑制作用和对矿质氮的促进作用达到显著水平.秸秆处理对CO₂、N₂O的促进及对CH₄的抑制均达到显著水平,而线虫和氮肥的影响则更多表现出交互作用.在培养第56天,有秸秆时,低量氮肥下食细菌线虫显著促进了CO₂的排放,而高量氮肥下则表现出对CO₂和N₂O显著的抑制作用.总之,土壤生态功能的发挥不可忽视土壤动物的作用.