山东莱阳晚白垩世恐龙与恐龙蛋研究历史和新进展（英文）

简要回顾了莱阳恐龙和恐龙蛋化石群的研究历史和以杨钟健为代表的老一代地质古生物学者对莱阳恐龙和恐龙蛋研究发现的杰出贡献,并介绍了莱阳恐龙和恐龙蛋的最新发现和若干研究进展。在近年来对莱阳周边地层进行的大规模考察中,发现了一系列发育在平原上的恐龙峡谷群,以及其中蕴含的十几个恐龙和恐龙蛋新地点和新层位。2010年开始,在对莱阳金岗口村附近的2个化石地点的发掘中,发现了以鸭嘴龙科为主的大量脊椎动物化石和蛋化石,包括一类新的栉龙亚科成员,一些大型兽脚类恐龙化石,以及一新的龟鳖类蛋化石等。2号地点化石富集层具有典型的泥石流沉积特征和骨骼埋藏特征。对棘鼻青岛龙的特殊头饰进行了CT扫描和三维重建,发现其头饰是实心结构,但其他骨骼特征证明棘鼻青岛龙属于具有头饰的赖氏龙亚科是确定无疑的,所以目前发现的头饰应不是其真实状态或根本不属于其头部骨骼。此外,对谭氏龙1属3种的重新观察研究得出以下结论:中国谭氏龙和金刚口谭氏龙应是有效属种,但部分骨骼还有疑问,还需要进一步研究,而莱阳谭氏龙为无效属种。     

山东莱阳晚白垩世鸭嘴龙动物群化石特异埋藏初步研究

近年来对位于莱阳棘鼻青岛龙发现地点(1号化石地点)以东新发现的2号化石地点进行大规模发掘,已发现5个化石富集层,赋存的化石均以鸭嘴龙科为主,一部分个体可能代表栉龙亚科的成员,而另一部分个体归于赖氏龙亚科的棘鼻青岛龙。这些鸭嘴龙化石从个体大小上分别代表成年、亚成年和幼年晚期个体。化石富集层以灰绿色和褐红色含砂砾泥岩沉积为主,具有典型的泥石流沉积特征和骨骼埋藏特征,并具有两种主要的死亡和埋藏模式,即恐龙群体活着时遭遇泥石流被吞没集群死亡后,肢体在短距离搬运中被撕裂并迅速沉积掩埋,骨骼分散但完整,同一个体的骨骼相距不远;恐龙正常或经泥石流导致其非正常死亡后,部分遗体未被掩埋,经暴露软组织腐烂,被后续发生的泥石流卷入并二次搬运,最终埋藏,表现为分散但较完整的骨骼与破碎呈砾石磨圆状的骨骼共生保存。这些富集层的化石及其埋藏特征反映了生活在河湖边的鸭嘴龙动物群,在鸭嘴龙幼年晚期刚刚加入成年鸭嘴龙动物群后,被卷入突发的洪水泥石流导致其集群死亡并快速埋藏的事件。     

山东莱阳晚白垩世恐龙蛋化石一新类型

山东莱阳是中国最早发现的含有丰富的晚白垩世恐龙及恐龙蛋化石产地。上个世纪50～60年代,周明镇(1951,1954)及杨钟健(1954,1959,1965)对莱阳首次发现的恐龙蛋化石进行了研究。1974年,赵资奎、蒋元凯在前人工作基础上,采用显微镜技术方法重新研究了莱阳恐龙蛋壳的显微结构,结果发现它们的显微结构有很大差异。根据赵资奎(1975)提出的恐龙蛋分类方法(Parataxonomy),将莱阳地区已发现的恐龙蛋分别归入圆形蛋科(spheroolithidae)、椭圆形蛋科(Ovaloolithidae)和长形蛋科(Elongatoolithidae)等3个科,共5个属12个种(赵资奎,1979,1993)。最近,大连自然博物馆在整理馆存的化石标本时,发现有4枚形状为扁圆形的恐龙蛋化石是1973年10月从山东莱阳将军顶采集到的。根据目前有关莱阳地区晚中生代地层划分修订的标准(胡承志等,2001),这些标本的出土层位应为上白垩统王氏群将军顶组。我们的初步观察表明,蛋化石的形状、大小及其蛋壳显微结构特征与上述已报道的莱阳恐龙蛋3个类群的明显不同,在此简单记述,以期对莱阳地区晚白垩世恐龙蛋群的综合研究提供些许资料。     

山东莱阳盆地早白垩世莱阳群的遗迹化石

山东莱阳早白垩阳群自下而上分为瓦屋夼组,林寺山组,止风庄组,水南组,龙旺庄组和曲格庄组。为一套河湖相沉积,产有较丰富,分异度较高的非海相遗迹化石和兽脚类恐龙足迹化石,共鉴定出遗迹属11个,未定属1个,其中遗迹种9个,未定种2个,遗迹化石是：Cochlichnus anguines,Diplocraterion parallelun,Helminthoidichnites tenuis,Palaeophycus tubularis,Planolites montanus ,Scolica sp.,Scoyenia gracilis,Skolithos linearis,Taenidium cameromensis,Thalassinoides sp.,恐龙足迹化石是：Paragrallator yangi,这些化石按习性可分为4类,即：居住构造, 爬行迹,觅食[迹和牧食迹,其中又以前3种为主,遗迹化石在剖面上的分布不均匀,以上部的水南组,龙旺庄,曲格庄3个组最丰富。     

中国恐龙研究的新进展

最近的十年,中国恐龙的研究有了长足的进展。中国已记述的恐龙属种160多种,约占全世界的六分之一。中国恐龙蛋化石,在发现的数量、保存的质量上,都是世界第一,已记述了17个属的44种（金辛生2007）。中国的恐龙足印己记述了三十五个属,三十九个种,产出层位从上三叠统到上白垩统。     

山西天镇晚白垩世一新鸭嘴龙超科恐龙（英文）

记述了山西天镇晚白垩世灰泉堡组发现的一鸭嘴龙超科恐龙新属种:天镇大同龙Datonglong tianzhenensis gen.et sp.nov.。标本为一保存较完好的右侧齿骨并带牙齿。与其他鸭嘴龙超科恐龙不同,大同龙每个齿槽有两个功能齿,而且舌面齿冠上嵴的发育也具有独特的特征组合(主嵴向远中方向偏移;次嵴发育;无其他附嵴;主嵴上半段略后弯)。对比研究发现,在较进步的非鸭嘴龙科鸭嘴龙超科类群中齿骨和牙齿的演化过程复杂,许多鸭嘴龙科的特征在这些类群中时而出现,如:巴克龙Bactrosaurus齿冠具有较大的高/宽比;吉尔摩龙Gilmoreosaurus齿冠上只有一个主嵴和纤弱的附嵴;张衡龙Zhanghenglong齿冠上主嵴中置;南宁龙Nanningosaurus下颌冠状突前倾;大同龙Datonglong每个齿槽有两个功能齿。这表明为了获得更有效的牙齿咀嚼方式,在鸭嘴龙科起源前它的姐妹群们曾进行过多种尝试;这也告诫我们,受大量趋同演化的影响,要厘清这些类群间的关系并非易事。     

莱阳:亿万年前恐龙的乐园

素以"梨乡"著称的山东省莱阳市,位于胶东半岛腹地,东北与烟台市接壤,西南与青岛市毗邻,南临黄海,属温带季风型大陆性气候,四季分明。在亿万年前,莱阳曾经是恐龙生活的乐园。     

山东莱阳晚侏罗世原始蠼螋化石(昆虫纲)的发现及其意义

描述了中国山东莱阳晚侏罗世的蠼螋化石３新种２新属,分别隶属于２亚目１新科和１现生科。这些标本是中国已知的最古老的蠼螋化石,具有许多原始特征,在昆虫纲革翅目的系统发生中具有重要的意义。     

恐龙蛋壳在外力作用下的三维有限元分析及其意义*

研究恐龙蛋壳在外力作用下的三维应力分布有助于了解恐龙蛋在自然埋藏下的破坏规律及其稳定性,大型通用有限元软件ANSYS为研究恐龙蛋壳的破坏规律提供了一种更为直观的方法。利用ANSYS有限元软件对产自山东莱阳的金刚口椭圆形蛋、广东南雄的瑶屯巨形蛋和粗皮巨形蛋,以及一窝未经描述过的发现于江西赣州的长形蛋科成员分别建立有限元模型,对其在50KPa均布荷载下的三维应力分布进行模拟计算,得出在外力作用下三维应力分布的精细化图像。结果表明最容易破坏区域位于蛋壳的钝端直径与尖端直径之间,且越靠近钝端直径越容易破坏,这与研究标本所观察到的破坏规律相一致,也与恐龙孵化出壳位置相吻合。钝端与尖端直径差别越大,两端的等效应力差别越明显,随着赤道半径与蛋壳厚度之比(R/h)的增大,蛋壳抵抗外部荷载的能力下降,蛋壳越容易破坏。     

虔州豫俊兽(Yubaatarqianzhouensissp.nov.):江西赣州盆地首例晚白垩世哺乳动物化石*

本文报道了产自江西省赣州市上白垩统赣县河口组的一件多瘤齿兽类标本, 这是江西省报道的首例中生代哺乳动物化石。此标本头骨后部横向扩展, 额骨较小, 后端尖并构成眼眶的内侧边缘, M1具三列齿尖, 系统发育分析支持其归入纹齿兽超科。与河南晚白垩世的中原豫俊兽形态较为相似, 但是两者间也存在一些明显的区别, 因此建立一个豫俊兽属新种——虔州豫俊兽(Yubaatar qianzhouensis sp. nov.), 鉴定特征为: m1齿尖式为7︰6; M2齿尖式为1︰3︰3; m1颊侧后部存在一道小脊; 虔州豫俊兽m2和m1的长度比例小于中原豫俊兽; 冠状突呈楔状, 末端尖。虔州豫俊兽的发现不仅扩展了晚白垩世多瘤齿兽类在东亚地区的地理分布和物种多样性, 并且也扩展了中生代哺乳动物的地理分布。     

甘肃早白垩世恐龙蛋化石新类型（英文）

甘肃省早白垩世地层中,出土了大量恐龙骨骼以及恐龙足迹化石,但是至今未有蛋化石的报道。根据发现于兰州-民和盆地下白垩统河口组的蛋壳化石,建立一恐龙蛋新蛋属、蛋种,并将其归于一新蛋科:Polyclonoolithidae(多小枝蛋科)。新发现的蛋化石标本不同于所有已知的恐龙蛋类型,具有独特的显微特征组合:分叉的蛋壳单元向外延伸至蛋壳外表面,并未在靠近蛋壳外表面处融合成层;弦切面上具相互链接或独立的多角形的蛋壳单元;以及不规则的气孔道。中国的恐龙蛋化石大多出自晚白垩世地层,仅在辽宁有早白垩世恐龙蛋的报道。新发现扩展了中国恐龙蛋化石的地质和地理分布,也有可能为圆形蛋科蛋壳结构的起源提供新的认识。     

A new basal hadrosauroid dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of Uzbekistan and the early radiation of duck-billed dinosaurs

Levnesovia transoxiana gen. et sp. nov., from the Late Cretaceous (Middle–Late Turonian) of Uzbekistan, is the oldest well-documented taxon referable to Hadrosauroidea sensu Godefroit et al. It differs from a somewhat younger and closely related Bactrosaurus from Inner Mongolia (China) by a tall sagittal crest on the parietals and the absence of club-shaped dorsal neural spines in adult specimens. Levnesovia, Bactrosaurus and possibly Gilmoreosaurus represent the earliest radiation of Hadrosauroidea, which took place during the Cenomanian–Turonian and possibly in North America. The second, Santonian-age radiation of Hadrosauroidea included Aralosaurus, Hadrosauridae and lineages leading to Tanius (Campanian) and Telmatosaurus (Maastrichtian). Hadrosauridae appears to be monophyletic, but Hadrosaurinae and Lambeosaurinae originated in North America and Asia, respectively.     

A second hadrosauroid dinosaur from the early Late Cretaceous of Zuoyun,Shanxi Province,China

A second basal hadrosauroid dinosaur, Zuoyunlong huangi gen. et sp. nov., is reported from the early Late Cretaceous Zhumapu Formation in Zuoyun County, Shanxi Province, northern China. Zuoyunlong preserves a partial right ilium and ischium and is unique in having a very short postacetabular process 50% as long as the iliac central plate. Our cladistic analysis recovers Zuoyunlong as the most basal Late Cretaceous hadrosauroid, with a sister taxon relationship with Probactrosaurus from the late Early Cretaceous of Inner Mongolia. Including Zuoyunlong, four Cenomanian basal hadrosauroids have been recorded, and the two taxa in North America (Eolambia and Protohadros) represent the earliest known hadrosauroids outside of Asia. In the light of the proposed phylogenetic topology and biogeographic data, the discovery of Zuoyunlong indicates that the first dispersal of hadrosauroids from Asia to North America probably happened around the boundary between the Early and Late Cretaceous.     

Cranial and appendicular ontogeny of Bactrosaurus johnsoni,a hadrosauroid dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of northern China

Abstract: The juvenile anatomy of various cranial and appendicular elements of the hadrosauroid dinosaur Bactrosaurus johnsoni is described in detail. Growth changes are documented from juvenile to adult stages for each skeletal element available. In the studied skull, ontogenetic trends consist of: development of features on the ventral surface of the frontal; reduction in the slope of the posteromedial process of the premaxilla; a posterior shift of the dorsal process of the maxilla; development of concavities on the medial surface of the prefrontal; increased robustness and development of the ventral flange of the jugal; decreased curvature of the long axis of the quadrate; increased ventral deflection of the dentary; and changes in the length/width proportions and depth of the anterior surface of the predentary. In the appendicular skeleton, the majority of ontogenetic variation from juvenile to adult occurs in the limb bones, including increased robustness of the deltopectoral crest of the humerus; relative shortening of the ulna; increased development of the fourth trochanter and mediolateral widening of the distal end of the femur; increased expansion of the cnemial crest of the tibia; and the increased prominence of articular protuberances and flanges of the metatarsals. A survey of the phylogenetically informative characters present in B. johnsoni indicates that several characters concerning the frontal, maxilla, jugal, quadrate, predentary, dentary, scapula, humerus and ilium are affected by ontogeny. Nevertheless, the majority of phylogenetic characters are not ontogenetically variable, suggesting that a substantial amount of the information provided by juvenile and subadult specimens for phylogenetic inference is reliable in basal hadrosauroids.     

山东莱阳厚皮圆形蛋碎蛋壳的修订

1958年在山东莱阳赵疃村发现了一种特殊类型的恐龙蛋化石。尽管只发现了一枚较大的蛋壳碎片,但其极大的厚度表明它是一个新的蛋种。研究者根据蛋壳径切面的显微结构将它归入圆形蛋科的圆形蛋属并命名为厚皮圆形蛋。然而,与新近报道的产自中国浙江省和日本山口县的多裂隙蛋属的弦切面结构进行对比发现,它们都具有大致平行并且呈波浪状的裂隙。因此将产自莱阳的这块蛋壳碎片重新归入东阳蛋科的多裂隙蛋属,并讨论了东阳蛋类近蛋壳内表面的致密层以及东阳蛋类的时空分布情况。同时,产自辽宁昌图的厚皮圆形蛋的归入标本成为新修订的泉头圆形蛋的正型标本。     

Parataxonomy and palaeobiogeographic significance of dinosaur eggshell fragments from the Upper Cretaceous strata of the Cauvery Basin,South India

Abstract

In the past, fossilised dinosaur eggshells have been extensively documented from the Upper Cretaceous Lameta Formation of Central India and as many as nine oospecies are known at present from this formation. Compared to this, only one dinosaur oospecies has been described from the Cretaceous succession of the Cauvery Basin. However, the first fossil egg from India, identified as a chelonian egg, was documented from the Aptian – Albian Karai Formation of the Cauvery Basin in 1957. Following this, a solitary titanosaurid dinosaur egg was described from the Upper Cretaceous (Lower Maastrichtian) Kallankuruchhi Formation, Cauvery Basin in 1996. More recently, we have recovered isolated eggshell fragments from the marine part of the Upper Cretaceous (Late Maastrichtian) Kallamedu Formation. Based on eggshell morphology, microstructure and ultrastructure, these eggshell fragments are assigned to the oospecies Fusioolithus baghensis. The new find from the Cauvery Basin is important from palaeobiogeographic point of view as the oofamily Fusioolithidae is found in the Upper Cretaceous strata of India, France, Argentina and Morocco. Based on the common occurrence of similar oospecies in South America, Africa, Europe and India, a Late Cretaceous palaeobiogeographic connection between India and South America as well as Europe via Africa is suggested.     

Mammalian tooth marks on the bones of dinosaurs and other Late Cretaceous vertebrates

Abstract: We describe bones from the Late Cretaceous of Alberta – including bones of large dinosaurs, a femur from the aquatic reptile Champsosaurus, and a dentary from the marsupial Eodelphis– that bear tooth marks made by animals with opposing pairs of teeth. Of the animals known from the Late Cretaceous of North America, only mammals are capable of making such tooth marks. In particular, multituberculates, which have paired upper and lower incisors, are the most likely candidates for the makers of these traces. The traces described here represent the oldest known mammalian tooth marks. Although it is possible that some of these tooth marks represent feeding traces, the tooth marks often penetrate deep into the dense cortices of the bone. This raises the possibility that, much as extant mammals gnaw bone and antler, some Cretaceous mammals may have consumed the bones of dinosaurs and other vertebrates as a source of minerals. However, none of the tooth marks described here resemble the extensive gnaw traces produced by Cenozoic multituberculates or rodents. This suggests that specialized gnawing forms may have been rare or absent in the Late Cretaceous of North America.     

Lindholmemydid turtles (Cryptodira: Testudinoidea) from the Late Cretaceous of Shandong Province,China

A new genus and new species of lindholmemydid turtle (Cryptodira: Testudinoidea), Shandongemys dongwuica n. g. and n. sp. are described on the basis of a partial skeleton with incomplete shell and skull, complete lower jaws and disarticulated limb bones from the Upper Cretaceous Wangshi Group of Zhucheng, Shandong Province, China. Among Lindholmemydidae, the new species is closely related to Mongolemys elegans from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia. An incomplete shell from the same locality is referred as Lindholmemydidae indet. Glyptops sp. from the Upper Cretaceous Wang Group of Jingangkou, Laiyang, Shandong is revised and assigned to Lindholmemydidae.